DOCSLIB.ORG

Ethos Structures in Natural Language

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ethos Structures in Natural Language Department of English and General Linguis cs University of Łódź PhiLang 2019 Sixth Interna onal Conference on Philosophy of Language and Linguis cs Łódz, 10-12 May 2019 Book of Abstracts edited by Mar n Hinton & Wiktor Pskit Department of English and General Linguistics Institute of English Studies University of Łódź Sixth International Conference on Philosophy of Language and Linguistics PhiLang 2019 Łódź, 10-12 May 2019 Organising Committee: Piotr Stalmaszczyk (chair) Aleksandra Majdzińska Wiktor Pskit Martin Hinton Ryszard Rasiński Special Session PhilArg: The Philosophy of Argumentation Convenor: Martin Hinton Book of Abstracts edited by Martin Hinton & Wiktor Pskit Łódź, 2019 Contents Anna Brożek (Plenary Speaker) ..................................................................................................... 7 The relations between logic and linguistics in the Lvov-Warsaw School ........................................... 7 Stacie Friend (Plenary Speaker) ..................................................................................................... 8 Co-identification again ........................................................................................................................ 8 Ulrike Hahn (Plenary Speaker) ...................................................................................................... 9 Norms for real world argument ........................................................................................................... 9 Kasia M. Jaszczolt (Plenary Speaker) ........................................................................................... 10 Rethinking being Gricean: New challenges for metapragmatics ...................................................... 10 Stephen Mumford (Plenary Speaker) .......................................................................................... 11 Negation and denial ........................................................................................................................... 11 Tadeusz Szubka (Plenary Speaker) .............................................................................................. 12 Contemporary philosophy of language and its transformations ........................................................ 12 Special Session: The Philosophy of Argumentation ...................................................................... 13 Katarzyna Budzyńska et al. ......................................................................................................... 14 Ethos structures in natural language .................................................................................................. 14 Cristina Corredor ........................................................................................................................ 15 Speaking, inferring, arguing. On the inferential and argumentative character of speech ................. 15 Richard Davies ........................................................................................................................... 16 May we recommend fallacious argumentation? ................................................................................ 16 Don Dedrick ............................................................................................................................... 17 The “appeal to popularity” should not be treated as an informal fallacy of argumentation .............. 17 Kamila Dębowska-Kozłowska ...................................................................................................... 18 Manipulating variables for a persuasive change in an experimental setting ..................................... 18 Martin Hinton ............................................................................................................................ 19 Philosophical fallacies of language ................................................................................................... 19 Miklós Könczöl ........................................................................................................................... 20 Rhetorical issues (staseis) in Aristotle ............................................................................................... 20 Patrycja Kupś ............................................................................................................................. 21 Description Logics based ontologies as a tool in argument evaluation ............................................. 21 Tomáš Ondráček ........................................................................................................................ 22 Forms of denial strategy in organization’s reactions to crises ........................................................... 22 Brian Plüss et al. ......................................................................................................................... 23 Implicit logos, implicit ethos: inference anchoring theory with conventional implicatures ............. 23 2 Mariusz Urbański & Paweł Łupkowski ......................................................................................... 24 Cooperative multi-agent problem solving from an interrogative perspective: questioning agendas and informant’s credibility ................................................................................................................ 24 Jean H.M. Wagemans ................................................................................................................. 25 A theoretical rationale for distinguishing four basic argument forms ............................................... 25 General Session .......................................................................................................................... 26 Edgar Andrade-Lotero & Julián Ortiz-Duque ................................................................................ 26 There is a division of linguistic labor ................................................................................................ 26 Filippo Batisti ............................................................................................................................. 27 Linguistic relativity and non-standard accounts of cognition ........................................................... 27 André Bazzoni ............................................................................................................................ 28 Naive rigidity ..................................................................................................................................... 