London Elections 2016 Richard Keen

Home , Andrew Boff, Andrew Dismore, Caroline Pidgeon, Caroline Russell, Fiona Twycross, Jennette Arnold

BRIEFING PAPER Number CBP-7598, 26 April 2016

By Elise Uberoi Chris Watson London Elections 2016 Richard Keen

Inside: 1. How London votes 2. Party summaries 3. Candidates 4. Mayoral election 5. London Assembly elections 6. Comparison of Mayoral and Assembly results 7. Turnout

www.parliament.uk/commons-library | intranet.parliament.uk/commons-library | [email protected] | @commonslibrary Number CBP-7598, 26 April 2016 2

Contents

Summary 3 1. How London votes 4 2. Party summaries 5 Conservative 5 Labour 7 Liberal Democrat 9 Green 11 UKIP 13 3. Candidates 15 4. Mayoral election 16 5. London Assembly elections 19 6. Comparison of Mayoral and Assembly results 23 7. Turnout 27 Appendix I Mayoral election – first preference votes by constituency 28 Appendix II Mayoral election – second preference votes by constituency 29 Appendix III Assembly constituency election – voting by constituency 30 Appendix IV Assembly London-wide election – voting by constituency 31

Editor Richard Keen

Authors Elise Uberoi Richard Keen Chris Watson

Cover page image copyright: City Hall, London, Spiral Staircase – 1, by Colin. Licensed by Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) / image cropped

3 London Elections 2016

Summary

Elections for the London Mayor and London Assembly were held on 5 May 2016. • The Labour Party candidate Sadiq Khan was elected as Mayor of London. Khan won 1,148,716 first preference votes (44.2%), compared to 909,755 for Conservative Party candidate Zac Goldsmith (35.0%). The total number of votes cast for Khan rose to 1,310,143 after second preference votes were redistributed, ahead of Goldsmith, with 994,614 votes. • Khan won the highest number and share of first preference votes since mayoral elections begun in 2000. • The Green Party’s candidate for Mayor, Sian Berry, came third with 150,673 first preference votes. Caroline Pidgeon of the Liberal Democrats finished fourth with 120,005 first preference votes. • Labour won 12 of the 25 seats in the London Assembly elections, the same number as in 2012, and remain the largest party in the Assembly. They won 43.5% of the Assembly constituency votes, a 1.3 percentage point increase on 2012. By comparison, Labour’s vote share in the mayoral election increased by 3.9 percentage point. • The Conservatives have 8 seats, one fewer than in 2012. The Green Party and UKIP both have 2 seats, and the Liberal Democrats lost one seat and now hold one Assembly seat.

Number CBP-7598, 26 April 2016 4

1. How London votes

The Greater London Authority was established in 2000. Elections for the Results Mayor of London and the 25 Members of the London Assembly take The results data place every four years. published in this paper Like other mayors in England, the Mayor of London is elected using the are as published by the Supplementary Vote system. Voters select a first and a second Greater London preference candidate. If no candidate receives more than half of first Authority (GLA). Results preference votes, the two candidates who received the most first by Assembly preference votes go through to a second round, where any second constituency, borough preference votes for the two remaining candidates are redistributed. and ward are available The candidate who receives the most votes at the end of this process is to download from the elected. GLA website, If a voter selects the same candidate as their first and second http://data.london.gov. preference, the second preference vote is not counted. Similarly, if a uk/. voter cast their first preference vote for one of the two candidates in the second round, then their second preference vote is not counted. There are fourteen London Assembly Members representing Assembly constituencies and eleven London-wide Members. They are elected using the Additional Member System (also used in elections for the Scottish Parliament and National Assembly for Wales). Two separate ballots are held. Constituency members are elected using the First Past the Post voting system. The other (London-wide) ballot is used to elect London-wide Members from a party list of candidates. Once the constituency Members are elected, the eleven London-wide seats are allocated between the parties based on their vote share in the London- wide ballot and taking into account how many seats they already have. The fourteen Assembly constituencies are built up from London boroughs:

Assembly constituency London boroughs Assembly constituency London boroughs Barnet & Camden Barnet Greenwich & Lewisham Greenwich Camden Lewisham Bexley & Bromley Bexley Havering & Redbridge Havering Bromley Redbridge Brent & Harrow Brent Lambeth & Southwark Lambeth Harrow Southwark City & East City of London Merton & Wandsworth Merton Barking & Dagenham Wandsworth Newham Tower Hamlets Croydon & Sutton Croydon North East Hackney Sutton Islington Waltham Forest Ealing & Hillingdon Ealing South West Hounslow Hillingdon Kingston upon Thames Richmond upon Thames Enfield & Haringey Enfield West Central Hammersmith & Fulham Haringey Kensington & Chelsea Westminster Conservative

• Boris Johnson was London Mayor between 2008 and 2016, but Conservative Party candidate Zac Goldsmith did not win the mayoral election in 2016. Goldsmith received his highest level of support in Bexley and Bromley, and his lowest in North East London. • The Conservative Party won five constituency seats in the London Assembly elections, one fewer than in 2012. As in 2012, the party won three London-wide seats. The party did not match its 2008 high of 11 Assembly seats. • Zac Goldsmith achieved a higher vote share in the first round of the mayoral elections than the Conservative Party did in the Assembly elections.

Summary: votes and seats 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 Mayoral election Votes (1st round) 464,434 542,423 1,043,761 971,931 909,755 % votes 27% 29% 43% 44% 35%

Constituency seats 8 9 8 6 5 Votes 526,707 562,048 900,569 722,280 812,415 % votes 33% 31% 37% 33% 31% Seats 8 9 8 6 5 Constituency seats 33% 31% 37% 33% 31% London-wide seats 1 0 3 3 3 Votes 481,053 533,696 835,535 708,528 764,230 % votes 29% 28% 35% 32% 29% Seats 1 0 3 3 3 London-wide seats 29% 28% 35% 32% 29% Assembly total Seats 9 9 11 9 8 % seats 36% 36% 44% 36% 32% Note: Conservative candidate Boris Johnson was elected as Mayor of London in 2008 and 2012 Assembly share of the vote Assembly seats

45% 12 Constituency seats London-wide seats 10

30% 8

15% 4

Constituency seats 2 London-wide seats 0% 0 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 Mayoral first round share of the vote 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10%

0% Bromley and Bexley Central West West South and Havering Sutton and Croydon Camden and Barnet Wandsworth Harrow and Brent Hillingdon and Ealing London Haringey and Enfield and Greenwich and Lambeth East and City East North Merton and Merton Southwark Redbridge Lweisham

Labour

• Labour Party candidate Sadiq Khan won the 2016 mayoral elections. The highest level of support for Khan was found in the City and East London, and the lowest in Bexley and Bromley. Labour candidate Ken Livingstone had won the mayoral elections in 2004. • The Labour Party retained twelve London Assembly seats: compared to 2012, it gained one additional constituency seat but lost one London-wide seat. The Labour Party has gained constituency seats at every election since 2004, when it held its lowest number of constituency seats (5). • The Labour Party won comparable vote shares (40 and 44%) in all three London elections.

