Notes As this century progresses, new technologies like mass market cameras and motion pictures debase the value of realistic

Kodak Kodak Instamatic more and more.

C

Moon Landing Moon

19thCentury

21stCentury

olourMovies

VietnamWar World War World 2 World War World 1 This leads to an emphasis on

Television individual style rather than skill AppleII as a means of differentiating

oneself from another artist .

Art becomes an extremely

diverse landscape and much of it

2000 1900 1950

defies any commonly accepted

classification. There are literally hundreds of new styles and movements, too many to capture in a systematic way. This presentation merely assemble a representative sample of what’s out there. KOBI’s Intro to Western Art Part III – the 20th Century

version 9.0 Timeline of Western Art Notes This is Part 3 of a 3 part series on Part I – Classical Era the 1000 year history of Western Art beginning in 1000 AD. The other two parts cover Classical Art and 19th Century Middle Ages Modern Ages Art. High Middle Ages Late Middle Ages Age of Discovery Age of Enlightenment Art movements are in white and the corresponding historical eras Intl. Gothic N. are in black. Romanesque

Italo-Gothic Renaissance

1600 1000 1200 1400 1780

Modern Ages Contemporary Age Age of Revolution Age of Industry World Wars New World Order

Realism Neo- Academism Pre-Raphaelite Nouveau - Deco Consumer Art

neo- Advant-Garde

1780 1850 1900 2000

1945

Part II – 19th Century Part III – 20th Century Notes These are the last of the meta- cultural movements influencing

architecture, furniture, art, signage, jewelry etc. is predominant in the pre WW1 years and was

Art NouveauArt based on the graceful curving

forms and structures of nature. • takes over from Art Sagrada Familia Metro Entrance Nouveau after World War I. It was a stark change from Art Nouveau and was based on the Art Nouveau & Deco ( 1890 - 1940 ). look of the future and characterized by rich colours, bold geometrics with sharp corners.

a homage to

William Blake

Art DecoArt •

Chrysler Building Rockefeller Plaza Entrance ART NOUVEAU Alphonse Notes Mucha The Czech Alphonse Mucha was (1860 – 1939) Morning Star Evening the most famous exponent of (Moon and the Stars series) (Times of Day series) Art Nouveau, which was even called Style Mucha in his Emerald lifetime. (Precious Stones series) His practice was to paint panels in sets of four according to a theme, each with a woman. Many featured an elaborate frame typical of Art Nouveau (the 2 examples on the left ). Others featured an ornate disc behind the head (the 2 examples on the right ). As was to be common in the 20th century, his work took many forms including illustrations, advertisements, posters etc. Neptune’s Notes Horses Walter Crane was the consummate Victorian artist, working in a number of different styles and mediums. Peacock Garden Neptune’s Horses is a traditional painting in the style of William Blake. Cornflower and Anemone are art nouveau ceramic tiles designed Walter Imperial Federation: Extent of the British Empire in 1886 by Crane as part of a famous set Crane of 6 called Flora’s Train. (1845 – 1915) Peacock garden was one of his many elaborate Art Nouveau wallpaper designs. Imperial Federation is in an updated neo-classical style Cornflower befitting of the subject matter. It was printed as part of a newspaper supplement to ART NOUVEAU commemorate the Colonial & Indian Exhibition of 1886.

Anemone Excalibur in the Lake Notes Beardsley lived a short life but has a prolific body of work, captured mostly in printed media. Ink illustrations were popular during the late 19th Century and he was the foremost practitioner of this art form in his day. He created 2 iconic illustration styles that are frequently emulated and deeply associated with Victorian England. The Peacock Skirt One is his half empty style as exampled in Skirt and Venus. He was probably inspired by the arrival of Japanese woodblock to England. The other is his two tone floral Aubrey style which very often was used Beardsley for framing. These patterns are (1872 – 1898) typical art nouveau.

ART NOUVEAU Japonism

Cover and spine of Venus Between Le Morte De Arthur Terminal Gods Notes Henri Rousseau is particularly well known for his geometric Fight between Tiger and Buffalo Woman Walking in simplification of jungle scenes. an Exotic Forest He was self-taught and never formally trained, which made it easy for him to ignore the rules of perspective for size, colour and detail that have been in place since the Renaissance. His are of a genre called Naïve Art that originated with him. The name is a reference to its childlike The Dream simplicity. Rousseau is sometimes considered an early surrealist, given the dream like nature of his works (Surrealism will be discussed shortly). Henri Rousseau (1844 - 1910)

NAIVE ART Notes Mr Tadeusz de ART DECO Lempicki Tamara de Lempicka is probably the artist most closely identified with the Art Deco movement. As Nude with Dove her second husband was a baron, she had the nickname ‘the Baroness with a Brush’. Ms. Lempika was born in , lived in Paris and moved to America before WWII. Her style features clean high contrast colours and crisp lines, a style that will later be adopted by graphic novels. One characteristic of her art is the subject staring off centre to the left. This is the case in all 4 examples here. is a great fan and used Lempicka artwork in many of her music videos and world tours.

