DOCSLIB.ORG

"Zwischen Geschichte Und Mythos – Großbulgarien Unter Khan Kubrat (7

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ʺZwischen Geschichte und Mythos – Großbulgarien unter Khan Kubrat (7. Jh.)ʺ von DANIEL ZIEMANN (Budapest) 1. „Kubrats Reich“ nach Theophanes/Nikephoros Die meisten Darstellungen zur bulgarischen Geschichte sind sich einig. In der zweiten Hälfte des 7. Jh. existierte nördlich des Schwarzen Meeres ein Reich, das so genannte Großbulgarien unter einem Herrscher namens Kubrat. 1 Alle maßgeblichen Handbücher und Gesamtdarstellungen zur bulgarischen Geschichte diskutieren nicht die Existenz, sondern lediglich die genaue Lokalisierung und Ausdehnung Großbulgariens oder die zeitliche Spanne, die meist innerhalb der ersten Hälfte des 7. Jh. angesetzt wird.2 Als wichtigste Quellengrundlage dient dabei eine Passage innerhalb der Werke des Theophanes und Nikephoros, die nach Ansicht der Forschung für den behandelten Zeitraum aus ein und derselben Vorlage schöpften, diese aber unterschiedlich kürzten bzw. selektierten. 1 Der Ausdruck ἡ μεγάλη Βουλγαρία wird meist mit „Großbulgarien” oder „Altgroßbulgarien”, auf Bulgarisch „старата велика България” übersetzt, obwohl u. a. Beševliev mit guten Gründen auf die zusätzliche Bedeutung von μέγας als „alt“ oder „sehr alt“ hinweist und daher „Altbulgarien“ (стара България) als Übersetzung vorschlägt (V. BEŠEVLIEV. Две бележки. II. ἡ μεγάλη Βουλγαρία. – Годишник на Националния археологически музей [ГНАМ] 8 [1992] 402–403). 2 V. ZLATARSKI. История на българската държава през средните векове, I: Първо българско царство, I, 1: Епоха на хуно‐българското надмощие (679‐852). Sofia 1918, Neudruck 2002; S. 84‐122; M. ARTAMONOV. История хазар, Leningrad 1962, S. 157‐169; A. V. GADLO. Этническая история Северного Кавказа IV—X вв. Leningrad 1979, S. 107‐126; V. BEŠEVLIEV. Die protobulgarische Periode in der bulgarischen Geschichte. Amsterdam 1981, S. 149‐155; V. POPOVIĆ. Куврат, Кувер и Аспарух, in: Старинар 37 (1986) 103‐133; D. DIMITROV. Прабългарите по Северното и Западното Черноморие. Към въпроса за тяхното присъствие и история в днешните руски земи и ролята им при образуването на българската държава. Варна 1987, S. 101‐127; V. GJUZELEV. in: История на България, том втори: Първа българска държава, под ред. на D. ANGELOV / P. PETROV/ B. PRIMOV, Sofia 1981, S. 69‐75; DERS. in: История на България в три тома, том първи: I. BOŽILOV/ V. GJUZELEV: История на средновековна България VII‐XIV век, Sofia 1999, S. 74‐84; P. GEORGIEV. Столицата на хан Кубрат, in: Трудове на катедрите по история и богословие при Шуменския университет 4 (2001) 17—39; История на българите, том първи: От древността до края на XVI век. под редакцията на проф. G. BAKALOV, Sofia 2003, S. 52‐63; F. CURTA. Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages 500‐1250, Cambridge 2006; U. FIEDLER. Bulgars in the lower Danube region. A survey of the archaeological evidence and of the state of current research, in: The Other Europe in the Middle Ages. Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans, edited by F. CURTA, with the assistance of R. KOVALEV, Leiden 2007, S. 151‐236, hier S. 152f. mit neuerer Lit. S. 222‐236; siehe auch den Artikel von G. PRINZING. Kubrat, in: Lexikon des Mittelalters 5, S. 1558 mit weiterer Literatur; Ž. ŽEKOV. България и Византия VII—IX в. Военна администрация. Sofia 2007, S. 219—229; D. ZIEMANN. Vom Wandervolk zur Großmacht. Die Entstehung Bulgariens im Frühmittelalter 7.‐9. Jh., Köln/ Weimar/ Wien 2007, S. 142‐160. 