Summary: votes and seats 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 Mayoral election Votes (1st round) 223,884 685,548 893,877 889,918 1,148,716 % votes 13% 37% 37% 40% 44%

Constituency seats 6 5 6 8 9 Votes 501,296 444,738 673,855 933,438 1,138,576 % votes 32% 25% 28% 42% 44% Seats 6 5 6 8 9 Constituency seats 32% 25% 28% 42% 44% London-wide seats 3 2 2 4 3 Votes 502,874 468,247 665,443 911,208 1,054,801 % votes 30% 25% 28% 41% 40% Seats 3 2 2 4 3 London-wide seats 30% 25% 28% 41% 40% Assembly total Seats 9 7 8 12 12 % seats 36% 28% 32% 48% 48% Note: Labour candidate Ken Livingston was elected Mayor of London in 2004, and Sadiq Khan in 2016 Assembly share of the vote Assembly seats

45% Constituency seats 12 Constituency seats London-wide seats London-wide seats 10

30% 8

15% 4

0% 0 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 Mayoral first round share of the vote 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10%

0% East and City East North and Lambeth and Enfield and Greenwich London Wandsworth Harrow and Brent and Ealing and Barnet Central West Croydon and and Havering West South and Bexley Hillingdon Merton and Merton Southwark Haringey Camden Bromley Redbridge Lweisham Sutton

Liberal Democrats

• The Liberal Democrat candidate for Mayor of London, Caroline Pidgeon, achieved a 5% share of the vote in the first round of the election. This is one percentage point higher than in 2012, but not as high as in 2004, when the party achieved a 15% share of the vote. Pidgeon received her highest vote share in South West London, and her lowest in City and East London. • The Liberal Democrat Party did not win any constituency seats, and won one London-wide Assembly seat. This is a reduction of one since 2012 and down from the party's high of 5 in 2004. • The party achieved a comparable share of the vote in all three London elections (ranging from 5-7%).

Summary: votes and seats 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016

Mayoral election Votes (1st round) 203,452 284,647 236,685 91,774 120,005 % votes 12% 15% 10% 4% 5%

Constituency seats 0 0 0 0 0 Votes 299,998 332,237 330,018 193,842 195,820 % votes 19% 18% 14% 9% 7% Seats 0 0 0 0 0 Constituency seats 19% 18% 14% 9% 7% London-wide seats 4 5 3 2 1 Votes 245,555 316,218 275,272 150,447 165,580 % votes 15% 17% 11% 7% 6% Seats 4 5 3 2 1 London-wide seats 15% 17% 11% 7% 6% Assembly total Seats 4 5 3 2 1 % seats 16% 20% 12% 8% 4%

Assembly share of the vote Assembly seats 45% 12 Constituency seats Constituency seats London-wide seats 10 London-wide seats

30% 8

15% 4

0% 0 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 Mayoral first round share of the vote 10% 8% 6% 4% 2%

0% West South Sutton and Croydon and Lambeth Bromley and Bexley and Greenwich London Camden and Barnet and Enfield Central West Wandsworth East North Harrow and Brent and Ealing and Havering East and City Hillingdon Merton and Merton Southwark Haringey Redbridge Lweisham

Green

• The Green Party candidate for Mayor of London, Sian Berry, achieved a 6% share of the vote. This is the highest level of support the party has achieved since mayoral elections started in 2000. Berry attracted her highest vote share in North East London, and her lowest in Havering and Redbridge. • Although the Green Party did not win any constituency seats, it attracted the third highest share of the vote in this election. The party won two London-wide seats, the same as in 2012, but not as many as in 2000, when it won three. • The Green Party's share of the vote in the Assembly elections (8 and 9%) was higher than in the mayoral elections (6%).

Summary: votes and seats 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016

Mayoral election Votes (1st round) 38,121 57,332 77,374 98,913 150,673 % votes 2% 3% 3% 4% 6%

Constituency seats 0 0 0 0 0 Votes 162,457 138,243 194,059 188,623 236,809 % votes 10% 8% 8% 9% 9% Seats 0 0 0 0 0 Constituency seats 10% 8% 8% 9% London-wide seats 3 2 2 2 2 Votes 183,910 160,445 203,465 189,215 207,959 % votes 11% 9% 8% 9% 8% Seats 3 2 2 2 2 London-wide seats 11% 9% 8% 9% 8% Assembly total Seats 3 2 2 2 2 % seats 12% 8% 8% 8% 8%

Assembly share of the vote Assembly seats

45% 12 Constituency seats Constituency seats London-wide seats London-wide seats 10

30% 8

15% 4

0% 0 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 Mayoral first round share of the vote 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% North East North and Lambeth and Greenwich and Enfield Camden and Barnet London East and City Wandsworth Central West West South and Ealing Sutton and Croydon Bromley and Bexley Harrow and Brent and Havering

0% Hillingdon Merton and Merton Southwark Haringey Redbridge Lweisham

United Kingdom Independence Party

• The UKIP candidate for Mayor of London, Peter Whittle, won 4% of the vote. This was twice as much as the UKIP candidate won in 2012. Whittle's highest share of the vote was in Bexley and Bromley, and his lowest in Lambeth and Southwark. • UKIP won 8% of the vote in the election for constituency Assembly Members, but did not win any seats. The party doubled its vote share since 2012, but did not achieve the 10% it won in 2004. UKIP won two London-wide seats, up from none in 2012. • UKIP's share of the vote was higher in the Assembly elections (8% and 7%) than in the mayoral election (4%).

