This Work Is Protected by Copyright And

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

This Work Is Protected by Copyright And This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights and duplication or sale of all or part is not permitted, except that material may be duplicated by you for research, private study, criticism/review or educational purposes. Electronic or print copies are for your own personal, non- commercial use and shall not be passed to any other individual. No quotation may be published without proper acknowledgement. For any other use, or to quote extensively from the work, permission must be obtained from the copyright holder/s. THE SEDIMENTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF RED BEDS IN THE WESTPHALIAN A TO C OF CENTRAL ENGLAND Thesis submitted to the University of Keele for the degree of Ph.D. by Bernard Maurice Besly B.A. 1983 M7S308 Abstract Red beds in the Westphalian A to C of Central England belong to the Etruria Formation. Examination of exposures and cores has allowed subdivision of this Formation into three Facies Associations. Facies Association I forms the gradational base of the red bed sequence. The sediments resemble the underlying Productive Coal Measures, consisting dominantly of grey organic-rich mudstones. Much of this Association is formed by seat-earth palaeosols, which occasionally contain red pigment. Facies Association II forms most of the Etruria Formation, and consists largely of dark red mudstone. Throughout there are mottled horizons which are interpreted as lateritic palaeosols. Occasional upward-fining sand bodies containing lateral accretion surfaces are present. Facies Associations I and II are interpreted as fluvial deposits. The rivers were dominated by suspended load and deposited thick overbank sequences. In Association I the overbank areas were swampy, while in Association II good drainage prevailed. Facies Association III comprises red mudstones and palaeosols, and a range of conglomerate and sandstone sheets and channel fills. This Association occurs near inferred fault bounded margins of the depositional basin. It is interpreted as the deposits of muddy alluvial fans deposited in a humid tropical climate. The petrography of the Etruria Formation is described. Derivation was from an area of mixed composition which was undergoing tropical weathering. The diagenetic alteration of the sandy sediment occurred soon after deposition in fresh water conditions. Red pigment in the mudstones was mainly inherited from a lateritic mantle in the source area, but was also partly generated by oxidation during water table fluctuation soon after deposition. Compilation of stratigraphic data shows a complex pattern of diachronism between the Etruria Formation and the Productive Coal Measures. Red bed deposition began during Westphalian A in the slowly subsiding southern margins of the depositional basin, and spread progressively northwards from Westphalian B to late Westphalian C in response to uplift of the Wales-Brabant ridge. He had been eight years upon a project for extracting sunbeams out of cucumbers, which were to be put into vials hermetically sealed, and let out to warm the air in raw inclement summers. Swift. Le supreme charme qu' on trouve a lire une page de de Selby est qu' elle vous conduit inexorablement al'heureuse certitude que des sots vous n' etes pas Ie plus grand. du Garbandier Preface This study of the Etruria Formation was started in 1976 at a time when economic pressures were causing the closure of many brick- and tileworks in the Central England coalfields. The consequent loss of clay pit exposures to the pressure of waste disposal was threatening to leave large areas without representative exposures of the Formation. The scale of this decline can be seen from the following figures. In 1900 there were 90 brickworks listed in Kelly's Directory for Staffordshire which were probably working the Etruria Formation (39 in North Staffordshire; 8 in the Cannock areaj 7 in the Aldridge areaj 36 in the Black Country). In 1976 there were only 16 brickworks working Etruria Formation clays in Staffordshire (8 in North Staffordshirej 2 in the Cannock area; 2 in the Aldridge area; 4 in the Black Country). Of 40 exposures examined in the present study, 19 have since been partially or completely infilled, are threatened with infilling, or have become degraded. It was felt that, as a matter of urgency, a record should be made of the geology of this Formation. To this end this thesis includes considerably more illustrative material than would otherwise have been necessary. It is hoped that the available exposures provided a representative sample of the Formation. At the same time large amounts of new data were becoming available as a result of the National Coal Board's 'Plan for Coal' and 'Plan 2000' exploration programmes. The National Coal Board has very kindly allowed access to these data, subject to the following minimal conditions: i) that, to protect the confidentiality of some data, no depths from surface are given, and in most cases the thicknesses of coal seams not specifiedj ii) that the mentioning