El Papel De La Comunicación En La Filosofía Clásica China

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El Papel De La Comunicación En La Filosofía Clásica China UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN TESIS DOCTORAL Retórica y comunicación: el papel de la comunicación en la filosofía clásica china MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Jiangjiao Yang Director Joaquín María Aguirre Romero Madrid © Jiangjiao Yang, 2019 FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN RETÓRICA Y COMUNICACIÓN: EL PAPEL DE LA COMUNICACIÓN EN LA FILOSOFÍA CLÁSICA DE CHINA Tesis Doctoral de Jiangjiao Yang Dirigida por Dr. Joaquín Mª Aguirre Romero Madrid, julio de 2019 2 A mi abuelo, siempre, quien ya no está y tanto me ha querido. Él sabía que podía llegar a este punto en el que me encuentro. Me ha enseñado el camino desde el principio y me esperará al final. 3 AGRADECIMIENTOS La decisión de empezar el doctorado ha cambiado radicalmente mi vida. Sencillo no ha sido el proceso. Han sido incontables las horas del encierro y aislamiento durante la investigación de estos años. Particularmente por eso, tengo que manifestar mi más sincero agradecimiento a mi tutor, el director de esta tesis, Dr. Joaquín Mª Aguirre Romero, por el haberme alejado de la soledad durante la larga andadura de la presente tesis, y por su disponibilidad permanente para orientar y sugerirme de la manera más rigurosa y, al mismo tiempo, más iluminadora posible. Me ha enseñado a superarme a mí misma cada día y sin duda alguna, no sería una realidad este trabajo sin el respaldo completo de él, no solo por la ayuda académica, sino a veces psicológica. Luego, una gratitud singular debo a todos mis profesores de la Facultad de las Ciencias de la Información, sobre todo a aquellos que me hicieron sentir como una compañera verdadera de aquí. Me gustaría destacar especialmente a Dra. María Jesús Casals Carro y a Dr. Antonio Dueñas Martínez. Como alumna suya, ha sido un auténtico placer en mi vida en España. Por último, deseo dar las gracias más fieles a mi madre, por su amor y cariño silencioso e incondicional, y su carácter firme y resistente. Ella ha sido el faro que me ilumina en el camino de avance, y al mismo tiempo, también la luz que me indica la dirección de la casa. 4 ÍNDICE RESUMEN ................................................................................................................. 11 INTRODUCCIÓN ...................................................................................................... 13 i) Motivación ........................................................................................................... 13 ii) Objeto de la Investigación ................................................................................... 14 iii) Marco Teórico .................................................................................................... 15 iv) Hipótesis y Preguntas de Trabajo ....................................................................... 18 v) Estructura de la Investigación y Metodología ..................................................... 18 vi) Corpus ................................................................................................................ 20 CAPÍTULO I: Características comunicativas de la cultura china y sus condiciones de habla ....................................................................................................................... 24 1.1 El silencio: un fenómeno ambiguo de multi-fachada ............................................ 24 1.1.1 El silencio desde la Lingüística ....................................................................... 25 1.1.2 El silencio desde la cognición ......................................................................... 28 1.1.3 El silencio desde la Psicología Social ............................................................. 31 1.2 El silencio es oro .................................................................................................. 34 1.2.1 Palabras hechas sobre la actitud de hablar ...................................................... 36 1.2.2 El silencio de los japoneses ............................................................................. 39 1.2.2.1 Comunicación no verbal en la comunicación intercultural y el pseudoambiente creado por los medios ................................................. 40 1.2.2.2 El signo no verbal al estilo japonés ........................................................ 42 1.2.2.3 La educación escolar japonesa sobre la cortesía de hablar .................... 44 5 1.2.3 Dos canciones populares desde Occidente y Oriente y refranes sobre el silencio .................................................................................................................... 48 1.3 Condiciones del habla para el pueblo chino .......................................................... 54 1.3.1 La identidad cultural china y ¿Qué es Li? ....................................................... 55 1.3.2 El régimen de la comunicación confuciana: Li ............................................... 59 1.3.3 ¿En qué consiste el Li? ................................................................................... 62 1.3.4 Los ritos en la comunicación .......................................................................... 65 1.3.5 La cortesía verbal y la lengua honorífica ........................................................ 70 1.3.6 Diferente rito, diferente acto ........................................................................... 72 1.4 Estructura cultural-psicológica de la población china .......................................... 78 1.4.1 El papel de la educación escolar y la lengua materna en la filosofía clásica china ........................................................................................................................ 78 1.4.2 Comparación de tratos de parentescos españoles y chinos ............................. 81 1.4.3 La Hipótesis de Sapir-Whorf y el inconsciente colectivo ............................... 86 1.4.4 Funciones de un idioma relativamente estable y la formación de la estructura cultural-psicológica de la población china .............................................. 89 1.5 Conclusión parcial ................................................................................................. 92 CAPÍTULO II: El fondo histórico del florecer de la filosofía clásica china y el nacimiento de su sofística y retórica ............................................................................ 94 2.1 El fondo histórico del florecer de la filosofía clásica china ................................... 95 2.1.1 Razones políticas ............................................................................................ 97 2.1.2 Razones económicas .................................................................................... 100 2.1.3 Razones culturales ........................................................................................ 102 2.1.4 Razones sociales ........................................................................................... 104 2.2 El nacimiento de la sofística y retórica chinas ...................................................... 107 2.2.1 Comparación entre sofistas griegos y la escuela de los nombres .................. 107 6 2.2.2 La sofística y la retórica ................................................................................ 109 2.2.3 Estudios de la relación entre la entidad y el nombre de Ming Jia .................. 111 2.2.3.1 El concepto y el objeto ......................................................................... 111 2.2.3.2 Lo particular y lo general ..................................................................... 112 2.2.3.3 La dicotomía ........................................................................................ 115 2.2.3.4 El movimiento y el estado quieto ......................................................... 117 2.3 Conclusión parcial ............................................................................................... 118 CAPÍTULO III: Análisis del confucianismo y las Analectas desde el punto de vista de la comunicación ........................................................................................................ 121 3.1 Conceptos de la comunicación en la época de Confucio ...................................... 121 3.1.1 La comunicación interpersonal en la antigüedad china ................................. 121 3.1.1.1 La palabra “diálogo” desde la etimología y los significados de “palabra” desde la Lingüística ......................................................................... 122 3.1.1.2 Estructurar la sociedad confuciana a través del lenguaje ..................... 124 3.1.2 Relaciones interpersonales y el posicionamiento de relaciones en la comunicación ........................................................................................................ 128 3.1.2.1 Relaciones interpersonales y el autoconocimiento .............................. 128 3.1.2.2 El posicionamiento de relaciones en la comunicación ......................... 131 3.1.2.3 Relaciones interpersonales en el ambiente confuciano ........................ 136 3.1.3 La comunicación bajo contexto .................................................................... 143 3.1.3.1 El papel en la comunicación ................................................................ 144 3.1.3.2 Las reglas en la comunicación ............................................................. 147 3.1.3.3 La comunicación bajo diferentes estructuras sociopolíticas: ejemplo de la escritura de mujeres ...............................................................................
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