Summary: votes and seats 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016

Mayoral election Votes (1st round) 16,324 115,666 22,422 43,274 94,373 % votes 1% 6% 1% 2% 4%

Constituency seats 0 0 0 0 0 Votes 2,115 181,147 71,984 95,849 199,448 % votes 0% 10% 3% 4% 8% Seats 0 0 0 0 0 Constituency seats 0% 10% 3% 4% 8% London-wide seats 0 2 0 0 2 Votes 34,054 156,780 46,671 100,040 171,069 % votes 2% 8% 2% 5% 7% Seats 0 2 0 0 2 London-wide seats 2% 8% 2% 5% 7% Assembly total Seats 0 2 0 0 2 % seats 0% 8% 0% 0% 8% Note: In 2012, UKIP candidates for Mayor and constituency seats contested under the party name 'Fresh Choice for London' Assembly share of the vote Assembly seats

45% 12 Constituency seats Constituency seats London-wide seats 10 London-wide seats

30% 8

15% 4

0% 0 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 Mayoral first round share of the vote 10% 8% 6% 4% 2%

0% Bromley and Bexley and Havering Sutton and Croydon East and City and Greenwich and Ealing London West South and Enfield Camden and Barnet East North Wandsworth Harrow and Brent Central West and Lambeth Hillingdon Merton and Merton Haringey Southwark Redbridge Lweisham

15 London Elections 2016

3. Candidates

Twelve candidates contested the mayoral election, three of whom were women (25%). 192 candidates stood for election to the London Assembly in May 2016, 13 of whom contested both constituency and London wide ballots. Of these, 83 (43%) were women. Number and gender of Assembly candidates Constituency London wide

Animal Welfare Party Female Male Britain First

British National Party

Christian Peoples Alliance

All People's Party

Communist League Election…

Conservative Party

Green Party

Independent

Labour Party

Liberal Democrats

National Front

Take Back the City

The House Party - Homes For…

The Respect Party

The Socialist Party of Great Britain

UK Independence Party (UKIP)

Women's Equality Party

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Note: Candidates may contest both constituency and London wide ballots Source: Democracy Club 2016 London Assembly Election (Additional) and 2016 London Assembly Election (Constituency) CSV data downloads

Of 86 candidates contesting constituency ballots, 30 (35%) were women. Merton and Wandsworth constituency had the highest proportion of women constituency candidates (67%). Barnet and Camden constituency had the lowest, 0%, the only area in which no women stood on the constituency ballot. Among parties fielding more than one constituency candidate, the Green Party had the highest proportion of women candidates (57%) and the Conservative Party the lowest (7%). Of 119 candidates contesting London wide ballots, 56 (47%) were women. Among parties fielding more than one London wide candidate, the Women’s Equality Party had the highest proportion of women candidates (100%) and UKIP the lowest (9%).

Number CBP-7598, 26 April 2016 16

4. Mayoral election

Twelve candidates contested the 2016 mayoral election, five more than Mayoral election in 2012. The Labour Party and Conservative Party candidates attracted results the most first preference votes and went through to a second round, as The number of had happened in 2008 and in 2012. When votes for the other votes displayed in candidates were redistributed, the Labour Party candidate Sadiq Khan the tables in this was elected with 1,310,143 votes, compared to 994,614 votes for section is the Conservative Party candidate Zac Goldsmith. number of valid votes After the first round, Khan was ahead of Goldsmith by 238,961 votes (9.2% of all first preference votes). At the 2012 mayoral election, the Conservative Party candidate Boris Johnson had been ahead of the Labour Party candidate Ken Livingstone by 82,013 votes (3.7% of all first preference votes). Khan won the highest number of first preference votes a winning candidate has won since the mayoral elections started in 2000. He also won the highest share of first preference votes.

Mayoral election: number of first preference votes and vote share Labour Conservative Votes Vote share Votes Vote share 2000 223,884 13.1% 464,434 27.1% 2004 685,548 36.8% 542,423 29.1% 2008 893,877 37.0% 1,043,761 43.2% 2012 889,918 40.3% 971,931 44.0% 2016 1,148,716 44.2% 909,755 35.0% Note: Ken Livingstone won 667,877 first preference votes (39%) as an independent candidate in 2000

246,286 second preference votes were redistributed when the other candidates were eliminated: 161,427 (65.5%) of these went to Khan and 84,859 (34.5%) to Goldsmith. The number of second preference votes that was redistributed in 2012 was lower, at 185,235. Out of these, 55.3% went to the Labour candidate Ken Livingstone, and 44.7% to the Conservative candidate Boris Johnson. Out of the 2,596,961 people who cast a valid vote in the first round of the mayoral election, 292,204 (11.3%) did not vote for Sadiq Khan or Zac Goldsmith as either their first or second preference candidate. In 2012, 7.3% of voters did not select either of the two candidates that made the second round as their first or second preference.

17 London Elections 2016

Summary results of Mayoral Election 2nd preferences 1st preferences redistributed Total Votes % Votes % Votes % Sadiq Khan LAB 1,148,716 44.2% 161,427 65.5% 1,310,143 56.8% Zac Goldsmith CON 909,755 35.0% 84,859 34.5% 994,614 43.2% Sian Berry Green 150,673 5.8% Caroline Pidgeon LD 120,005 4.6% Peter Whittle UKIP 94,373 3.6% George Galloway Respect 37,007 1.4% David Furness BNP 13,325 0.5% Others Others 123,107 4.7%

Total votes 2,596,961 246,286 2,304,757

The turnout for the mayoral election was 45.2%. This is the highest level of turnout recorded since mayoral elections were held for the first time in London in 2000: turnout was 37.4% in 2012; 44.5% in 2008; 35.9% in 2004; and 33.7% in 2000. Sadiq Khan received the most first preference votes in nine out of fourteen Assembly constituencies. He won an outright majority of first preference votes in five of these. In 2012, the winning candidate, Boris Johnson, received the most first preference votes in eight Assembly constituencies, and won an outright majority in six constituencies. Khan received his highest vote shares in the City & East London (60.2%) and in North East London (60.1%). The lowest vote share he received was in Bexley and Bromley (25.5%). Zac Goldsmith received the most first preference votes in five constituencies. A majority of voters in Bexley and Bromley (51.7%) selected Goldsmith as their first preference candidate. In North East London, he won only 17.7% of the vote. Number CBP-7598, 26 April 2016 18