of individual coal seams relates only to their stratigraphic significance, and has no implication as to any present or future economic potential. In some of the area under consideration, the re-arrangement of local authority boundaries has resulted in changes in county names. As all literature pertaining to the Westphalian employs the county names used prior to 1971, this practice has been continued in this thesis. Acknowledgements This project was initiated and supervised by Dr. John Collinson. During its final stages supervision was taken over by Professor Gilbert Kelling. I would like to thank both for their continuing interest and help. Finance for the research was provided by an NERC Research Grant. Data has been obtained from a large number of industrial undertakings. Without the help and advice of staff in these enterprises the project could not have been completed. Access to borehole cores and records has been allowed by the Western and South Midland Areas of the National Coal Board (Deep Mines), and by the Opencast Executive of the National Coal Board. Special thanks are due to Bob Hoare (Western area) and Alan Jones (South Midland Area) for granting this permission. My task has been made easier by the assistance of Lloyd Boardman, Dave Mellor, Paul Norman, Keith Whitworth, Phil Richardson and Ian Fulton, who have guided me through the NCB filing system and made arrangements to view cores of the Allotment, Playground and Kibblestone boreholes. Ros Todhunter of the Opencast Executive made arrangements for me to examine the Street's Lane borehole cores. Permission to visit exposures has been granted by all companies approached. Mr. S. Davenport and Mr. K. Pate of G.H. Downing Ltd. (now Steetly Brick Ltd.) allowed unlimited access to their quarries, and enabled me to examine the Rosemary Hill borehole cores. Thanks are also due to: D. Platt & Sons Ltd.; J. Caddick & Son Ltd.; Mr. P.R. Powell; Haunchwood Lewis Ltd.; Hawkins Tiles Ltd.; Hinton, Perry & Davenhill Ltd.; Ibstock Brick (Aldridge) Ltd.; Ibstock Brick (Himley) Ltd.; Stourbridge Brick Co. Ltd.; Baggeridge Brick Co. Ltd.; Barnett & Beddows Ltd.; Wilnecote Brick Co. Ltd.; Butterley Building Materials Ltd.; Stoneware Ltd.; Blockleys Ltd.; Stanley Bros. Ltd.; A. Adams & Sons Ltd.; The Lilleshall Co. Ltd.; Michelin Tyre Co. Ltd.; London Brick Buildings (Garden Division); Land Reclamation Co. Ltd.; and Polymeric Treatments Ltd. Advice as to the ownership and location of exposures was given by the minerals officers of the following County Councils: Staffordshire (Mrs. L. Donovan); West Midlands (Mr. J. Boldon); Shropshire (Mr. T. Butler); and Warwickshire (Mr. T. Long). The study has benefited from discussion with members of the Institute of Geological Sciences who have worked on the Westphalian. I would particularly like to thank Richard Hamblin, Michael Calver, Wyndham Evans and Albert Wilson. Information from the Sidway Mill borehole is reproduced by kind permission of the IGS. I would like to thank the technical staff in the Geology Department at Keele for their ready and cheerful assistance: in particular David Kelsall (photography); David Emley (geochemistry); and Peter Greatbach (thin section preparation). The thesis has been efficiently typed by Jackie Dray and Julie Robinson (both of Shell UK) and Joan Cliff. Vic Haddon (Shell UK) helped with the reproduction of some of the line diagrams, and with the printing. Throughout the study I have been greatly helped by the accumulated experience of Bob Hoare, Lloyd Boardman, David Thompson and Peter Turner, who have spent many hours discussing coal measures and red beds. Mavis Butterworth, Stephen Daly, Nick Kusznir, Graham Lees, Peter McCabe, Nico Rossel and Dave Stewart have all helped by providing advice, criticism and various forms of practical assistance. I would like to thank all of these for having shown an interest in Carboniferous red beds at a time when it was neither popular nor profitable to do so. Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my future wife, Jane Whieldon, without whose encouragement this thesis would not have been written. CONTENTS Preface Chapter 1. General introduction; historical and regional review 1.1 Extent and aim of study 1 1.2 Geographical occurrence; nature of exposure 2 1.3 History of previous research 1.3.1 Stratigraphy 2 1.3.2 Other previous research 6 1.4 Palaeogeographic setting 1.4.1 Setting within the context of northern Europe 9 1.4.2 Global setting 11 1.5 Notes on sedimentary facies descriptions and interpretations 13 1.6 Organization of text 15 Chapter 2. Palaeo sol description, nomenclature, and classification 2.1 Prefatory remarks 17 2.2 Definition of the term palaeosol 17 2.3 The soil profile: processes, horizon nomenclature, and profile development 18 2.4 Preservation potential of pedogenic features and soil horizons 20 2.5 Effects of intermittent deposition on horizon and profile development 22 2.6 Palaeosol features other than horizon and profile development 24 36S307 2.7 Nomenclature and classification of palaeosols 2.7.1 Approach adopted by other workers 29 2.7.2 Approach adopted in this thesis 33 Chapter 3.