1 Theophanes und Nikephoros liefern sehr ähnlich Versionen der Geschichte. Bei Theophanes ist die entscheidende Passage zum Großbulgarischen Reich Kubrats (ἡ πάλαι καλουμένη μεγάλη Βουλγαρία) zum Weltjahr 6171, also eigentlich 678/679 zu finden. Jedoch geht die Forschung hier von einer Verschiebung der Datierungen bei Theophanes aus, so dass man die dort beschriebenen Ereignisse allgemein auf das Jahr 680/681 setzt.3 Nach einem Satz zum tatsächlich im Jahre 680 erfolgten Tod von Mauias, gemeint ist Mu῾āwiya, der fünfte Kalif und Begründer der Omayyadendynastie (661‐680), wird von einem Einfall der Bulgaren nach Thrakien berichtet.4 An dieser Stelle erfolgt der entscheidende Einschub. Es sei nun notwendig, so fährt Theophanes fort, etwas über die Vergangenheit der Unnogunduren‐ Bulgaren und Kotragen zu erzählen.5 Bei Nikephoros befasst sich der unmittelbar vor dem Kapitel stehende Abschnitt mit dem Untergang der omayyadischen Flotte bei Syllaion und dem sich anschließenden Friedensschluss. Auf diese Nachricht hin hätten sich laut Nikephoros auch die Awaren und die Fürsten der benachbarten Völker durch mit Geschenken ausgestattete Gesandte an den Kaiser gewandt. Der Kaiser habe eingewilligt, so dass Frieden und Ruhe in West und Ost geherrscht hätten. Gleich darauf beginnt 3 Zur Chronologie des Theophanes siehe: The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor. Byzantine and Near Eastern History AD 284‐813, translated with introduction and comment by C. MANGO and R. SCOTT with the assistance of G. GREATREX, Oxford 1997, S. LXIII‐LXXIV, mit weiterer Literatur S. LXV Anm. 55; W. BRANDES. Rezension v. C. MANGO/ R. SCOTT (transl.): The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor, in: BZ 91 (1998), S. 549‐561. 4 Zu Mu῾āwiya: M. A. J. BEG. The reign of Muʹāwiyah: a critical survey. Islamic Culture 51 (1977), S. 83‐107; W. E. KAEGI. Byzantium and the early Islamic conquests, Cambridge, 1992; C. P. KYRRIS. Cyprus, Byzantium and the Arabs from the mid‐7th to the early 8th century, in: Oriente e Occidente tra Medioevo ed età Moderna. Studi in onore di Geo Pistarino. A cura di Laura Balletto. Vol. II, Genua 1997, S. 625‐674; M. POLAT. Der Umwandlungsprozess vom Kalifat zur Dynastie: Regierungspolitik und Religion beim ersten Umayyadenherrscher Mu῾āwiya ibn Abī Sufyān (Europäische Hochschulschriften. Reihe III, Geschichte und ihre Hilfswissenschaften 855), Frankfurt am Main 1999; J. WELLHAUSEN. Arab wars with the Byzantines in the Umayyad period, in: Arab‐Byzantine relations in early Islamic times. Ed. M. BONNER (The Formation of the Classical Islamic World, 8), Ashgate 2004, S. 31‐64; H. A. R. GIBB. Arab‐ Byzantine relations under the Umayyad caliphate, in: Arab‐Byzantine relations in early Islamic times. Ed. M. BONNER (The Formation of the Classical Islamic World 8), Ashgate 2004, S. 65‐79. 5 Theophanis Chronographia, rec. C. DE BOOR, Vol. 1: Textum graecum continens, Leipzig 1883, S. 356, Z. 18‐20: Καὶ τούτῳ τῷ χρόνῳ τὸ τῶν Βουλγάρων ἔθνος ἐπῆλθε τῇ Θρᾴκῃ. ἀναγκαῖον δὲ εἰπεῖν καὶ περὶ τῆς ἀρχαιότητος τῶν Οὐννογουνδούρων Βουλγάρων καὶ Κοτράγων, Chronicle of Theophanes, transl. MANGO/SCOTT (wie Anm. 3), S. 497. 2 Nikephoros den folgenden Absatz mit der Bemerkung, es sei nun Zeit über die Herrschaft der so genannten Hunnen und Bulgaren und ihre Angelegenheiten zu sprechen. 6 Nur bei Theophanes findet sich in der Folge ein geographischer Exkurs, welcher das Gebiet genauer beschreiben soll, in dem sich die zu erzählenden Vorgänge abgespielt hätten. Es handelt sich um das Gebiet der Maiotis, also des heutigen Asowschen Meeres.7 Theophanes geht dabei in einer Beschreibung auf die Flüsse Don, Kouphis – gemeint ist bei letzterem wohl der Kuban – und dort lebende Fische ein.8 Er schreibt, dass an der nord‐, also der entgegen gesetzten Seite des Schwarzen Meeres der so genannte Maiotidische See liege, in den ein großer Fluss namens