28 Marcin Będkowski ...................................................................................................................... 29 Twardowski and Ajdukiewicz on content and meaning .................................................................... 29 Krystian Bogucki ......................................................................................................................... 30 Was the context principle the basis of Frege’s philosophy after 1891? ............................................ 30 Annie Bosse ............................................................................................................................... 31 Denying generics ............................................................................................................................... 31 Tadeusz Ciecierski & Paweł Grabarczyk ....................................................................................... 32 Utterances .......................................................................................................................................... 32 Jonas Dagys ................................................................................................................................ 33 Could anyone have been identical with Holmes? Rigidity and fiction once again ........................... 33 Matej Drobnak ........................................................................................................................... 34 Context, content, and inferentialism .................................................................................................. 34 Marta Dynel ............................................................................................................................... 35 On bald-faced lies and bullshit .......................................................................................................... 35 Juliana Faccio Lima ..................................................................................................................... 36 Frege’s Puzzle and multiple iterations of attitude verbs .................................................................... 36 Sarah Fisher ............................................................................................................................... 37 Reframing implicatures ..................................................................................................................... 37 Grzegorz Gaszczyk ...................................................................................................................... 38 The norm and aim of the speech act of explanation .......................................................................... 38 Christopher Genovesi & Eros Corazza .......................................................................................... 39 On anaphora and the fictional use of metaphors in argument position ............................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Truths Containing Empty Names Michael Mckinsey
    In Philosophical Approaches to Proper Names, P. Stalmaszczyk and L. Fernández Moreno (eds.).Peter Lang, 2016. Truths Containing Empty Names Michael McKinsey 1. A problem for direct reference. According to the thesis of Direct Reference (or the DR-thesis for short), the propositions expressed by sentences containing the proper names and indexical pronouns of natural language are a strict function of the semantic referents of the names and indexicals, as opposed to being a function of any Fregean descriptive senses or contents that the names and indexicals might be alleged to possess.1 Another way of expressing this idea is to say that the sole semantic contribution that a proper name or indexical can make to the propositions expressed by sentences containing the term is the term’s semantic referent. Bertrand Russell called terms of this sort ‘names in the logical sense’ (1918, 201). I will call them ‘genuine terms’. Following standard practice, I will call the propositions expressed by sentences containing genuine terms, ‘singular propositions’. Like many others, I endorse the DR-thesis. In my case, the primary reason for endorsing the thesis lies in the modal considerations first briefly introduced by John Searle (1958) and later clarified and forcefully applied by Saul Kripke (1972a), considerations which show that proper names do not have the meanings of contingent definite descriptions. David Kaplan (1989) raised related points to support the conclusion that indexical pronouns are also genuine terms. In recent work I have argued at some length that the DR-thesis entails both that (a) a sentence containing a non-referring name or indexical can express no proposition, and hence that (b) such sentences can have no truth value, that is, can be neither true or false.
    [Show full text]
  • Recovering What Is Said with Empty Names 239 Volume 40, Number 2, June 2010, Pp
    CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHYRecovering What Is Said With Empty Names 239 Volume 40, Number 2, June 2010, pp. 239-274 Recovering What Is Said With Empty Names1 GUALTIERO PICCININI University of Missouri – St. Louis St. Louis, MO 63132 USA and SAM SCOTT Toronto, ON M6K 3B2 CANADA I Introduction As our data will show, negative existential sentences containing so- called empty names evoke the same strong semantic intuitions in ordi- nary speakers and philosophers alike. 1 Many thanks to Fred Adams, Kent Bach, Anthony Everett, Mitchell Green, Thomas Hofweber, Stephen McLeod, Phillip Robbins, Rob Stainton, Nicole Wyatt, and sev- eral anonymous referees for comments on previous versions of this paper, to Brett Hyde and other members of the Semantics Reading Group at Washington Univer- sity in St. Louis, to the audience — especially Kit Fine — at the 2008 Joint Session of the Aristotelian Society and the Mind Association, and to Jim Virtel for editorial assistance. Gualtiero Piccinini gratefully acknowledges support from the Center for International Studies at the University of Missouri – St Louis. 240 Gualtiero Piccinini and Sam Scott (1) (a) Santa Claus does not exist. (b) Superman does not exist. (c) Clark Kent does not exist. Uttering the sentences in (1) seems to say something truth-evaluable, to say something true, and to say something different for each sentence. A semantic theory ought to explain these semantic intuitions. The intuitions elicited by (1) are in apparent confl ict with the Mil- lian view of proper names. According to Millianism, the meaning (or ‘semantic value’) of a proper name is just its referent.