Portrait of Mrs. M Tamara de Lempicka

(1898 – 1980 ) Girl with Gloves Notes Hofman was a Dutch designer who specialized in posters, book covers and also stained glass. His work exemplifies the art deco style of framing, lettering, and its use of gold on black and the stylized man. ------Rafael de Penagos is a Spanish artist famous for his hundreds of magazine and poster illustrations. Rafael de Penagos His works offer a window into Pieter ART DECO (1889 – 1954 ) the roaring twenties, a time Hofman when women were just (1886 – 1965 ) beginning to get empowered. Through his art he created a type of daring, well-dressed, sophisticated woman known as "mujer Penagos“ Notes Avant-Garde is French for vanguard - pushing the boundaries. The movement is a sweeping classification of the myriad of successor movements to post- impressionism. With the rise of individualism everyone wants to be original, leading to multiple art styles blossoming at the same time. Artists rely on the ‘shock’ value ( 1910 - ? ) . Avant-Garde of their works and become driven by sensationalism. We are not sure if or when the Avant-Garde period was over, this is for future art historians to decide

FUTURISM NEOPLASTICISM Henri Notes Matisse Matisse painted in varying styles depending on the period in his (1869 - 1954) life but he is best known for his work on Fauvism. FAUVISM les Fauves is French for ‘the wild beasts’, meaning the Fauvists had no regard whatsoever for established convention. His work featured complete flatness, wild brushwork, unbroken strong colours and a The Dance Odalisque high degree of simplification and with Raised Arms Odalisque on Turkish Sofa abstraction. Matisse’s The Dance and Pink Nude are often cited as classic Pink Nude examples of Fauvist paintings. Pablo Notes Picasso Picasso started out painting (1881 - 1973) conventionally, in his Blue and Rose periods. Head of a Woman Reading He then moved on to the Africa Surreal Cubism period where the idea of cubism began to take shape. This further evolved into analytical cubism, which breaks Garcon a la Pipe down a subject into component Rose Period basic shapes, allowing views from multiple angles. The Young Ladies of Avignon Africa Period - proto Cubism He finally moved on to a surrealistic form of cubism with CUBISM Portrait of Kahnweiler Analytical Cubism its characteristic split faces, recognized by the general public The Women of Algiers (ver. 0) Guernica as his signature style. The most expensive painting ever auctioned was Picasso’s Women of Algiers version 0, which sold for $179 million in 2015.

Elasticity Notes Amadeo Modigliani is sometimes classified as one of the Fauvists because of the intentional distortions in his work, but being Italian he had no true links with the Fauvists. His paintings are easily recognized through his unique style of elongated faces and rich colours. ------

Red Nude Umberto Boccioni was an Amadeo Umberto important member of the Bride and Groom Modigliani Boccioni (1882 – 1916) Futurism movement. (1884 – 1920) Like the other Futurists, his innovative work centered on the Horizontal Volumes portrayal of energy, motion, time, and technology. From his talented work in multi- dimensions, he would surely have been more famous than Piccasso had he not died an early death in World War I.

Jeanne Hebuterne NEOPLASTICISM Notes Mondrain was part of the Dutch artistic movement (the Wassily Style) which advocated pure Kandinsky abstraction of form and colour. BAUHAUS (1866 – 1944) unbroken line When the ideas of De Stijl are expressed as an painting, it is called Neoplasticism. The rules of Neoplasticism allowed only straight lines and the use of white, black and the 3 Piet primary colours red, blue yellow. Mondrian ------(1872 – 1944) The Bauhaus Movement was a German sister movement of De Around Stijl which emphasized simplicity the Circle and functionality. It was named after a German Design school from the between war years, and Wassily Kandinsky taught there until the Nazis closed the school. Kandinsky is normally cited as the first painter of purely abstract works.