Atel – also die Wolga – münde, der vom Ozean kommend durch das Land der Sarmaten fließe. Der Atel würde mit dem Fluss Tanais, also dem Don, zusammenfließen, der auch aus den Iberischen Pforten, die in den Bergen des Kaukasus lägen, entspränge. Vom Zusammenfluss des Tanais und des Atel, der sich vor dem vorher erwähnten Maiotidischen See abspalte, fließe der Fluss Kouphis, der sich im entfernten Ende bei Nekropela beim „Rams Kopf“ genannten Vorgebirge in das Schwarze Meer ergieße. Vom eben genannten See komme eine Strecke Meeres gleich einem Fluss, der in das Euxenische Meer durch das Land des Kimmerischen Bosphoros münde. Dort finge man den so genannten Mourzoulin und ähnliche Fische. Jetzt, an der Ostseite des Sees, der darüber liege, in der Richtung von Phanagoria und der Juden, welche dort lebten, grenzten sehr viele Stämme, während vom gleichen See in Richtung des Flusses Kouphis, wo der bulgarische Fisch Xyston gefangen werde, sich das alte 6 Nikephoros, Patriarch of Constantinople, Short History. Text, Translation and Commentary by C. MANGO (DOT 10) (CFHB 13), Washington, D. C. 1990, cap. 35, Z. 1f., S 86: Λεκτέον δὲ ἤδη περὶ τῆς τῶν λεγομένων Οὔννων καὶ Βουλγάρων ἀρχῆς καὶ καταστάσεως αὐτῶν; zum Begriff der Hunnen an dieser Stelle: V. BEŠEVLIEV. Deux corrections au „Breviarium“ du Patriarche Nicéphore, in: Revue des Études Byzantines 20 (1970), S. 153‐159. 7 Theophanes, Chronographia (ed. DE BOOR) (wie Anm. 5), S. 356, Z. 20f.: ἐν τοῖς ἀρκτῴοις περατικοῖς μέρεσι τοῦ Εὐξείνου πόντου, ἐν τῇ λεγομένῃ Μαιώτιδι λίμνῃ; Chronicle of Theophanes, transl. MANGO/SCOTT (wie Anm. 3), S. 497f. 8 Theophanes, Chronographia (ed. DE BOOR) (wie Anm. 5), S. 357, Z. 8‐11: ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς αὐτῆς λίμνης ἐπὶ τὸν λεγόμενον Κοῦφιν ποταμόν, ἔνθα τὸ ξυστὸν ἀγρεύεται Βουλγαρικὸν ὀψάριν, ἡ παλαιὰ Βουλγαρία ἐστὶν ἡ μεγάλη, καὶ οἱ λεγόμενοι Κότραγοι ὁμόφυλοι αὐτῶν καὶ οὗτοι τυγχάνοντες, Chronicle of Theophanes, transl. MANGO/SCOTT (wie Anm. 3), S. 498. 3 Großbulgarien befunden habe und die so genannten Kotragen, die vom selben Stamm wie die Bulgaren seien. Die Erwähnung von Juden in Phanagoria stellt ein interessantes Phänomen dar. Bekanntlich gehören die Khazaren zu den wenigen nichtjüdischen Herrschaftsverbänden, bei denen das Judentum als Religion eine zeitweise auch die Herrscherfamilie umfassende Vorrangstellung genoss. Die zeitliche Einordnung der Konversion zum Judentum
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nominalia of the Bulgarian Rulers an Essay by Ilia Curto Pelle
    Nominalia of the Bulgarian rulers An essay by Ilia Curto Pelle Bulgaria is a country with a rich history, spanning over a millennium and a half. However, most Bulgarians are unaware of their origins. To be honest, the quantity of information involved can be overwhelming, but once someone becomes invested in it, he or she can witness a tale of the rise and fall, steppe khans and Christian emperors, saints and murderers of the three Bulgarian Empires. As delving deep in the history of Bulgaria would take volumes upon volumes of work, in this essay I have tried simply to create a list of all Bulgarian rulers we know about by using different sources. So, let’s get to it. Despite there being many theories for the origin of the Bulgars, the only one that can show a historical document supporting it is the Hunnic one. This document is the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans, dating back to the 8th or 9th century, which mentions Avitohol/Attila the Hun as the first Bulgarian khan. However, it is not clear when the Bulgars first joined the Hunnic Empire. It is for this reason that all the Hunnic rulers we know about will also be included in this list as khans of the Bulgars. The rulers of the Bulgars and Bulgaria carry the titles of khan, knyaz, emir, elteber, president, and tsar. This list recognizes as rulers those people, who were either crowned as any of the above, were declared as such by the people, despite not having an official coronation, or had any possession of historical Bulgarian lands (in modern day Bulgaria, southern Romania, Serbia, Albania, Macedonia, and northern Greece), while being of royal descent or a part of the royal family.