Change in share of vote received by party at Mayoral election, 2012-16 Change in Votes % vote sha re 2012 2016 2012 2016 % points First preferences LAB 889,918 1,148,716 40.3% 44.2% 3.9% CON 971,931 909,755 44.0% 35.0% -9.0% Green 98,913 150,673 4.5% 5.8% 1.3% LD 91,774 120,005 4.2% 4.6% 0.5% UKIP 43,274 94,373 2.0% 3.6% 1.7% BNP 28,751 13,325 1.3% 0.5% -0.8% Others 83,914 160,114 3.8% 6.2% 2.4% Total 2,208,475 2,596,961

Second preferences LAB 335,398 388,090 19.0% 17.5% -1.5% CON 253,709 250,214 14.4% 11.3% -3.1% Green 363,193 468,318 20.6% 21.2% 0.6% LD 363,692 335,931 20.6% 15.2% -5.4% UKIP 161,252 223,253 9.1% 10.1% 0.9% BNP 73,353 36,168 4.2% 1.6% -2.5% Others 212,412 510,744 12.0% 23.1% 11.0% Total 1,763,009 2,212,718

Note: this table lists all second preference votes that were cast, including those that were not redistributed The Green Party candidate Sian Berry polled the third highest number of first preference votes (50,673, or 5.8%). This is 51,760 more than the Green Party received in 2012, when it also came third. As in 2012, the Liberal Democrats came fourth in the mayoral election. The party’s candidate, Caroline Pidgeon, won 120,005 first preference votes, 28,231 more than in 2012 (an increase in vote share of 0.4 percentage point). UKIP’s candidate Peter Whittle won 94,373 votes, more than double the number of votes the party received in the 2012 mayoral election. That year, Lawrence Webb contested the election for UKIP, although on the ballot paper his party description was ‘Fresh Choice for London’. The BNP’s candidate David Furness attracted less than half the number of votes the party won in 2012. The party’s share of the vote decreased by 0.8 percentage point. There were six other candidates who together won 6.2% of first preference votes. These candidates all represented parties that had not contested the mayoral election in 2012 (or stood independently). Most of these votes (53,055, or 2% of all first preference votes) went to the Women’s Equality Party’s candidate, Sophie Walker. George Galloway, the Respect Party’s candidate, won 37,007 first preference votes (1.4%). Paul Golding, candidate for Britain First, won 31,372 votes (1.2% of all first preference votes). Independent candidate Prince Zylinski and the candidates for Cannabis Is Safer Than Alcohol and the One Love Party received less than 1% of first preference votes. 19 London Elections 2016

5. London Assembly elections

Of the 14 constituency seats on the London Assembly, Labour won nine and the Conservatives won five. Labour and the Conservatives each won three London-wide seats. The Green Party and UKIP won two London-wide seats, and the Liberal Democrats one. Turnout was 45.6% in both the London-wide election the constituency election. This was similar to the turnout for the mayoral election (45.2%). Turnout was higher than in the 2012 Assembly election, when it had been 37.5% in the London-wide election, and 37.4% in the constituency election.

2016 London Assembly elections: elected Members Constituency Members London-wide Members LAB Andrew Dismore Barnet & Camden LAB Tom Copley LAB Navin Shah Brent & Harrow LAB Nicky Gavron LAB Unmesh Desai City & East LAB Fiona Twycross LAB Onkar Sahota Ealing & Hillingdon CON Kemi Badenoch LAB Joanne McCartney Enfield & Haringey CON Shaun Bailey LAB Len Duvall Greenwich & Lewisham CON Andrew Boff LAB Florence Eshalomi Lambeth & Southwark Green Sian Berry LAB Leonie Cooper Merton & Wandsworth Green Caroline Russell LAB Jennette Arnold North East UKIP David Kurten CON Gareth Bacon Bexley & Bromley UKIP Peter Whittle CON Stephen O'Connell Croydon & Sutton LD Caroline Pidgeon CON Keith Prince Havering & Redbridge CON Tony Arbour South West CON Tony Devenish West Central Labour won twelve seats on the London Assembly. The party held the constituencies it won in 2012 and gained the Merton and Wandsworth constituency from the Conservatives. Labour won three seats on the London-wide list, one fewer than in 2012. Labour remain the largest party in the Assembly. The party polled 1,138,576 votes (43.5%) in the Assembly constituency ballot, 205,138 more than in 2012 and a rise in share of 1.3 percentage points. The party won over 40% of the vote in nine constituencies (which all elected a Labour Member) and polled over half of the vote in four. This is similar to Labour’s performance in 2012, when it won over 40% of the vote in eight constituencies and over half of the vote in four. Labour achieved its highest vote share in the City & East London (57.8%) and North East London (58.7%) constituencies, where it also received the highest share of the vote in the mayoral election. These highest vote shares were lower than the highest vote share Labour achieved in 2012, in the City and East London (63%). As in 2012, and in the mayoral election, Labour’s lowest share of the vote was in Bexley and Bromley (24.1%). This was similar to the vote share achieved in 2012 (24.2%). Number CBP-7598, 26 April 2016 20

The Conservative Party won eight Assembly seats, one fewer than in 2012. The party retained five of the six constituency seats it won in 2012, losing the other one to Labour, and retained three London-wide seats. Labour and the Conservatives were the highest placed parties in all fourteen constituencies in both the London-wide and the constituency elections. The party received 812,415 votes (31.1%) in the Assembly constituency election, 40,135 more than in 2012. The rise in turnout meant that this equated to a reduction in vote share of 1.6 percentage points. The party’s share was highest in Bexley and Bromley (46.1%) and in West Central London (44.2%). In 2012, the Conservative Party had achieved higher vote shares in these constituencies, 52.6% and 50.4% respectively. The party did not achieve a vote share of more than 40% in any other constituencies. The Conservative Party’s lowest vote share in the constituency election was in North East London (14.2%), compared to 14.6% in the City and East London in 2012. The party increased its share of the vote in Barnet and Camden (from 31.9% to 33.9%), Brent and Harrow (from 28% to 35.5%), the City and East London (14.6% to 15.4%) and Havering and Redbridge (from 37.6% to 37.7%). Vote share declined in all other constituencies. Labour and the Conservatives both received more votes in the constituency election than the London-wide ballot – 83,775 for Labour and 48,185 for the Conservatives. Labour’s share of the vote in the London-wide election was 3.2 percentage points lower than in the constituency election, while the Conservative’s vote share was 1.9 percentage points lower. 21 London Elections 2016