Recommended publications
  • 2016 Green Gown Awards Finalists' Brochure and Guest Directory
    FINALISTS’ BROCHURE AND GUEST DIRECTORY UK AND IRELAND Supported by Media Partner Supporting the dissemination Supporting the Delivered by of the Awards Awards Ceremony FOREWORD Green Gown Awards UK and Ireland CATEGORY SUPPORTERS 115 finalists over 15 categories, representing a combined population of over 1.5 million students CARBON and 240,000 staff REDUCTION Now in their 12th year, the Green Gown Awards in the UK and Ireland powerfully demonstrate that education and sustainability are at the heart of a better future for us all. This year’s finalists show that FOOD AND initiatives of this kind can be a catalyst to help an institution achieve high quality student experiences, DRINK improve efficiency and access and provide students with invaluable employability skills. The value that tertiary education generates is huge and the Green Gown Awards both celebrate that value and drive its RESEARCH AND replication across the sector. DEVELOPMENT Global presence The Green Gown Awards are further enhanced by their growing international presence with the Awards STUDENT now delivered in Australasia, French speaking Europe and Canada. Supported this year by the United ENGAGEMENT Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the Awards have gone global through the GUPES Green Gown Awards, with Award regions in Africa; Asia and the Pacific; Europe; Latin America and the Caribbean; North SUSTAINABILITY America and West Asia. The category winners of each region in Community, Continuous Improvement: REPORTING Institutional Change and Student Engagement categories go head to head for the coveted International Green Gown Awards. INDIVIDUAL AWARDS Sharing best practice and dissemination of Green Gown Award initiatives We work hard with the many partners of the Awards to ensure the good practices shown from our SUSTAINABILITY Finalists are disseminated far and wide.
    [Show full text]
  • Environment Template (REF5) Page 1 Institution: University Of
    Environment template (REF5) Institution: University of Northumbria at Newcastle Unit of Assessment: 19 - Business and Management Studies a. Overview Research in this UoA is focused in three clusters: Entrepreneurship, Innovation and SMEs (developed from Operations and Information Systems Management), Risk, Ethics and Governance (developed from International Business and Governance) and Organisational Behaviour, Leadership and Development (developed from People and Organisations). These have each expanded and broadened in scope since 2008. While there is an emphasis on applied business-relevant research that has a high propensity for impact and that underpins consultancy, corporate learning partnerships and Knowledge Transfer Partnerships (KTPs), this is complemented by outputs making contribution to theory. b. Research strategy Strategic aims since 2008 The research strategy of the UoA in 2008-13 was to: extend our research-active academic staff base, in particular by increasing the number of doctorally-qualified staff; increase the quality and quantity of outputs; continue to expand the number of graduate students and doctoral completions; and place emphasis on KTP activity as a source of income and especially as a central pathway to impact. Achievement of Strategy 2008-2013 Continuing the strategic direction set out in RAE2008, the UoA has achieved the following: A total of 64 doctoral awards during the 2014 REF period compared with 39 awards during 2008 RAE period. Increased the number of research leaders, appointing eight Professors
    [Show full text]
  • Who, Where and When: the History & Constitution of the University of Glasgow
    Who, Where and When: The History & Constitution of the University of Glasgow Compiled by Michael Moss, Moira Rankin and Lesley Richmond © University of Glasgow, Michael Moss, Moira Rankin and Lesley Richmond, 2001 Published by University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Typeset by Media Services, University of Glasgow Printed by 21 Colour, Queenslie Industrial Estate, Glasgow, G33 4DB CIP Data for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 0 85261 734 8 All rights reserved. Contents Introduction 7 A Brief History 9 The University of Glasgow 9 Predecessor Institutions 12 Anderson’s College of Medicine 12 Glasgow Dental Hospital and School 13 Glasgow Veterinary College 13 Queen Margaret College 14 Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama 15 St Andrew’s College of Education 16 St Mungo’s College of Medicine 16 Trinity College 17 The Constitution 19 The Papal Bull 19 The Coat of Arms 22 Management 25 Chancellor 25 Rector 26 Principal and Vice-Chancellor 29 Vice-Principals 31 Dean of Faculties 32 University Court 34 Senatus Academicus 35 Management Group 37 General Council 38 Students’ Representative Council 40 Faculties 43 Arts 43 Biomedical and Life Sciences 44 Computing Science, Mathematics and Statistics 45 Divinity 45 Education 46 Engineering 47 Law and Financial Studies 48 Medicine 49 Physical Sciences 51 Science (1893-2000) 51 Social Sciences 52 Veterinary Medicine 53 History and Constitution Administration 55 Archive Services 55 Bedellus 57 Chaplaincies 58 Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery 60 Library 66 Registry 69 Affiliated Institutions