    [Show full text]
  • Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy the Elves, Rivendell, for Example)
    pdf version of the entry Fictional Entities https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/fictional-entities/ Fictional Entities from the Fall 2018 Edition of the First published Thu Jul 26, 2018 Stanford Encyclopedia Philosophical issues surrounding fiction have attracted increasing attention from philosophers over the past few decades. What follows is a discussion of Philosophy of one familiar and quite fundamental topic in this area: fictional entities (both the issue of what such entities might be like and whether there really are such entities). A familiar characteristic of works of fiction is that they feature fictional characters: individuals whose exploits are written about in works of fiction Edward N. Zalta Uri Nodelman Colin Allen R. Lanier Anderson Principal Editor Senior Editor Associate Editor Faculty Sponsor and who make their first appearance in a work of fiction. Shakespeare’s Editorial Board Hamlet, for example, features the fictional character Hamlet, Doyle’s The https://plato.stanford.edu/board.html Hound of the Baskervilles features Sherlock Holmes, Tolstoy’s Anna Library of Congress Catalog Data Karenina features Anna Karenina, and so on. All of these works feature ISSN: 1095-5054 numerous other fictional characters, of course (Ophelia and Dr Watson, for example); indeed, some works of fiction are characterized by the sheer Notice: This PDF version was distributed by request to mem- abundance of their characters (Russian novels are often said to have this bers of the Friends of the SEP Society and by courtesy to SEP content contributors. It is solely for their fair use. Unauthorized characteristic). Fictional characters belong to the class of entities variously distribution is prohibited.
    [Show full text]
  • Impossible Worlds OUP.Pdf (1.475Mb)
    Impossible Worlds Impossible Worlds Francesco Berto and Mark Jago 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Francesco Berto and Mark Jago 2019 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted First Edition published in 2019 Impression: 1 Some rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, for commercial purposes, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. This is an open access publication, available online and distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial – No Derivatives 4.0 International licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), a copy of which is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of this licence should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2019936333 ISBN 978–0–19–881279–1 Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanizing Principia Logico-Metaphysica in Functional Type Theory
    D. Kirchner, C. Benzmüller, and E. Zalta 2 system Isabelle/HOL. Initial experiments within this framework reveal a crucial but overlooked fact: a deeply-rooted and known paradox is reintroduced in AOT when the logic of complex terms is simply adjoined to AOT’s specially formulated comprehension Mechanizing Principia Logico-Metaphysica principle for relations. This result constitutes a new and impor- ∗ tant paradox, given how much expressive and analytic power is in Functional Type Theory contributed by having the two kinds of complex terms in the sys- tem. Its discovery is the highlight of our joint project and provides Daniel Kirchner strong evidence for a new kind of scientific practice in philosophy, Fachbereich Mathematik und Informatik namely, computational metaphysics. Our results were made technically possible by a suitable adap- Freie Universität Berlin tation of Benzmüller’s metalogical approach to universal reason- [email protected] ing by semantically embedding theories in classical higher-order logic. This approach enables one to reuse state-of-the-art higher- Christoph Benzmüller order proof assistants, such as Isabelle/HOL, for mechanizing and Fachbereich Mathematik und Informatik experimentally exploring challenging logics and theories such as Freie Universität Berlin AOT. Our results also provide a fresh perspective on the question [email protected] of whether relational type theory or functional type theory better serves as a foundation for logic and metaphysics. & Computer Science and Communications University of Luxembourg [email protected] 1 Abstract Summary Edward N. Zalta Principia Logico-Metaphysica (PLM) [16] is an online research monograph Center for the Study of Language and Information that contains a canonical presentation of Abstract Object Theory (AOT) arXiv:1711.06542v4 [cs.LO] 24 Jul 2019 Stanford University [17], [18], along with motivation for, and commentary on, the theory.
    [Show full text]
  • A Referential Analysis of Fictional Names
    A Referential Analysis of Fictional Names by Dylan Hurry A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Philosophy Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario ©2016 Dylan Hurry Abstract Do fictional names refer to fictional characters? Realists argue they do, while anti-realists argue they do not. According to referentialism, a proper name contributes its referent to the singular proposition expressed by sentences of which the name is a constituent. Furthermore, referentialists argue that the mechanism via which a name means its bearer is best understood as a causal-historical chain of which subsequent uses of the name are parasitic on some initial use (or baptism). For the anti-realist, fictional names present a problem for referentialism as many sentences, such as “Peter Pan was created by J. M. Barrie," seem to refer and express true singular propositions. However, for realists, such sentences are congruent with a referential theory of naming. I will examine two realist accounts in detail, Meinongianism and artifactualism, and argue that artifactualism is the more likely candidate for a realist referential theory concerning fictional names. !ii Acknowledgements I would like to begin by thanking my thesis supervisor, Eros Corazza, for his useful comments on various drafts of this thesis. I would also like to thank him for his continued emphasis that the “devil is in the detail” when it comes to philosophizing. Furthermore, I wish to thank him for his engaging seminars on various problems in the philosophy of language. They have made me realize that the field is where I feel most at home philosophically.