Summary results of London Assembly elections Votes % vote Change 2012 2016 2012 2016 % points Constituency ballot LAB 933,438 1,138,576 42.3% 43.5% 1.3% CON 722,280 812,415 32.7% 31.1% -1.6% Green 188,623 236,809 8.5% 9.1% 0.5% LD 193,842 195,820 8.8% 7.5% -1.3% UKIP 95,849 199,448 4.3% 7.6% 3.3% Others 73,645 31,844 3.3% 1.2% -2.1% Total 2,207,677 2,614,912

London-wide ballot LAB 911,204 1,054,801 41.1% 40.3% -0.8% CON 708,528 764,230 32.0% 29.2% -2.8% Green 189,215 207,959 8.5% 8.0% -0.6% LD 150,447 165,580 6.8% 6.3% -0.5% UKIP 100,040 171,069 4.5% 6.5% 2.0% BNP 47,024 15,833 2.1% 0.6% -1.5% CPA 38,758 27,172 1.7% 1.0% -0.7% AWP .. 25,810 .. 1.0% .. BF .. 39,071 .. 1.5% .. House .. 11,055 .. 0.4% .. Respect .. 41,324 .. 1.6% .. WEP .. 91,772 .. 3.5% .. Others 69,792 .. 3.2% .. .. Total 2,215,008 2,615,676 Names explained: Christian People's Alliance; Animal Welfare Party; Britain First; The House Party; Women's Equality Party

The Green Party won 236,809 votes in the constituency election, the third highest number. This represents 9.1% of the vote, an increase on the 8.5% of the vote the party won in 2012. The party performed strongest in Lambeth and Southwark, where it achieved 13.7% of the vote share in the constituency election. In 2012, the party won its highest share of the vote (15.5%) in North East London. The lowest share of the vote for the Green Party was found in Havering and Redbridge (5.6%). The Green Party’s share in the London-wide ballot was 8%, down from 8.5% in 2012. The party retained its two London- wide seats.

UKIP came fourth in the constituency election with 199,448 votes (7.6% of the vote). This is more than double the number of votes the party won in 2012 (95,849). The party achieved its highest share of the vote in Bexley and Bromley (14.1%) and its lowest share of the vote in Lambeth and Southwark (3.3%). The party attracted 171,069 votes in the London-wide ballot, compared to 100,000 in 2012. This 2 percentage point increase in terms of vote share meant the party won two London-wide seats. The party had not held any Assembly seats since 2008, when it lost the two seats it won at the 2004 election. In 2012, UKIP’s candidates for the Assembly Number CBP-7598, 26 April 2016 22

appeared on the ballot paper under the party description ‘Fresh Choice for London’. The Liberal Democrats received 195,820 votes in the constituency election, 7.5% of the vote. This was an increase of 1,820 votes on the 2012 election. Because of the rise in turnout, however, this represents a decrease in vote share of 1.3 percentage point. The greatest loss in terms of vote share took place in Brent and Harrow, where the party had achieved an 11% share of the vote in 2012, but achieved a 6% share of the vote in 2016. The Liberal Democrats achieved a 6.3% share of the vote in the London-wide ballot, compared to 6.8% in 2012. The party won one Assembly seat, a reduction of one from 2012. The BNP did not field any candidates in the constituency ballot. In the London-wide ballot, the party won 15,833 votes. Their vote share dropped from 2.1% in 2012 to 0.6%, insufficient to win any seats. In all, 12 parties (or independent candidates) entered the London-wide election. 11 parties (or independent candidates) entered the constituency election.

Assembly seats won by party, 2000 to 2012 Total seats won Constituency seats London-wide seats 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 LAB 9 7 8 12 12 6 5 6 8 9 3 2 2 4 3 CON 9 9 11 9 8 8 9 8 6 5 1 3 3 3 Green 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 UKIP 2 2 2 2 LD 4 5 3 2 1 4 5 3 2 1 BNP 1 1 Total 25 25 25 25 25 14 14 14 14 14 11 11 11 11 11

23 London Elections 2016

6. Comparison of Mayoral and Assembly results

The Labour candidate for Mayor, Sadiq Khan, won 10,140 more first preference votes in the mayoral election than his party received in the Assembly constituency election. The share of the vote received was similar: 44.2% in the first round of the mayoral election compared to 43.5% in the Assembly constituency election. Khan received a higher share of the vote in the first round of the mayoral election than his party did in the Assembly elections in 9 out of the 14 constituencies.

There was a greater difference in the share of the vote the Conservative Party attracted in the mayoral election (35%) and the Assembly constituency elections (31%). This was particularly notable in three constituencies where there was a 6 percentage point difference: South West London, Havering and Redbridge, and Bexley and Bromley. Number CBP-7598, 26 April 2016 24

In all constituencies, the party that won the constituency seat was also the party that attracted the greatest number of first preference votes in the mayoral election. The Labour Party increased its vote share in the mayoral election in all constituencies other than the City and East London, and Brent and Harrow, where it decreased. The party’s vote share in the Assembly constituency election also increased in most constituencies, but to a lesser degree. 25 London Elections 2016

The Conservative Party’s vote share in the mayoral election decreased in all constituencies. The party’s vote share in the Assembly constituency election also decreased in all constituencies except for Barnet and Camden, Havering and Redbridge, the City and East London, and Brent and Harrow, where it increased.

The Green Party, the Liberal Democrats and UKIP received higher shares of the vote in the Assembly elections than in the mayoral elections. Number CBP-7598, 26 April 2016 26

Comparison of votes received in Assembly and Mayoral elections

Mayor - 1st preferences Assembly constituency Assembly London-wide Votes % vot e Votes % vot e Votes % vot e

LAB 1,148,716 44.2% 1,138,576 43.5% 1,054,801 40.3% CON 909,755 35.0% 812,415 31.1% 764,230 29.2% Green 150,673 5.8% 236,809 9.1% 207,959 8.0% LD 120,005 4.6% 195,820 7.5% 165,580 6.3% UKIP 94,373 3.6% 199,448 7.6% 171,069 6.5% Others 173,439 6.7% 31,844 1.2% 252,037 9.6% Total 2,596,961 2,614,912 2,615,676

27 London Elections 2016

7. Turnout

Turnout was similar across all contests and increased by about 8 percentage points since 2012. Turnout was 45.6% in the Assembly (London-wide) election and 45.2% in the mayoral election. The constituency with the lowest turnout was City and East London (41.6% in the mayoral election). Merton and Wandsworth had the highest turnout (49.6%). Turnout increased in all fourteen constituencies. The rise in turnout ranged from a 5.2% increase in West Central London in the mayoral election to a 9.9% increase in Barnet and Camden in the Assembly elections.