    [Show full text]
  • Athena SWAN Silver Department Award Application
    Athena SWAN Silver department award application Name of university: Queen Mary University of London (QMUL) Department: School of Engineering and Materials Science (SEMS) Date of application: April 2015 Date of university Bronze Athena SWAN award: Bronze Award (2007), Renewals (2010 and 2013) Contact for application: Dr Steffi Krause Email: [email protected] Telephone: 020 7882 3747 Departmental website address: http://www.sems.qmul.ac.uk/ Our Industrial Liaison Forum Boxes throughout the document show key developments with the following symbols: Actions already implemented and current good practice Future actions (Action plan number) Impact to date 1 | P a g e Queen Mary University of London Mile End Road, London E1 4NS Telephone: +44(0)20 7882 5555 Fax: +44 (0)20 7882 3390 School of Engineering & Materials Science Head of School D A Lee, BSc, PhD, MA Professor of Cell & Tissue Engineering Direct Tel: +44(0)20 7882 8874 Email: [email protected] Sarah Dickinson Athena Swan Equality Challenge Unit 7th floor, Queens House 55/56 Lincoln's Inn Fields London, WC2A 3LJ 30th April 2015 Dear Ms Dickinson As Head of School I would like to express support in the strongest terms for the Athena SWAN Silver award application from the School of Engineering & Materials Science (SEMS) at Queen Mary University of London. SEMS received a Bronze award in 2013, and we have made very strong progress against our Action Plan in the intervening period as outlined in this application. I am fully committed to promoting equitable working cultures within SEMS in which all staff can achieve their maximum potential.
    [Show full text]
  • Silans in Some Brunizem Soils Richard Warren Arnold Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1963 Silans in some Brunizem soils Richard Warren Arnold Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agriculture Commons Recommended Citation Arnold, Richard Warren, "Silans in some Brunizem soils " (1963). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 2372. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/2372 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This dissertation has been 63-7241 microfilmed exactly as received ARNOLD, Richard Warren, 1929- SILANS IN SOME BRUNIZEM SOILS. Iowa State University of Science and Technology Ph.D., 1963 Agriculture, general University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan SILANS IN SOME BRUNIZEM SOILS Richard Warren Arnold A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Subject: Soil Morphology and Genesis Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. Head of Major Department Signature was redacted for privacy. Iowa State University Of Science and Technology \ Ames, Iowa 1963 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION . 1 FART I. SILAN CHARACTERISTICS IN BRUNIZEM AND ASSOCIATED SOILS 4 HISTORICAL ASPECTS 5 Presence of Light Colored Fed Coatings 5 Socue Properties of Light Colored Fed Coatings . 8 Proposed Concepts of Development 9 .
    [Show full text]
  • Differences in Potassium Forms Between Cutans and Adjacent Soil Matrix in a Grey Clay Soil Fan Liu, Robert J
    Differences in potassium forms between cutans and adjacent soil matrix in a Grey Clay Soil Fan Liu, Robert J. Gilkes, R. D. Hart, Ary Bruand To cite this version: Fan Liu, Robert J. Gilkes, R. D. Hart, Ary Bruand. Differences in potassium forms between cutans and adjacent soil matrix in a Grey Clay Soil. Geoderma, Elsevier, 2002, 106, pp.289-303. 10.1016/S0016- 7061(01)00129-X. hal-00091139 HAL Id: hal-00091139 https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00091139 Submitted on 4 Nov 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Differences in potassium forms between cutans and adjacent soil matrix in a Grey Clay Soil Fan Liu1, R. J. Gilkes, R. D. Hart,and A. Bruand2 Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6907, Australia 1 Current address. Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China. 2 Current address. Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans, Université d'Orléans, Géosciences, BP 6759 45067 Orléans Cedex, France. Abstract Cutans are common fabric features in soil and represent foci of chemical and biological reactions.