    [Show full text]
  • I Macedonia and the Macedonians
    I MACEDONIA AND THE MACEDONIANS The Macedonian People and Macedonian National Consciousness The development of nearly all European peoples and nations has been accompa- nied by numerous and various historical and political difficulties and upheavals. Even in the case of some of the most highly developed modern nations of the European and other continents, history has dictated situations which are not too different from those of the Macedonian people: tribes and ethnicities have become mixed, languages and names have been borrowed, territories and state boundaries have been altered, faiths and cultures have intertwined with each other… Let us take the example of France and the French. The ancient Gaul covered the territory of what is today northern Italy, France, part of Switzerland, Luxem- bourg, Belgium and the Netherlands, and was populated by Gauls, a Roman name designating Celtic tribes. In the 1st century BC Julius Caesar conquered Gaul and it remained within the borders of the Roman Empire up to the end of the 5th century AD. This was a period during which a complex process of assimilation of the Gauls and Romans took place and when Vulgar Latin became the spoken language of the population. It was from this basis that later, influenced by the vernacular of some Germanic tribes, modern French developed. The present-day name of the French derives from the state of the Franks, a group of western Germanic tribes who lived around the River Rhine in what is today Germany and who, towards the late 5th century, conquered almost the whole of ancient Gaul and, by the end of the 8th century, most of Central and Western Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831
    Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775–831 East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450 General Editor Florin Curta VOLUME 16 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/ecee Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775–831 By Panos Sophoulis LEIDEN • BOSTON 2012 Cover illustration: Scylitzes Matritensis fol. 11r. With kind permission of the Bulgarian Historical Heritage Foundation, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. Brill has made all reasonable efforts to trace all rights holders to any copyrighted material used in this work. In cases where these efforts have not been successful the publisher welcomes communications from copyright holders, so that the appropriate acknowledgements can be made in future editions, and to settle other permission matters. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sophoulis, Pananos, 1974– Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775–831 / by Panos Sophoulis. p. cm. — (East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450, ISSN 1872-8103 ; v. 16.) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-20695-3 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Byzantine Empire—Relations—Bulgaria. 2. Bulgaria—Relations—Byzantine Empire. 3. Byzantine Empire—Foreign relations—527–1081. 4. Bulgaria—History—To 1393. I. Title. DF547.B9S67 2011 327.495049909’021—dc23 2011029157 ISSN 1872-8103 ISBN 978 90 04 20695 3 Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Transnational Organized Crime in the Fishing Industry
    TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME IN THE FISHING INDUSTRY Focus on: Trafficking in Persons Smuggling of Migrants Illicit Drugs Trafficking UNITED NATIONS Vienna, 2011 The description and classification of countries and territories in this study and the arrangement of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or regarding its economic system or degree of development. © United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2011 This document was not formally edited. Acknowledgements The present publication was prepared by Eve de Coning (consultant) under the supervision of Alexia Taveau of the Human Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling Section at the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Special gratitude is extended to Celso Coracini, Ian Munro, Morgane Nicot, Ric Power, Riikka Puttonen, and Fabrizio Sarrica at UNODC, Vienna. We would like to express our appreciation to the experts attending the expert consultation in Vienna 8-9 March 2011: Kresno Buntoro (the Indonesian Navy); Duncan Copeland (Sea Change Consulting); Alexander Dalli (Frontex); Shaun Driscoll (the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)); Annette Hübschle (Institute for Security Studies (ISS)); Kristiina Kangaspunta (United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI)); Paola Monzini (independent expert); Barbara Salcher (International Organization for Migration (IOM)); Gunnar Stølsvik (Norwegian National Advisory Group against Organized IUU Fishing); as well as Beate Andrees and Brandt Wagner (International Labour Organization (ILO)) via telecom. The author would also like to thank Stephen Cederrand (Community Fisheries Control Agency), Douglas Guilfoyle (University College London), and Gail Lugten (University of Tasmania) for their comments on excerpts of earlier drafts of this study.
    [Show full text]
  • Not Long After the Arabs Had Abandoned Their Fruitless Siege Of
    Martha Grìgoriou-Ioannidou Monoxyla, Slavs, Bulgars, and the Coup Organised by Artemios-Anastasios II (719)* Not long after the Arabs had abandoned their fruitless siege of Con­ stantinople on 15 August 718, A coup was launched from Thessaloniki with the aim of overthrowing Leo III and restoring Artemios-Anasta­ sios II, who had been dethroned by Theodosios III in 715 and had been living in exile in Thessalonike since then1. Owing to the direct threat it posed to the capital and Leo Ill’s pre­ occupation with addressing it, the time of the Arab siege, as also the pe­ riod immediately afterwards, was especially favourable to the outbreak of conspiratorial revolts. Just before and during the siege, the troops on Sicily had rebelled and been quelled: convinced that all was lost in the Byzantine capital, they had declared Basil Onomagoulos emperor2. Two sources mention the exiled Artemios’s attempt to regain the throne: Theophanes’s Chronographia3 and Patriarch Nikephoros’s Short History4. Early in the autumn of 7195, as soon as Constantinople had been re­ lieved of the Arab threat, Theophanes tells us that Niketas Xylinites wrote to Artemios in Thessalonike urging him to go to Tervel and seek * This paper was read at an international conference organised by the Institute for Balkan Studies and the British Council in Thessaloniki (8-9 December 1995) on the subject of “Byzantine Thessaloniki from the 4th to the 15th Century”. 1. See J. Karayannopoulos, Ιστορία Βυζαντινού Κράτους, vol. II (565-1081), Thes­ saloniki 19913, pp. 122-123. 2. Karayannopoulos, Ιστορία II, pp. 121-122.