Turnout in Mayoral and Assembly elections1 % Turnout Change since 2012 (% pts) Mayor Assembly Mayor Assembly Electorate

Barnet & Camden 47.3% 47.5% 9.7% 9.9% 387,226 Bexley & Bromley 46.7% 46.9% 9.1% 9.3% 404,329 Brent & Harrow 44.9% 45.2% 7.6% 7.9% 385,960 City & East 41.6% 42.0% 7.5% 7.7% 503,507 Croydon & Sutton 44.9% 45.2% 9.6% 9.8% 402,396 Ealing & Hillingdon 44.7% 45.3% 7.6% 7.9% 444,005 Enfield & Haringey 44.1% 44.7% 6.5% 6.9% 377,324 Greenwich & Lewisham 44.6% 44.9% 8.0% 8.2% 363,864 Havering & Redbridge 44.3% 44.7% 8.0% 8.2% 383,037 Lambeth & Southwark 43.7% 44.0% 6.4% 6.6% 427,176 Merton & Wandsworth 49.4% 49.6% 9.1% 9.3% 374,133 North East 45.4% 45.6% 6.8% 7.0% 501,906 South West 48.8% 49.0% 9.0% 9.2% 436,362 West Central 43.9% 44.0% 5.2% 5.4% 349,058 London 45.2% 45.6% 7.9% 8.1% 5,740,283

1. Assembly election turnout is in the London-w ide ballot. Turnout in the constituency ballot w as similar.

Number CBP-7598, 26 April 2016 28

Appendix I Mayoral election – first preference votes by constituency

First preference votes CON LAB Green LD UKIP BNP Others Total

Barnet & Camden 73,722 74,927 11,239 7,858 4,446 601 10,331 183,124 Bexley & Bromley 97,433 48,134 8,508 8,924 14,764 1,210 9,651 188,624 Brent & Harrow 67,042 75,143 7,333 6,470 3,698 1,104 12,401 173,191 City & East 40,194 125,908 11,025 6,039 8,931 1,630 15,539 209,266 Croydon & Sutton 76,378 63,964 8,381 12,470 8,878 973 9,650 180,694 Ealing & Hillingdon 76,337 81,955 9,400 7,381 7,628 1,309 14,505 198,515 Enfield & Haringey 45,069 87,946 10,942 7,041 4,335 764 10,168 166,265 Greenwich & Lewisham 39,141 84,507 12,452 7,541 6,838 986 10,669 162,134 Havering & Redbridge 75,299 59,711 6,290 5,631 12,292 1,086 9,530 169,839 Lambeth & Southwark 38,216 103,829 16,377 12,752 3,670 686 11,321 186,851 Merton & Wandsworth 72,952 80,291 9,685 7,723 4,096 631 9,457 184,835 North East 40,341 136,848 20,014 8,576 5,384 899 15,612 227,674 South West 97,141 70,224 11,038 15,119 6,185 931 12,095 212,733 West Central 70,490 55,329 7,989 6,480 3,228 515 9,185 153,216 London 909,755 1,148,716 150,673 120,005 94,373 13,325 160,114 2,596,961

% vote share CON LAB Green LD UKIP BNP Others

Barnet & Camden 40.3% 40.9% 6.1% 4.3% 2.4% 0.3% 5.6% Bexley & Bromley 51.7% 25.5% 4.5% 4.7% 7.8% 0.6% 5.1% Brent & Harrow 38.7% 43.4% 4.2% 3.7% 2.1% 0.6% 7.2% City & East 19.2% 60.2% 5.3% 2.9% 4.3% 0.8% 7.4% Croydon & Sutton 42.3% 35.4% 4.6% 6.9% 4.9% 0.5% 5.3% Ealing & Hillingdon 38.5% 41.3% 4.7% 3.7% 3.8% 0.7% 7.3% Enfield & Haringey 27.1% 52.9% 6.6% 4.2% 2.6% 0.5% 6.1% Greenwich & Lewisham 24.1% 52.1% 7.7% 4.7% 4.2% 0.6% 6.6% Havering & Redbridge 44.3% 35.2% 3.7% 3.3% 7.2% 0.6% 5.6% Lambeth & Southwark 20.5% 55.6% 8.8% 6.8% 2.0% 0.4% 6.1% Merton & Wandsworth 39.5% 43.4% 5.2% 4.2% 2.2% 0.3% 5.1% North East 17.7% 60.1% 8.8% 3.8% 2.4% 0.4% 6.9% South West 45.7% 33.0% 5.2% 7.1% 2.9% 0.4% 5.7% West Central 46.0% 36.1% 5.2% 4.2% 2.1% 0.3% 6.0% London 35.0% 44.2% 5.8% 4.6% 3.6% 0.5% 6.2%

Change in share since 2012 (% pts) CON LAB Green LD UKIP BNP Others

Barnet & Camden -9.1% 6.1% 0.9% 0.2% 0.9% -0.5% 1.5% Bexley & Bromley -10.8% 3.2% 1.6% 1.3% 4.4% -1.4% 1.8% Brent & Harrow -1.8% -2.8% 1.0% -0.3% 0.6% -0.3% 3.6% City & East -5.9% -2.2% 1.8% 0.2% 2.6% -1.2% 4.7% Croydon & Sutton -8.2% 2.7% 1.4% 1.5% 2.0% -1.0% 1.6% Ealing & Hillingdon -8.4% 1.9% 1.3% 0.3% 1.7% -0.9% 4.0% Enfield & Haringey -8.9% 4.7% 1.3% 0.1% 1.0% -0.6% 2.4% Greenwich & Lewisham -9.4% 3.7% 2.1% 0.3% 2.1% -1.1% 2.4% Havering & Redbridge -7.6% 0.9% 1.2% 0.5% 3.9% -1.6% 2.8% Lambeth & Southwark -9.9% 5.9% 1.9% 0.5% 0.8% -0.5% 1.2% Merton & Wandsworth -11.5% 9.7% 1.0% 0.3% 0.8% -0.5% 0.1% North East -10.5% 6.6% 1.3% -0.6% 1.0% -0.6% 2.8% South West -7.3% 3.4% 0.7% 1.5% 0.8% -0.5% 1.5% West Central -13.4% 8.5% 1.2% 0.7% 0.9% -0.4% 2.5% London -9.0% 3.9% 1.3% 0.5% 1.7% -0.8% 2.4% 29 London Elections 2016