    [Show full text]
  • (Bromley, Kent), 1845-1881
    Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs Lifecycle Poverty and Women’s Experience of the Farnborough Workhouse (Bromley, Kent), 1845-1881 Student Dissertation How to cite: Hollis, Katarzyna (2020). Lifecycle Poverty and Women’s Experience of the Farnborough Workhouse (Bromley, Kent), 1845-1881. Student dissertation for The Open University module A826 MA History part 2. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 2020 The Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: Redacted Version of Record Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk Lifecycle Poverty and Women’s Experience of the Farnborough Workhouse (Bromley, Kent), 1845-1881 Katarzyna Hollis Submitted for the Open University M.A. in History 24 December 2019 Word count: 15,274 Dedicated to Lucy Hill (1976-2019) Katarzyna Hollis Dissertation ABSTRACT Destitute women in Victorian society were trapped between contradictory expectations. On the one hand religious theories stressed women’s natural fragility as better suited for domestic duties; on the other hand, women were expected to work, support themselves and their children. When those roles collided, the most vulnerable women were often trapped in lifecycle poverty. This dissertation examines women’s life events such as pregnancies, motherhood, illnesses, widowhood and ageing; and it investigates to what degree those elements had an impact on increased periods of their impoverishment and reliance on workhouses.
    [Show full text]
  • Bridewell's Fall: Summary Justice in London, 1730-1800
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2017 Bridewell’s Fall: Summary Justice in London, 1730-1800 Benjamin Nelson Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Nelson, Benjamin, "Bridewell’s Fall: Summary Justice in London, 1730-1800" (2017). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 15389. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/15389 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Bridewell’s fall: Summary Justice in London, 1730-1800 by Benjamin Nelson A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Major: History Program of Study Committee: Paul Griffiths, Major Professor Patrick Connolly John Monroe Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2017 Copyright © Benjamin Nelson, 2017. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES iii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS iv ABSTRACT v CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2. BRIDEWELL BEFORE 1700 6 CHAPTER 3. EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY LONDON 18 CHAPTER 4. SUMMARY JUSTICE 41 CHAPTER 5. BRIDEWELL 50 CHAPTER 6. BRIDEWELL’S FALL 66 BIBLIOGRAPHY 69 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Bridewell Committals 1737-1790
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Paleopedology of Soils in Thick Holocene Loess, Nebraska
    Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas ISSN: 1026-8774 [email protected] Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México Jacobs, Peter M.; Mason, Joseph A. Paleopedology of soils in thick Holocene loess, Nebraska, USA Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, vol. 21, núm. 1, 2004, pp. 54-70 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Querétaro, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=57221107 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative 54 JacobsRevista and MasonMexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, v. 21, núm. 1, 2004, p. 54-70 Paleopedology of soils in thick Holocene loess, Nebraska, USA Peter M. Jacobs1,* and Joseph A. Mason2 1 Department of Geography and Geology, University of Wisconsin–Whitewater, 800 W. Main St., Whitewater, WI 53190, USA. 2 Conservation and Survey Division and Department of Geosciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 113 Nebraska Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0517, USA; now at Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 384 Science Hall, 550 N. Park St. Madison, WI 53706, USA. * [email protected] ABSTRACT Bignell Loess is a Holocene loess unit that has accumulated in the central Great Plains since 9,000 14C yr BP. The Brady Soil separates Bignell Loess from last glacial Peoria Loess and thick sections, which can reach 6 m thickness, may contain four buried soils beneath the modern surface soil. The Brady Soil has A/B/C horizonation, including a thick dark A and a blocky or prismatic structured B horizon.