    [Show full text]
  • Greek Sources of the Avar History of the Ninth Century1
    Greek Sources of the Avar History of the Ninth Century1 In this work, the well-known Byzantinologist of the University of Szeged has un- dertaken a supplementary task. The book described below is unique in that it studies intensively an epoch of the history of the Carpathian Basin, that has not been adequately given its place in the edition of sources until now. It was after the publication of several proceedings of conferences and editions that a work entitled Az avar történelem forrásai (557-től 806-ig) - Die Quellen der Awarenge- schichte (von 557 bis 806) was published in full by Samu Szádeczky-Kardoss and his colleagues (Cs. Farkas, M. Borsos, É. Csillik, F. Makk, T. Olajos) in 1998. The book presents in thematic order the Hungarian translation of the original sources, written in Greek, along with summaries written in German and commentaries, all referring to the successive events of Avar History. The other work of great im- portance, elaborates on those sources that refer to the period lasting from the first mention of the Hungarians by Byzantine authors (902) till the end of the Árpád dynasty (1301).2 The book, in a bilingual Greek and Hungarian edition, supple- mented by a Greek and a Hungarian index, contains those Byzantine sources that provide information on the Hungarians. What the book, described below, basi- cally does, is to link the chronological limits of the two previous works. Before dealing with the book written by Terézia Olajos, I find it essential to allude to an- other important work, which gives more information on the subject.
    [Show full text]
  • A Short Presentation of the History of Bulgarian Lands
    A Short Presentation of the History of Bulgarian lands (a bit longer version) A long time ago, in a peninsula far far away… The territory of modern Bulgarian state has been populated and traces of human habitation can be found as far back as the Upper Palaeolithic Period (around 40, 000 BC), as has been indicated by excavations of caves near Pleven (in the Danubian plain in northern Bulgaria) and in the Balkan Mountains. The land gave birth to many well‐known legendary and historical figures like Orpheus and Spartacus. It has been invaded, conquered and settled by Greeks, Scythians, Romans, Byzan‐ tines, Turks being at the crossroad of civilizations, all of whom left their indelible marks on the cultural landscape of today’s country and people. Bulgaria’s medieval ‘Golden Age’, when the Bulgarian Khans and Tsars ruled over one of the largest empires in Europe, was bright and well‐kept in nation’s memory. The local population called Thracians lived in parts of what is now Bulgaria. They were the first people to leave cultural heritage throughout the Balkan region. Their origin remains obscure. It is generally proposed that a proto‐Thracian people developed from a mixture of indigenous peoples and Indo‐Europeans from the time of Proto‐Indo‐European expansion in the Early Bronze Age (around 1500 BC). Thracian craftsmen inherited the skills of the indige‐ nous civilizations before them, especially in gold working. The social structure of Thracian tribes was not of centralized character, but they had an ad‐ vanced culture despite the lack of own their own proper script, and gathered powerful mili‐ tary forces when their divided tribes formed unions under the pressure of external threats.
    [Show full text]
  • Kouver, the Chronology of His Activities and Their Ethnic Effects on the Regions Around Thessalonica
    KOUVER, THE CHRONOLOGY OF HIS ACTIVITIES AND THEIR ETHNIC EFFECTS ON THE REGIONS AROUND THESSALONICA The historical significance of the hagiographical texts known as the Mi­ racula Sancti Demetrii is well known.1 The following is one of the more im­ portant passages.2 I Translation Concerning the Civil War Planned Secretly Against the City by the Bulgars Mauros and Kouver As you know, lovers of Christ, we have related in part, in what has proceeded, about the Slavs, the one called Chatzon, and also the Avars: that having ravaged virtually all Illyricum and its provinces, I mean 1. Among the various studies devoted to the Miracula Sancti Demetrii either directly, or in connection with something else, the following are the most important: V. Laurent “Sur la date des églises Saint-Demetrius et Saint-Sophie à Thessalonique”, Byz. Zeitschrift, 4 (1895), pp. 420-434; A. Pernice, “SullA datA del libro II dei Miracula S. Demetrii Martyris", Bessarione, anno VI, t. II (1901-1902), pp. 181-187; H. Delehaye, “Les recueils antiques de Miracles des Saints”, Analecta Bollandiana, 43 (1925) pp. 57-64; A. Burmov, “Les sièges de Thessalonique par les Slaves dans Miracula Sancti Demetrii Martyris et leur Chronologie”, Annuaire de Г Université de Sofia. Faculté de Philosophie et Histoire. Livre I, histoire, 47 (1952) (in Bulgarian); P. Lemerle,“La composition et la chronologie des deux premiers livres des Miracula S. Demetrii”, Byz. Zeitschrift, 46 (1953), pp. 349-361; F. Barilic, Miracles de St. Demétrius comme source historique (Académie Serbe de Sciences) Monographie CCXIX. Institut d’Etudes Byzantines, 2 (Belgrade, 1953); Sp.