Appendix II Mayoral election – second preference votes by constituency

Second preference votes CON LAB Green LD UKIP BNP Others Total

Barnet & Camden 17,374 24,727 35,931 24,326 12,620 1,593 36,212 152,783 Bexley & Bromley 19,768 18,042 28,960 26,012 34,338 4,419 31,979 163,518 Brent & Harrow 21,214 28,938 24,432 20,574 11,542 2,217 35,349 144,266 City & East 18,851 37,296 29,942 17,154 12,810 3,604 49,528 169,185 Croydon & Sutton 19,729 22,331 27,618 29,441 22,008 3,009 31,549 155,685 Ealing & Hillingdon 22,551 31,370 29,776 22,225 19,068 3,430 39,677 168,097 Enfield & Haringey 13,647 27,745 34,015 19,570 10,946 1,858 31,935 139,716 Greenwich & Lewisham 13,775 27,069 35,967 19,790 12,087 2,399 31,342 142,429 Havering & Redbridge 19,082 19,610 22,944 17,903 25,679 4,071 33,745 143,034 Lambeth & Southwark 13,836 34,357 43,067 28,325 7,571 1,482 35,796 164,434 Merton & Wandsworth 18,149 26,980 35,831 26,829 13,044 1,897 34,854 157,584 North East 15,111 41,637 56,363 23,186 10,538 2,049 48,256 197,140 South West 22,634 28,030 36,569 39,495 18,919 2,589 37,902 186,138 West Central 14,493 19,958 26,903 21,101 12,083 1,551 32,620 128,709 London 250,214 388,090 468,318 335,931 223,253 36,168 510,744 2,212,718

% vote share CON LAB Green LD UKIP BNP Others

Barnet & Camden 11.4% 16.2% 23.5% 15.9% 8.3% 1.0% 23.7% Bexley & Bromley 12.1% 11.0% 17.7% 15.9% 21.0% 2.7% 19.6% Brent & Harrow 14.7% 20.1% 16.9% 14.3% 8.0% 1.5% 24.5% City & East 11.1% 22.0% 17.7% 10.1% 7.6% 2.1% 29.3% Croydon & Sutton 12.7% 14.3% 17.7% 18.9% 14.1% 1.9% 20.3% Ealing & Hillingdon 13.4% 18.7% 17.7% 13.2% 11.3% 2.0% 23.6% Enfield & Haringey 9.8% 19.9% 24.3% 14.0% 7.8% 1.3% 22.9% Greenwich & Lewisham 9.7% 19.0% 25.3% 13.9% 8.5% 1.7% 22.0% Havering & Redbridge 13.3% 13.7% 16.0% 12.5% 18.0% 2.8% 23.6% Lambeth & Southwark 8.4% 20.9% 26.2% 17.2% 4.6% 0.9% 21.8% Merton & Wandsworth 11.5% 17.1% 22.7% 17.0% 8.3% 1.2% 22.1% North East 7.7% 21.1% 28.6% 11.8% 5.3% 1.0% 24.5% South West 12.2% 15.1% 19.6% 21.2% 10.2% 1.4% 20.4% West Central 11.3% 15.5% 20.9% 16.4% 9.4% 1.2% 25.3% London 11.3% 17.5% 21.2% 15.2% 10.1% 1.6% 23.1%

Change in share since 2012 (% pts) CON LAB Green LD UKIP BNP Others

Barnet & Camden -2.3% -0.3% 0.6% -6.9% 0.2% -1.7% 10.4% Bexley & Bromley -1.9% -0.6% -0.4% -5.2% 5.7% -5.1% 7.6% Brent & Harrow -2.8% -3.0% 0.0% -5.9% 0.4% -1.3% 12.8% City & East -5.6% -3.3% -1.1% -6.6% -0.2% -2.4% 19.2% Croydon & Sutton -2.1% -1.5% 0.0% -3.6% 2.1% -3.3% 8.3% Ealing & Hillingdon -2.9% -1.9% -0.3% -6.0% 1.7% -2.9% 12.4% Enfield & Haringey -3.7% -1.3% 0.6% -5.4% 0.3% -2.1% 11.6% Greenwich & Lewisham -3.0% -0.9% 1.7% -5.5% 0.0% -2.8% 10.5% Havering & Redbridge -3.1% -2.7% -1.4% -5.8% 4.0% -4.3% 13.4% Lambeth & Southwark -3.7% -2.5% 3.7% -5.2% -0.8% -1.4% 10.0% Merton & Wandsworth -1.8% -0.9% 2.4% -4.6% 0.4% -1.9% 6.4% North East -4.7% -1.8% 1.9% -6.5% -0.7% -1.9% 13.8% South West -1.9% -0.9% -0.1% -2.6% 0.7% -2.2% 7.0% West Central -3.3% 0.1% 0.1% -6.5% 0.3% -2.1% 11.3% London -3.1% -1.5% 0.6% -5.4% 0.9% -2.5% 11.0% Number CBP-7598, 26 April 2016 30

Appendix III Assembly constituency election – voting by constituency

Votes % vote share Change in share since 2012 (% pts) First CON LAB Green LD Other Total CON LAB Green LD Other CON LAB Green LD Other

