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GLOBAL CHILD Poverty and WELL-BEING Measurement, Concepts, Policy and Action

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GLOBAL CHILD Poverty and WELL-BEING Measurement, Concepts, Policy and Action GLOBAL CHILD POVERTY AND WELL-BEING Measurement, concepts, policy and action Foreword by Sir Richard Jolly, former Assistant Secretary General of the United Nations Edited by ALBERTO MINUJIN and SHAILEN NANDY GLOBAL CHILD POVERTY AND WELL-BEING Measurement, concepts, policy and action Edited by Alberto Minujin and Shailen Nandy First published in Great Britain in 2012 by The Policy Press University of Bristol Fourth Floor Beacon House Queen’s Road Bristol BS8 1QU UK t: +44 (0)117 331 4054 f: +44 (0)117 331 4093 [email protected] www.policypress.co.uk North American office: The Policy Press c/o The University of Chicago Press 1427 East 60th Street Chicago, IL 60637, USA t: +1 773 702 7700 f: +1 773-702-9756 e:[email protected] www.press.uchicago.edu © The Policy Press 2012 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested. ISBN 978 1 84742 481 5 (paperback) ISBN 978 1 84742 482 2 (hardcover) The rights of Alberto Minujin and Shailen Nandy to be identified as editors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved: no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of The Policy Press. The statements and opinions contained within this publication are solely those of the editors and contributors and not of the University of Bristol or The Policy Press. The University of Bristol and The Policy Press disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any material published in this publication. The Policy Press works to counter discrimination on grounds of gender, race, disability, age and sexuality. Cover design by The Policy Press Front cover: image kindly supplied by Ryan W. Daniels Printed and bound in Great Britain by Henry Ling, Dorchester Contents Notes on contributors xv Acknowledgements xxvii Foreword xxix Sir Richard Jolly, Former Assistant Secretary-General of the United Nations Part 1 1 one Introduction 3 Shailen Nandy and Alberto Minujin two Child rights, child survival and child poverty: the debate 19 Simon Pemberton, David Gordon and Shailen Nandy three Equity begins with children 39 Jan Vandemoortele Part 2 55 four Measuring child poverty and deprivation 57 David Gordon and Shailen Nandy five Beyond headcount: measures that reflect the breadth and components of child poverty 103 Sabina Alkire and José Manuel Roche six Defining child poverty in South Africa using the socially perceived necessities approach 135 Helen Barnes and Gemma Wright seven Child well-being in the US: proposal for the development of a ‘Tots Index’ using the human development conceptual framework 155 Sarah Burd-Sharps, Patrick Guyer, Ted Lechterman and Kristen Lewis eight A snapshot of child well-being in transition countries: exploring new methods of monitoring child well-being 179 Petra Hoelscher, Dominic Richardson and Jonathan Bradshaw iii Global child poverty and well-being nine Enhancing the fight against child poverty in the European Union: a benchmarking exercise 207 Isabelle Maquet-Engsted ten Assessing child well-being in developing countries: making policies work for children 245 Shirley Gatenio Gabel and Sheila B. Kamerman Part 3 261 eleven Multidimensional child poverty in Tanzania: analysis of situation, changes and sensitivity of thresholds 263 Alberto Minujin and Enrique Delamonica twelve A multidimensional profile of child poverty in Congo Brazzaville 287 Geranda Notten, Chris de Neubourg, Bethuel Makosso and Alain Beltran Mpoue thirteen Multidimensional child poverty in Vietnam 307 Keetie Roelen and Franziska Gassmann fourteen Multidimensional child deprivation in Iran 325 Sepideh Yousefzadeh Faal Deghati, Andrés Mideros Mora and Chris de Neubourg fifteen Multidimensional child poverty in Haiti 357 David Gordon, Audrey Lenoel and Shailen Nandy sixteen Child poverty in Latin America: multiple deprivation and monetary measures combined 379 Ernesto Espíndola Advis and María Nieves Rico seventeen Changes in child poverty and deprivation in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia at the end of the 20th century 419 Shailen Nandy iv Contents Part 4 447 eighteen Utopia calling: eradicating child poverty in the United Kingdom and beyond 449 Ruth Levitas nineteen Continuity and change in poor children’s lives: evidence from Young Lives 475 Jo Boyden, Abby Hardgrove and Caroline Knowles twenty Policy implications of multidimensional poverty measurement in Morocco 507 Hicham Ait Mansour twenty-one A multidimensional response to tackling child poverty and disparities: Reflections from the Global Study on Child Poverty and Disparities 525 Gaspar Fajth, Sharmila Kurukulasuriya and Sólrún Engilbertsdóttir twenty-two Investment in social security: a possible United Nations model for child benefit? 