    [Show full text]
  • The Slavonic Solunskaja Legenda (“The Thessalonican Legend”) and Its Syriac Original
    Basil Lourié St Petersburg [email protected] The Slavonic Solunskaja Legenda (“The Thessalonican Legend”) and Its Syriac Original To the memory of Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich Zagrebin (1942–2004) 0. Introduction The Solunskaja Legenda (“The Thessalonican Legend”, thereafter SL) is a hagiographical legend about creation of the first Slavic alphabet by some Cyril completely distinct from the brother of Methodius. It certainly belongs to the hagiographical genre that Hippolyte Delehaye would define as “épique”. This is not to say, however, that it is void of historical meaning1. Twenty years ago, in 1994, I proposed an idea that SL is a direct translation from Syriac into Slavonic2. Since then, this idea provoked some interest among the Slavists, especially in Bulgaria3, as well as some criticisms from other Slavists, especially in Russia4. One of the most 1 Cf. H. Delehaye, Les passions des martyrs et les genres littéraires. Deuxième édition, revue et corrigée. SH 13 B; Bruxelles: Société des Bollandistes, 1966). For the historical meaning of the “epic” hagiography, s. В. Лурье, Введение в критическую агиографию [B. Lourié, An Introduction to the Critical Hagiography], St Petersburg: Axiōma, 2009. 2 First presented at an International Conference of Byzantine and Slavic Studies in the Institute of the Slavic and Balkan Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow) in 1994, then published as В. М. Лурье, Около Солунской легенды: Из истории миссионерства в период монофелитской унии [B. Lourié, Around the Legend of Thessalonica: From the History of the Missions during the Period of the Monothelete Union], Славяне и их соседи. Вып. 6, Moscow: Индрик, 1996, 23-52.
    [Show full text]
  • The Haemus Mountains and the Geopolitics of the First Bulgarian Empire: an Overview
    Зборник радова Византолошког института LI, 2014 Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta LI, 2014 UDC: 911.52(497.2):[94(495.02:497.2)“06/12“ DOI: 10.2298/ZRVI1451017M KIRIŁ MARINOW (University of Łódź, Poland) THE HAEMUS MOUNTAINS AND THE GEOPOLITICS OF THE FIRST BULGARIAN EMPIRE: AN OVERVIEW The role of the Haemus Mountains (that is Stara Planina and Sredna Gora) as a geographical factor is visible in the fact that between the close of the 7th century and the beginning of the 9th century, the eastern parts of that massif turned naturally into a political border between Bulgaria and Byzantium. Although in later times this border moved further to the south, even for longer periods, still the mountain ridge remained the most lasting demarcation element in the Byzantine-Bulgarian relations and the most certain determinant of the heart of the Bulgarian statehood (the so-called internal area of Bulgaria), which was concentrated in the years 680/681–971, i.e. excluding the period of the reign of the Komi- topouloi, in the area between the mountains and the Danube valley. If the Haemus was the political border of Bulgaria for almost a half of the functioning of this state during the period of 7th–11th c., it proves irrefutably that the massif was of great significance for the political history of Bulgaria and its contacts with Byzantium. Keywords: Haemus, Stara Planina, Sredna Gora, historical geography, geopolitics, me- dieval Bulgaria, political border In the Middle Ages the name of the Haemus (Gr. ὁ Αἷμος, Turc. Balkan) was used to describe the mountain range of today’s Stara Planina (The Balkan Range) and Sredna Gora (so-called Antibalkan).