    [Show full text]
  • DIRECT REFERENCE and EMPTY NAMES By
    DIRECT REFERENCE AND EMPTY NAMES by BENJAMIN K. COOK A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Honors in the Major Program in Philosophy in the College of Humanities and in the Burnett Honors College at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Summer Term 2013 Thesis Chair: Donald Jones ABSTRACT: The purpose of my thesis is to explore and assess recent efforts by Direct Reference Theorists to explain the phenomenon of empty names. Direct Reference theory is, roughly, the theory that the meaning of a singular term (proper name, demonstrative, etc.) is simply its referent. Certain sentences, such as negative existentials (“Santa does not exist”), and sentences in contexts of fiction (“Holmes lived on Baker Street”), present the following challenge to DR Theory: Given that the semantic value of a name is simply its referent, how are we to explain the significance and truth-evaluability of such sentences? There have been various approaches DR Theorists have taken to address this problem, including the Pragmatic Strategy, Pretense Theory, Abstract Object Theory, and the Metalinguistic Strategy. All of these views are analyzed and assessed according to their various strengths and weaknesses. It is concluded that, overall, a Metalinguistic Strategy, supplemented by the notion of pretense, best deals with negative existentials and normal-subject predicate occurrences of empty names, Abstract Object Theory best deals with empty names in meta-fictional contexts, and Pretense Theory best deals with empty names in object-fictional contexts. i For my Bapa ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I’d like to first acknowledge and thank all my philosophical and intellectual peers at UCF.
    [Show full text]
  • The Reference and Content of Proper Names: a Social and Pragmatic Approach
    THE REFERENCE AND CONTENT OF PROPER NAMES: A SOCIAL AND PRAGMATIC APPROACH DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Yimin Kui, M.A. The Ohio State University 2005 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Joseph Levine, Adviser Professor Louise Antony Professor Robert Kraut ____________________________ Adviser Graduate Program in Philosophy ABSTRACT The goal of my dissertation is to propose and defend a unified account of the semantic content of proper names that can address all the following six problems facing various theories of proper names: The Modal Argument, the Epistemic Argument, the Semantic Argument, Frege’s Puzzle, Belief Puzzles, and Empty Names. I first defend a theory of reference concerning proper names. I argue that for every proper name, there is a structured web of community uses associated with it. Among the objects involved in the Kripkean causal network of the name, the object that stands out as the dominant bearer of the web of community uses is the referent of the name. Roughly, an object becomes the dominant bearer of the web of uses, if it either satisfies or causes the weighted most of the properties/uses in the web. Secondly, I examine Nathan Salmon’s and Scott Soames’s defenses of the direct reference theory. For their strategies to succeed, they need the assumption that all the properties/beliefs (or at least the specific ones) in the web of community uses of a name are pragmatically imparted information and thus semantically irrelevant information.
    [Show full text]
  • Dale Jacquette Alexius Meinong, the Shepherd of Non-Being Synthese Library
    Synthese Library 360 Dale Jacquette Alexius Meinong, The Shepherd of Non-Being Synthese Library Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science Volume 360 Editor-in-Chief Ota´vio Bueno, University of Miami, Department of Philosophy, USA Editors Dirk van Dalen, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands Theo A.F. Kuipers, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Teddy Seidenfeld, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Patrick Suppes, Stanford University, CA, USA Jan Wolenski, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/6607 Dale Jacquette Alexius Meinong, The Shepherd of Non-Being Dale Jacquette Institute of Philosophy University of Bern Bern, Switzerland Synthese Library ISBN 978-3-319-18074-8 ISBN 978-3-319-18075-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-18075-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015938094 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Against Sainsbury's Irrealism About Fictional Characters: Harry Potter
    ZSÓFIA ZVOLENSZKY Against Sainsbury’s Irrealism About Fictional Characters: Harry Potter as an Abstract Artifact Our commonsense ontology includes ordinary objects like cups, saucers, tea kettles and jars of honey; buildings like the Big Ben; people alive today, like the novelist J.k. rowling. We consider them part of our reality. We are common- sense realists about objects like cups, saucers, the big ben and J.k. rowling. on the face of it, this is a fairly strong reason to include such objects in the ontol- ogy we posit. What about fictional characters like Harry Potter? Our intuitions pull us in opposite directions. On the one hand, clearly, Harry potter—unlike the Big ben—doesn’t exist, for if we inventoried the objects and people exist- ing today (or that ever existed), Harry Potter wouldn’t be among them. On the other hand, we want to say the character didn’t exist prior to the 1990s, before J. k. rowling thought up the novels, but through her imagination and autho- rial intent to create a fictional world filled with fictional heroes and villains, she brought Harry, Dumbledore and a host of other fictional characters into existence. In other words, at first blush, intuitions about authorial creation support includ- ing fictional characters in our reality, while our commonsense ontology speaks against realism about fictional characters. In this paper, I will explore arguments for and against one form of realism about fictional characters: abstract artifact theory about fictional characters (‘ar- tifactualism’ for short), the view according to which fictional characters are part of our reality, but (unlike concrete entities like the big ben and J.
