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Corruption-Free Churches Are Possible Focus 2 Corruption‒Free Churches are Possible Experiences, Values and Solutions Christoph Stückelberger Corruption-Free Churches are Possible Experiences, Values, Solutions Corruption-Free Churches are Possible Experiences, Values, Solutions Christoph Stückelberger Globethics.net Focus No. 2 4 Globethics.net Focus 2 Christoph Stückelberger: Corruption-Free Churches are Possible. Experiences, Values, Solutions Geneva: Globethics.net, 2010 ISBN 978-2-940428-04-5 (online version) ISBN 978-2-940428-07-6 (print version) © 2010 Globethics.net The text is a totally revised and substantially enlarged version of Continue Fighting Corruption, Berne: Bread for all, 2003. Cover design: Juan Pablo Cisneros Editorial support: Páraic Réamonn Globethics.net International Secretariat 150 route de Ferney 1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland Website: www.globethics.net Email: [email protected] This book can be downloaded for free from the Globethics.net Library, the lead- ing global online library on ethics: www.globethics.net. © The Copyright is the Creative Commons Copyright 2.5. It means: Globethics.net grants the right to download and print the electronic version, to distribute and to transmit the work for free, under three conditions: 1) Attribu- tion: The user must attribute the bibliographical data as mentioned above and must make clear the license terms of this work; 2) Non commercial. The user may not use this work for commercial purposes or sell it; 3) No change of text. The user may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Nothing in this li- cense impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. Globethics.net can give permission to waive these conditions, especially for re- print and sale in other continents and languages. CONTENT Preface I Olaf Fykse Tveit, General Secretary, World Council of Churches . 7 Preface II John Nduna, General Secretary, ACT Alliance ...................... 11 1 Introduction ............................................................................ 15 2 Definition, Effects, Extent and Hypotheses of Corruption . 21 2.1 What is Corruption? Definitions and Forms ........................................... 21 2.2 Negative Effects on Development .......................................................... 25 2.3 Who Benefits from Corruption? Who Suffers from its Effects? ............ 33 2.4 Extent and Perception of Corruption ....................................................... 34 2.5 Hypotheses: Culture, Ecclesiology, Confessions .................................... 42 2.6 The Gender Dimension of Corruption .................................................... 56 3 Experiences and Efforts (1995-2010) .................................... 65 3.1 Experiences and Efforts of Churches ...................................................... 66 3.2 Experiences and Efforts of Development Agencies ................................ 94 3.3 Experiences and Efforts of Mission Organisations ............................... 100 3.4 Experiences and Efforts of Other Religions, Inter-Religious Efforts .... 102 3.5 Learning from Business ........................................................................ 105 3.6 Learning from Politics .......................................................................... 109 3.7 Learning from Non-Governmental Organisations ................................. 118 3.8 Successes and Obstacles ....................................................................... 121 4 Religious and Ethical Foundation against Corruption ..... 125 4.1 Biblical Foundation: Corruption is Unjust and Sin ............................... 125 4.2 Responsible Leadership: Core for Corruption-Free Churches .............. 131 4.3 Religious Foundations in Other World Religions ................................. 143 4.4 Ethical Values and Virtues to Overcome Corruption ............................ 148 5 35 Recommendations for Churches/Related Institutions . 163 5.1 Overcoming Corruption by Theology, Ecclesiology, Ethics ................ 164 5.2 Overcoming Corruption by Leadership and Governance ...................... 166 5.3 Overcoming Corruption by Stewardship of Resources and Projects ..... 172 5.4 Overcoming Corruption by Preaching, Teaching, Educating ................ 179 5.5 Overcoming Corruption by Gender Equity/Women’s Empowerment .. 182 5.6 Overcoming Corruption by Sanctions and Courts ................................. 186 5.7 Overcoming Corruption by Media, Campaigns, Databases, Networks . 187 6 6 Conclusion ............................................................................. 193 A Appendices: Codes, Statements, Action Plans .................. 197 A1) India: Code of Transparency for Churches .......................................... 197 A2) India: NCCI Plan of Action, Code of Leadership,Campaigning .......... 199 A3) India: Appeal to Concerned Church Leaders ....................................... 204 A4) Cameroon: Code of Conduct for NGOs and Churches ........................ 210 A5) Cameroon: Youths Code of Conduct against Corruption .................... 218 A6) All Africa Conference of Churches: Recommendations ..................... 219 A7) World Council of Churches: Principles of Ethical Business Conduct. Anti-Fraud and Corruption Policy .............................................................. 221 A8) United Evangelical Mission: Code of Conduct ................................... 226 A9) Minimum Standards for Candidates for Church Elections .................. 235 A10) Corruption in Construction and Management of Resources .............. 237 A11) Responsible Management of Resources. Checklist ........................... 240 A12) Ethical and Spiritual Leadership Self Test ........................................ 244 A13) Code of Responsible Leadership ....................................................... 248 A14) Who does/ should monitor corruption? Checklist.............................. 252 A15) Code for the Prevention of Sexual Abuse .......................................... 253 Bibliography ............................................................................. 257 Preface 7 PREFACE I This book by Christoph Stückelberger is addressed to people in lead- ership positions in churches and church-related institutions. It highlights the important challenge of the need to enhance transparency and ac- countability to ensure corruption-free churches and church-related insti- tutions. It holds out the clear hope that this is possible and offers practi- cal tools for churches and institutions to work towards this aim. I hope it will be read widely and that this new publication will bring these re- sources and the author’s reflections on this important issue to a new global audience. In church advocacy towards governments and international organisa- tions we often talk of ‘speaking the truth to power’. This book calls churches to also speak the truth regarding corruption to our own institu- tions. Even in secular countries religious leaders are often viewed as having a ‘moral’ authority, and this is undermined when Christians, churches and religious institutions behave corruptly. As a result the gos- pel itself can lose credibility. Through case studies, and consideration of religious, ethical and theological principles, Christoph Stückelberger demonstrates the need for churches everywhere to reject corrupt practices and to develop struc- tures that are effective in stemming corruption. It includes 35 specific recommendations to enhance the transparency and accountability of churches and related institutions. Such recommendations address not only practical efforts, but also deeper theological, liturgical and ecclesio- logical issues. The appendices offer an excellent set of resources, includ- 8 Corruption-Free Churches ing, for instance, an ethical and spiritual leadership test and a code for responsible leadership. These recommendations can be seen as an example of that mutual accountability to which churches are called.1 This was outlined in the Called to be the One Church document accepted at the World Council of Churches assembly in Porto Alegre in 2006. The call for mutual accountability corresponds to a calling to the churches to manifest the unity given to the Church from the triune God. There is, therefore, a moral perspective to the communion of churches. The marks of mutual accountability are reliability, faithfulness, trustful- ness, solidarity, openness, and ability to give and take constructive cri- tique. These are some of the virtues needed in the multidisciplinary and strategic approach to building corruption-free churches outlined in this publication. In developing the servant-leadership of the churches, such mutual accountability presupposes a willingness to be examined, even criticized. It is openness to hearing truth from the other spoken to our power. This corresponds to the moral dimension of inter-church rela- tions that is implied in the gift of belonging together in the body of Christ. The case studies in this book also point to how corruption impacts the poorest most. The models for building corruption-free churches and institutions involve putting effort into theological education as well as accountancy training, into communication as well as into ensuring struc- tures that mitigate corruption. It points to how corruption is less preva- lent in organisational models where power and leadership is shared than in overly hierarchical models. Similarly, involving and empowering women’s leadership can also be positive as lower levels of corruption are observed in organisations
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