    [Show full text]
  • Kuber Han'in Göçü Ve Türk Isimli Sirp Krallari
    27 KUBER HAN'IN GÖÇÜ VE TÜRK İSİMLİ SIRP KRALLARI Osman KARATAY Tarikçi-Yazar ÖZET Güneybatı Sibirya'da dağınık bir boylar topluluğu halinde yaşayan Oğur Türkleri, başka bir Türk boyunun, Sabirlerin baskısıyla yurtlarını terk etmişler ve İdil'i geçerek Avrupa'ya girmişlerdir. Onların bu göçü, Batı Hun Devletı'nin yıkılış yıllarına rastlar. Böylece Doğu Avrupa'da Hunlardan kalan boşluğu onlar doldurmuştur. 7, yy'ın ilk yarısında kendilerini yöneten doğudaki Göktürk ve batıdaki Ayarlardan kurtularak, Kafkasya ve Karadeniz'in kuzeyinde ilk devletleri olan Büyük Bulgar Devleti'ni kurmuşlardır. Ancak bu devletin ömrü kısa sürmüş, yıkılışı aynı zamanda Oğur boylarının değişik yerlere dağılmasını neticelendirmiştir. Dağılan topluluklardan biri Balkanlar'da gelip Bulgaristan'ı, birisi Fin müttefikleriyle birlikte Macaristan'ı, birisi de İdil Bulgar Hanlığı'nı kurmuştur. Kafkasya'da kaldığı belirtilen bir başka topluluk muhtemelen bugünkü Balkarların atalarıdır. Tuna boylarındaki Avarlara sığınan, Kuber Han yönetimindeki bir başka topluluk ise. bir süre sonra, Avar teb'ası olan ve Doğu Almanya'dan gelen Sorp adlı İslavlarla birlikte başkaldırmış, kaçarak Bizans arazisine girmişler ve Selanik yakınlarına yerleşmişlerdir. Buradan memnun kalmayan Türk ve Sorblar (Sırp) geri dönmek isterken yolda Bizanslılar tarafından durdurulmuş ve bugünkü Sırbistan'ın tam ortasına yerleştirilmişlerdir. Bizans'la genellikle iyi ilişkide olmakla birlikte, bu topluluk ayrı ve bağımsız bir siyasi kimlik geliştirmiş, Kuber Han ve avenesinin yönetiminde ilk Sırp devleti kurulmuştur. Bu Türkler bir süre sonra Sırplar ve bölgeye daha önce gelen İslavlar arasında eriyerek kimliklerini kaybetmişlerdir. Böylece ilk Sırp devletini kuran ve uzun sûre yönetenler Türklerdir. Anahtar Kelimeler: İslav, Türk, Bizans, Avar, Oğur, Sırp, Hırvat, Balkan. bilig-18/Yaz’2001 28 KARAT AY O.
    [Show full text]
  • There Are Three Points of Origin Suggested for the Avar Peoples One
    Avars The Avars are a nomadic people who established a state in the Volga River area of Europe in the early 6th century . There are three points of origin suggested for the Avar peoples one is in the Caucasus as a branch of the Iberi, another is in the Hindu Kush around present day Kabul, and another is around lake Balkash in north-east Kazakhstan (Transiaxartea). Perhaps a suitable synthesis of these ideas may be that they were originally inhabitants of Khwarezmia and had thus influence in all three areas. The skeletons found in European Avar graves are mostly mongolian, but many items usually associated with Hebrews have been found with them. Whether they had some kind of Hebraic origin connected to the quasi-"Jewish" tribes discovered in China and were a major influence in Khazaria or were simply influenced by the alleged Khazar conversion is a question demanding further investigation. Initially the inhabitants of Khwarezmia , conquered by Avars in 410CE, were said to observe a form of mosaic law (see Sabians ), but were later strongly islamicized while western Avar areas like Avaristan, apparently became a Christian kingdom. Others have argued that they were Magians. It is interesting to note a via Abraham's third wife (רבע) legend mentioning their origin through descent of Heber whose descendants had moved to Central Eurasia . For more (תירבע Keturah (hence Heberites speculations about Avar peoples in western central Eurasia before the 5th C. CE see Heberites . In the mid 5th C., Priskos Rhetor was the first to deal with the Avar tribe which existed in the West Siberian region supporting the theory of origin from the Balkhash region which is further supported by the Chinese records concerning them (see Hua ).
    [Show full text]