Barnet & Camden LAB 65,242 81,482 16,996 11,204 9,057 183,981 35.5% 44.3% 9.2% 6.1% 4.9% 3.5% -0.4% -1.5% -2.2% 0.5% Bexley & Bromley CON 87,460 45,791 12,685 12,145 31,728 189,809 46.1% 24.1% 6.7% 6.4% 16.7% -6.5% -0.1% 1.2% -0.4% 5.8% Brent & Harrow LAB 59,147 79,902 9,874 11,534 14,244 174,701 33.9% 45.7% 5.7% 6.6% 8.2% 5.9% -2.8% -1.6% -4.2% 2.8% City & East LAB 32,546 122,175 18,766 10,714 27,220 211,421 15.4% 57.8% 8.9% 5.1% 12.9% 0.8% -5.2% 2.5% 0.8% 1.1% Croydon & Sutton CON 70,156 58,542 13,513 18,859 20,830 181,900 38.6% 32.2% 7.4% 10.4% 11.5% -0.5% -0.8% 0.7% -3.9% 4.5% Ealing & Hillingdon LAB 70,155 86,088 15,758 13,154 15,832 200,987 34.9% 42.8% 7.8% 6.5% 7.9% -3.2% 2.8% 1.2% -0.7% -0.1% Enfield & Haringey LAB 39,923 91,075 15,409 12,038 10,214 168,659 23.7% 54.0% 9.1% 7.1% 6.1% -2.1% 2.8% 0.6% -2.3% 1.0% Greenwich & Lewisham LAB 30,840 85,735 20,520 11,303 14,961 163,359 18.9% 52.5% 12.6% 6.9% 9.2% -1.9% 2.9% 3.1% -0.2% -3.9% Havering & Redbridge CON 64,483 63,045 9,617 7,105 26,788 171,038 37.7% 36.9% 5.6% 4.2% 15.7% 0.1% 2.0% 1.9% -0.4% -3.7% Lambeth & Southwark LAB 34,703 96,946 25,793 21,489 8,830 187,761 18.5% 51.6% 13.7% 11.4% 4.7% -0.9% -1.2% 2.2% -0.2% 0.1% Merton & Wandsworth LAB 73,039 77,340 14,682 10,732 9,620 185,413 39.4% 41.7% 7.9% 5.8% 5.2% -3.8% 5.2% 0.4% -2.1% 0.2% North East LAB 32,565 134,307 29,401 14,312 18,212 228,797 14.2% 58.7% 12.9% 6.3% 8.0% -4.4% 5.6% -2.6% -0.6% 2.0% South West CON 84,381 62,937 19,745 30,654 16,048 213,765 39.5% 29.4% 9.2% 14.3% 7.5% -0.4% 0.7% -0.6% -2.3% 2.6% West Central CON 67,775 53,211 14,050 10,577 7,708 153,321 44.2% 34.7% 9.2% 6.9% 5.0% -6.2% 4.2% 0.4% 0.0% 1.5%

London 812,415 1,138,576 236,809 195,820 231,292 2,614,912 31.1% 43.5% 9.1% 7.5% 8.8% -1.6% 1.3% 0.5% -1.3% 1.2%

31 London Elections 2016

Appendix IV Assembly London-wide election – voting by constituency

Votes % vote share Change in share since 2012 (% pts) First CON LAB Green LD Other Total CON LAB Green LD Other CON LAB Green LD Other

Barnet & Camden LAB 65,846 67,586 15,558 10,508 24,539 184,037 35.8% 36.7% 8.5% 5.7% 13.3% -0.5% -1.2% -1.6% -1.0% 4.3% Bexley & Bromley CON 80,708 42,822 11,103 11,434 43,702 189,769 42.5% 22.6% 5.9% 6.0% 23.0% -6.4% -0.5% 0.1% 0.5% 6.2% Brent & Harrow LAB 58,219 74,028 9,151 8,538 24,706 174,642 33.3% 42.4% 5.2% 4.9% 14.1% 3.5% -5.1% -1.0% -1.4% 4.0% City & East LAB 30,424 121,871 14,151 7,799 37,300 211,545 14.4% 57.6% 6.7% 3.7% 17.6% -0.3% -5.6% 0.2% 0.1% 5.5% Croydon & Sutton CON 63,550 57,284 11,076 17,749 32,251 181,910 34.9% 31.5% 6.1% 9.8% 17.7% -1.7% -0.8% -0.3% -0.1% 2.8% Ealing & Hillingdon LAB 65,044 81,207 12,078 9,654 33,060 201,043 32.4% 40.4% 6.0% 4.8% 16.4% -2.4% -1.1% -0.6% -0.5% 4.5% Enfield & Haringey LAB 37,635 82,261 14,751 10,055 23,784 168,486 22.3% 48.8% 8.8% 6.0% 14.1% -3.0% -0.1% -0.6% -0.8% 4.5% Greenwich & Lewisham LAB 30,111 77,977 17,281 9,391 28,521 163,281 18.4% 47.8% 10.6% 5.8% 17.5% -2.8% -0.7% -0.4% -0.4% 4.3% Havering & Redbridge CON 60,589 57,893 7,646 6,715 38,201 171,044 35.4% 33.8% 4.5% 3.9% 22.3% -2.5% -2.1% -0.3% 0.4% 4.5% Lambeth & Southwark LAB 31,689 89,758 24,119 17,438 24,887 187,891 16.9% 47.8% 12.8% 9.3% 13.2% -2.4% -1.7% 0.1% -0.8% 4.8% Merton & Wandsworth LAB 66,276 69,230 14,607 11,068 24,301 185,482 35.7% 37.3% 7.9% 6.0% 13.1% -4.8% 1.7% -0.7% -0.6% 4.3% North East LAB 31,954 123,298 28,232 11,400 34,154 229,038 14.0% 53.8% 12.3% 5.0% 14.9% -4.3% 1.8% -1.2% -1.1% 4.7% South West CON 78,083 60,963 16,970 25,146 32,733 213,895 36.5% 28.5% 7.9% 11.8% 15.3% -1.8% -0.8% -1.1% -0.6% 4.2% West Central CON 64,102 48,623 11,236 8,685 20,967 153,613 41.7% 31.7% 7.3% 5.7% 13.6% -6.5% 1.9% -0.9% -0.2% 5.7% London 764,230 1,054,801 207,959 165,580 423,106 2,615,676 29.2% 40.3% 8.0% 6.3% 16.2% -2.8% -0.8% -0.6% -0.5% 4.6%

About the Library The House of Commons Library research service provides MPs and their staff with the impartial briefing and evidence base they need to do their work in scrutinising Government, proposing legislation, and supporting constituents. As well as providing MPs with a confidential service we publish open briefing papers, which are available on the Parliament website. Every effort is made to ensure that the information contained in these publically available research briefings is correct at the time of publication. Readers should be aware however that briefings are not necessarily updated or otherwise amended to reflect subsequent changes. If you have any comments on our briefings please email [email protected]. Authors are available to discuss the content of this briefing only with Members and their staff. If you have any general questions about the work of the House of Commons you can email [email protected]. Disclaimer This information is provided to Members of Parliament in support of their parliamentary duties. It is a general briefing only and should not be relied on as a substitute for specific advice. The House of Commons or the author(s) shall not be liable for any errors or omissions, or for any loss or damage of any kind arising from its use, and may remove, vary or amend any information at any time without prior notice. The House of Commons accepts no responsibility for any references or links to, BRIEFING PAPER or the content of, information maintained by third parties. This information is Number CBP-7598, 26 April provided subject to the conditions of the Open Parliament Licence. 2016