    [Show full text]
  • Paleopedology and Paleogeomorphology of the Early Oligocene Orella and Whitney Members, Brule Formation, White River Group, Toadstool Geologic Park, Nebraska
    PALEOPEDOLOGY AND PALEOGEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE EARLY OLIGOCENE ORELLA AND WHITNEY MEMBERS, BRULE FORMATION, WHITE RIVER GROUP, TOADSTOOL GEOLOGIC PARK, NEBRASKA A Thesis Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree MASTER OF SICENCE GEOLOGY by William E. Lukens August 2013 ________________________________ Dr. Dennis O. Terry, Jr., Thesis Advisor ________________________________ Dr. David E. Grandstaff ________________________________ Dr. Alexandra Krull Davatzes ABSTRACT Understanding local and regional reactions to the global Eocene-Oligocene climate transition is a continuing challenge. The White River Group in the North American midcontinent preserves dynamic fluvial, volcaniclastic and lacustrine facies that yield to aeolianites. To test whether this shift in sedimentation style was driven by climate change, 20 paleosols from 8 profiles were analyzed from the fluvial-aeolian Orella Member through the aeolian-dominated Whitney Member of the earliest Oligocene Brule Formation at Toadstool Geologic Park, NE. Paleosol morphology and geochemistry were used to assess the balance of aeolian vs. alluvial sedimentation at key stratigraphic intervals and lithologic transitions. Significant loess deposition began at least as early as the lower Orella Member but is masked in most settings by concomitant fluvial deposition. As fluvial influence on landscapes waned across the Orella-Whitney Member boundary, loess deposits predominated and became more recognizable. Paleosols follow different
    [Show full text]
  • THE BEADLE. the PARISH ENGINE. the SCHOOLMASTER. How Much
    SKETCHES BY BOZ OUR PARISH CHAPTER I - THE BEADLE. THE PARISH ENGINE. THE SCHOOLMASTER. How much is conveyed in those two short words - 'The Parish!' And with how many tales of distress and misery, of broken fortune and ruined hopes, too often of unrelieved wretchedness and successful knavery, are they associated! A poor man, with small earnings, and a large family, just manages to live on from hand to mouth, and to procure food from day to day; he has barely sufficient to satisfy the present cravings of nature, and can take no heed of the future. His taxes are in arrear, quarter-day passes by, another quarter-day arrives: he can procure no more quarter for himself, and is summoned by - the parish. His goods are distrained, his children are crying with cold and hunger, and the very bed on which his sick wife is lying, is dragged from beneath her. What can he do? To whom is he to apply for relief? To private charity? To benevolent individuals? Certainly not - there is his parish. There are the parish vestry, the parish infirmary, the parish surgeon, the parish officers, the parish beadle. Excellent institutions, and gentle, kind-hearted men. The woman dies - she is buried by the parish. The children have no protector - they are taken care of by the parish. The man first neglects, and afterwards cannot obtain, work - he is relieved by the parish; and when distress and drunkenness have done their work upon him, he is maintained, a harmless babbling idiot, in the parish asylum. The parish beadle is one of the most, perhaps THE most, important member of the local administration.
    [Show full text]
  • Open a PDF List of This Collection
    LONDON METROPOLITAN ARCHIVES Page 1 MISCELLANEOUS DEEDS CLC/522 Reference Description Dates CLC/522/001 Deeds relating to property on Monkwell 1642 - 1748 [Mugwell] Street The earlier documents refer to Windsor House. Later documents refer to Windsor Court. Included in the bundle are a copy of Fire Court decisions regarding the property, dated 1668, which lists the pre-Fire tenants and their rents. The 1717, 1719, 1739 deeds mention the rebuilding of the site after the Great Fire. The 1717 deed mentions a "Meeting House" being part of the property and in 1748 Windsor Court included "A Publick Place of Worship for Protestant Dissentors" . 1 bundle of 15 items CLC/522/002 Deed of gift of messuages in St Leonards, 1468 Nov 20 Shoreditch and relating to lands and tenements in St Botolph outside Bishopsgate, City of London Described as lying between the land of William Heryot to the north and east, land recently of William Heryot to the south, and the King's highway to the west. Conveyed by John Marny, John Say, William Tyrell de Beches, Robert Darcy, Thomas Cook, knight, John Clopton esq, John Grene, John Poynes esq, Henry Skeet, chaplain, Robert Hotoft, and Richard Chercheman, to John Gadde, sherman, John Marchall, mercer, William Heryot, sherman, and John Weldon, grocer, all of London 1 document CLC/522/003 Abstract of title to leasehold premises situtate in 1804 Liquorpond Street and Leicester Street in the Parish of Saint Andrew Holborn in the County of Middlesex Provides a summary of ownership between 1694 and 1804. In 1694 William Ward bequeathed 5 houses and various leases to his son Alexander Ward, his daughter Elizabeth Cock and her son William Cock.
    [Show full text]