    [Show full text]
  • Artifactualism and Authorial Creation Zsófia Zvolenszky* Department of Logic, Institute of Philosophy, Eötvös University (ELTE)
    Artifactualism and Authorial Creation Zsófia Zvolenszky* Department of Logic, Institute of Philosophy, Eötvös University (ELTE) Abstract. Artifactualism about fictional characters, positing Harry Potter as an abstract artifact created by J. K. Rowling, has been criticized on the grounds that the idea of creating such objects is mysterious and problem- atic. In the light of such qualms, it is worth homing in on an argument in favor of artifactualism, showing that it is the best way to include the likes of Harry Potter in our ontology precisely because it incorporates authorial creation. To that end, I will be exploring Kripke’s fleeting remarks in his “Naming and Necessity” lectures (1972, 156–7) about expressions like ‘uni- corn’ and ‘Harry Potter’. Elsewhere, Kripke motivates artifactualism by suggesting that incorporating authorial creation (as artifactualism does) is a move that is intuitive and natural; but beyond this, he doesn’t provide any arguments in favor of such a move. My purpose in this paper is to con- struct such an argument based on considerations about Kripke’s general view about proper names, in particular, his seminal causal-historical chain account of reference determination. 1. Why insist that authors create fictional characters? It does seem natural to say (1): (1) Harry Potter was created by J. K. Rowling. Artifactualism about fictional characters, positing Harry Potter as an abstract artifact created by J. K. Rowling, takes (1) at face value.1 Like other forms of realism about fictional characters, artifactualism posits an ontology that * Email: [email protected] 1 For brevity’s sake, I’ll suppress the qualification ‘about fictional characters’ and will simply talk of realism, irrealism, Meinongianism, nonactualism, artifactualism, Platon- ism.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract Artifact Theory About Fictional Characters Defended
    Abstract Artifact Theory about Fictional Characters Defended — Why Sainsbury’s Category-Mistake Objection is Mistaken Zsófia Zvolenszky* Institute of Philosophy, Eötvös University (ELTE) Abstract. In this paper, I explore a line of argument against one form of realism about fictional characters: abstract artifact theory (‘artifactualism’, for short), the view according to which fictional characters like Harry Pot- ter are part of our reality,but (unlike concrete entities like the Big Ben and J. K. Rowling), they are abstract objects created by humans, akin to the in- stitution of marriage and the game of soccer. I will defend artifactualism against an objection that Mark Sainsbury (2010) considers decisive against it: the category-mistake objection. The objection has it that artifactual- ism attributes to people who produce and process sentences and thoughts about Harry Potter massive error, indeed, a category mistake about what kind of thing Harry Potter is; for an abstract object (such as the institution of marriage) isn’t the sort of thing that can wear glasses, ride a double- decker bus, attend school. Given problems with this objection, artifactu- alism, I shall conclude, remains a tenable contender. 1. Introduction In this paper, I will explore a line of argument against one form of realism about fictional characters: abstract artifact theory about fictional characters (‘artifactualism’ for short), the view according to which fictional characters like Harry Potter are part of our reality, but (unlike concrete entities like the Big Ben and J. K. Rowling), they are abstract objects created by hu- mans, akin to the institution of marriage and the game of soccer.
    [Show full text]