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TR 23. Synopsis of Biological Data on The NOAA Technical Report NMFS 23 Synopsis of Biological Data on the Pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides (Pisces: Sparidae) George H. Darcy February 1985 FAG Fisheries Synopsis No. 141 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration John V. Byrne, Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service William G. Gordon, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, recom­ mend or endorse any propriety product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or to this publica­ tion furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales promotion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised pro­ duct to be used or purchased because of this NMFS publication. CONTENTS Introduction. ..............................................................................................I IDENTITy............................................................................................ I 1.1 Nomenclature .....................................................................................I I .1 I Valid name .. ...............................................................................I 1.12 Objective synonymy. .........................................................................I 1.2 Taxonomy........................................................................................ I 1.21 Affinities................................................................................... I 1.22 Taxonomic status 2 1.23 Subspecies.................................................................................. 2 1.24 Standard common names, vernacular names. ...................................................... 2 1.3 Morphology....................................................................................... 2 1.31 External morphology 2 *1.32 Cytomorphology *1.33 Protein specificity 2 DISTRIBUTION 3 2.1 Total area. ........................................................................................ 3 2.2 Differential distribution. ............................................................................ 3 2.21 Spawn, larvae, and juveniles. ................................................................... 3 2.22 Adults ..................................................................................... 5 2.3 Determinants of distribution changes. .................................................................. 5 *2.4 Hybridization 3 BIONOMICS AND LIFE HISTORY. ....................................................................... 6 3.1 Reproduction...................................................................................... 6 3.11 Sexuality................................................................................... 6 3.12 Maturity................................................................................... 6 3.13 Mating..................................................................................... 6 3.14 Fertilization................................................................................. 6 3.15 Gonads 6 3.16 Spawning................................................................................... 6 3.17 Spawn..................................................................................... 7 3.2 Preadult phase. .................................................................................... 7 3.21 Em bryonic phase 7 3.22 Larvae and adolescent phase 7 3.3 Adult phase. ...................................................................................... 9 3.31 Longevity.................................................................................. 9 3.32 Hardiness.................................................................................. 10 3.33 Competitors II 3.34 Predators................................................................................... II 3.35 Parasites, diseases, injuries, and abnormalities. .................................................... 12 3.36 Physiology, biochemistry, etc. ....... .. .. .. .... .. ... .. .... .. .... ... ... ..... ... ... .. ... .. .. ... 12 3.4 Nutrition and growth. ............................................................................... 13 3.41 Feeding.................................................................................... 13 3.42 Food...................................................................................... 15 3.43 Growth rate. ................................................................................ 17 3.44 Metabolism................................................................................. 18 3.5 Behavior......................................................................................... 20 3.51 Migrations and local movements. ............................................................... 20 3.52 Schooling 21 3.53 Responses to stimuli. ......... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .......... 21 4 POPULATION......................................................................................... 21 4.1 Structure .. ..... .. 21 4.11 Sex ratio. .. .. ..... ..... .. .. .. .. ....... .. .. .. 21 *4.12 Age composition 4.13 Size composition. ............................................................................ 21 *4.14 Subpopulations 4.2 Abundance and density. ............................................................................. 21 4.3 Natality and recruitment. ............................................................................ 23 4.31 Reproduction rates. .......................................................................... 23 4.32 Factors affecting reproduction. ................................................................. 23 4.33 Recruitment 23 111 *4.4 Mortality and morbidity *4.5 Dynamics of population 4.6 The population in the community and the ecosystem ...................................................... 24 5 EXPLOITATION....................................................................................... 25 5.1 Fishing equipment 25 5.2 Fishing areas. ..................................................................................... 25 5.3 Fishing seasons. ................................................................................... 26 5.4 Fishing operations and results 26 5.41 Effort and intensity. .......................................................................... 26 5.42 Selectivity.................................................................................. 26 5.43 Catches.................................................................................... 27 *6 PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT *6.1 Regulatory measures 7 POND FISH CULTURE................................................................................. 27 Acknowledgments. ......................................................................................... 27 Literature cited .................................................................................... 27 *No information available. iv Synopsis of Biological Data on the Pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides (Pisces: Sparidae) GEORGE H. DARCY) ABSTRACT Information on the biology and resources of the pinfish, Lagodon rhomboid.. (Pisces: Sparidae), is compiled, reviewed, and analyzed in the FAG species synopsis style. INTRODUCTION Sparus rhomboides Linnaeus, 1766 Sargus rhomboides. Valenciennes, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, The pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides, is one of the most common 1830 inshore fishes of the southern Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts Lagodon rhomboides. Holbrook, 1855 of the United States and is also common on Campeche Bank off Diplodus rhomboides. Jordan and Gilbert, 1882 the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. It occurs in a wide range of Lagodon rhomboidalis. Goode and Bean, 1886 habitats, but reaches peak abundance over vegetated bottoms. Salema atkinsoni Fowler, 1940 Although not of major commercial importance, the pin fish is a Lagodon mercatoris Delsman, 1941 common by-catch of commercial trawling operations and is some­ times marketed as a panfish; it is a quality food fish, though usual­ 1.2 Taxonomy ly small. The pinfish is also used in pet food and as bait. It is one of the most commonly caught recreational species throughout its 1.21 Affinities range and is important to subsistence fishermen. Because of its abundance, the pinfish is frequently mentioned in faunal surveys, Suprageneric environmental studies, and studies of estuarine and nearshore community ecology. It often comprises a major component of Phylum Chordata community respiration and production and has been shown to in­ Class Osteichthyes fluence community structure through its food habits. As prey, the Superorder Acanthopterygii pinfish is an important forage fish for other larger recreational and Order Perciformes commercial species. The pinfish is also used extensively in Suborder Percoidei laboratory testing of pesticides and other aquatic pollutants. This Family Sparidae synopsis summarizes the most important literature concerning the pinfish. Generic IDENTITY The genus Lagodon Holbrook, 1855, is monotypic; type of the genus is Sparus rhomboides Linnaeus, 1766, by subsequent 1.1 Nomenclature designation of Eigenmann and Hughes, 1887:66 (Caldwell 1957). According to Hildebrand and Schroeder (1928) the essential 1.11 Valid name charactcr of the genus is the skull: Supraoccipital and temporal crests nowhere coalescent;
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