545 Peter Townsend twenty-three Conclusion 567 Shailen Nandy and Alberto Minujin Index 575 v List of tables and figures Tables 2.1 The relationship between indicators of severe deprivation and rights contained in UN CRC 33 4.1 Deprivation thresholds used in UNICEF’s Global Study on Child Poverty and Disparities 61 4.2 Male life expectancy in Glasgow and selected countries 63 4.3 Relative risk ratios for CONEVAL indicators by poverty measures 81 4.4 Reliability analysis of the CONEVAL deprivation indicator index 85 4.5 CONEVAL deprivation index frequencies and average equivalised household incomes and expenditures 87 4.6 ANOVA and Logistic Regression models of optimum position for the poverty threshold 92 5.1 Example, part I 109 5.2 Example, part II 110 5.3 Selected indicators and deprivation thresholds 115 5.4 Comparison of multidimensional child poverty for different poverty cut-offs 116 5.5 Changes over time in multidimensional poverty, Bangladesh, 1997-2007 117 5A.1 Changes over time in multidimensional poverty by province, Bangladesh, 1997-2007 133 5A.2 Censored headcount for each indicator by province, Bangladesh, 1997-2007 133 6.1 Percentage of adults defining an item as essential 140 6.2 Summary of subgroup responses 141 7.1 2008 poverty rates in the US by age, showing that the highest rates of poverty are among children under three 156 7.2 Correlations between the American HDI and selected indicators of child well-being 158 8.1 Overview of child well-being in Eastern Europe and Central Asia 190 8.2 Correlations between single indicators and overall child well-being 192 8A.1 Overview of indicators used in CEE/CIS Child Well-Being Index 199 vii Global child poverty and well-being 8A.2 Overview of indicators and data 202 9.1(a) Relative outcomes of countries related to child poverty risk and main determinants of child poverty risk, EU-SILC 2006 222 9.1(b) Relative outcomes of countries related to child poverty risk and main determinants of child poverty risk, EU-SILC 2008 223 9.2 Change between 2005 and 2008 in percentage points 228 10.1 A paradigm for child policies and outcomes in developing countries 253 10A.1 Databases 259 11.1 Child poverty in Tanzania, 2004/05 267 11.2 Depth of child poverty (one, two, three or four and more deprivations), by place of residence, 2004/05 270 11.3 Severity of child poverty, by place of residence, 2004/05 271 11.4 Distribution of child deprivation by geographic location, 2004/05 273 11.5 Distribution of child deprivation by mainland zones and Zanzibar, 2004/05 273 11.6 Distribution of child deprivation by household wealth, 2004/05 274 11.7 Depth of child poverty by wealth quintile 274 11.8 Child poverty trends, 1999-2004/05 275 11.9 Depth of child poverty by place of residence, 1999 276 11.10 Incidence and depth of child poverty with alternative threshold for shelter, 2004/05 278 11.11 Incidence and depth of child poverty with alternative threshold for sanitation, 2004/05 279 11A.1 Sample analysis of child poverty based on age specific deprivation 286 12.1 Incidence of deprivation in % of children and individuals 291 12.2 Double deprivations in % of children 292 12.3 Close up: education and money in % of children 293 12.4 Children aged 6-17: profile for deprivation in money and education 297 12.5 Type of deprivation in education by age and gender 299 12.6 Educational context underlying patterns of deprivation 300 12A.1 Overview of deprivation indicators and thresholds 305 13.1 Indicators of the Vietnam child poverty approach 311 13.2 Indicator and domain poverty rates for children in Vietnam 314 13.3 Child deprivation and child poverty in Vietnam 317 viii List of tables and figures 13.4 Multiple poverty and correlation matrix 319 14.1 Indicators for children’s multidimensional poverty in Iran 332 14.2 Demographic stratification comparison (2009) 338 14.3 Dimensional deprivation incidence rate 339 14.4 Education deprivation rate, disaggregated by age cohorts 340 14.5 Deprivation rate, disaggregated by household type 343 14.6 Deprivation rate in single-headed households, disaggregated by gender 344 14.7 Child multidimensional deprivation and moderate deprivation rate 345 14.8 Child multidimensional moderate deprivation rate 346 15.1 Prevalence (%) of severe deprivation and absolute poverty among children, Haiti, 2005 365 16.1 Definition of indicators; thresholds of severe and moderate deprivation for children 384 16.2 Household surveys used to measure child poverty in Latin
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