Composition VII Notes Jackson Pollock created ‘action art’ – by splashing and dripping household paint onto a large canvas on the floor. Mural from his earlier Spring Period is supposed to be an animal stampede. Autumn is from his Drip Period, the period for which is he is best Autumn Rhythm Mural Jackson known for. Pollock Study after Velazquez's ------ABSTRACT (1912 – 1956) Portrait of Pope Innocent X Franceis Bacon was a gay gambling drunk described by Margret Thatcher as "that man who paints those dreadful pictures”. His Pope Innocent X is based on 3 Studies of Lucian Freud Francis the portrait by Velazquez, part of Bacon his famous screaming pope series. (1909 – 1992) He is known for his triptychs; his Lucian Freud triptych sold in 2013 for US$142m (otherwise I would not have included him). Damien Notes Hirst Damien Hirst is a prolific artists (1965 – ) who sells his work at very high prices, even those which are just a few large dots of colour. This has made him reputedly the richest artist alive. His works don’t make use of distortion or abstraction, which makes them easier for the average collector to appreciate.

I am become death, shatterer of worlds A lot of his art is controversial and involves death. ‘I am Symphony in White Major Valium become death’ is made from thousands of dead butterflies. Requiem, white roses and butterflies To generate shock value, he has also dissected and preserved animals in formaldehyde as art. Some believe there is a Hirst bubble and the value of his art will eventually collapse. Notes The foundation of Surrealism lies with Sigmund Freud and theories from his book the Interpretation of Dreams Surrealism was founded in 1924 by André Breton (a writer) ‘to resolve the contradictory conditions of dream and reality into a super-reality’. The Surrealist painters depicted fantasy imagery from the subconscious mind. ( 1925 – 1970 ) Surrealism Surrealism can also thought of as a modern version of , instead of painting in a dream like style, they paint the dreams themselves. Many surrealism works aim to stimulate the mind, through hidden images and thought provoking illusions that challenge reality. The Two Fridas Notes Frida Kahlo’s paintings reflect events and emotions felt in her own life, and she often Frida incorporated herself into her Kahlo works. (1907 – 1954) Part of her appeal is how she manifested in her art her pain, PRIMITIVISM from chronic medical conditions and her marriatal conflicts. Little Deer The Two Fridas is the story of her Moses My Dress Hangs There painful divorce from Deigo, another famous artist. My Dress represents her emigration to the US, what she called Gringolandia. Moses is a montage of Moses and Monotheism, a book written by Sigmund Freud. Notes The Son of Man Rene Margritte was a Belgian surrealist celebrated for his thought provoking paintings that challenged our perceptions of reality. René His paintings are iconic, many of Magritte which contain a man in a suit with a bowler hat and (1898 – 1967) sometimes an apple. They also often feature a bright blue sky with clouds in the background. Because of his style and choice Black Magic of subject matter the palette of Golconda his works is typically charcoal and blue, with the occasional The Menaced Assassin Decalcomania white and red. Notes The name Salvador Dali has become synonymous with Surrealist art. He described his own work as `hand-painted dream photographs’. Many of his paintings had interesting optical illusions Temptation of Anthony Metamorphosis of Narcissus concealed by his artistic flair. Salvador In Metamorphosis, the men Dali kneeling are also hands holding the Woman, Horse and Lion (1904 – 1989) an egg. the Ecumenical Council In Woman Horse Lion, the front of the horse is also a squatting Swans Reflecting Elephants woman giving oral sex to a man. The back of the horse is a headless torso and also a Lion facing the other way, and the body of the horse is also part of a boat. Swans Reflecting Elephants is exactly what it’s name says.

Notes Bond of Union Though officially not a surrealist, MC Escher’s work shares a lot of its intellectually intriguing and dream-like nature. Many of his works contained graphic illusions that exploit shortcuts the human mind uses to interpret 2D into 3D. Relativity features the Escherian Staircase named after Escher. Relativity Sky and Maurits Cornelis Water I Waterfall has water flowing in Escher perpetual motion. MAGIC REALISM (1898 – 1972 ) Waterfall Belvedere has two perpendicular rectangular blocks fit exactly over each other. He also liked to work on gradual transitions from one form to another (Sky and Water) and interlocking lattices of 2 objects (Circle Limit). His art was mostly black and white and he would engrave them on blocks or plates so many copies could be printed.

Circle Belvedere Limit IV Notes Rob Gonslaves is the obvious modern day surrealist heir to Escher although he relies noticeably less on geometric illusions. His paintings are generally of two illusion styles: one uses the gradual one-object transition illusion pioneered by Escher, for Towers of instance the bridge transforming Knowledge Unfinished into a sailing ship. Puzzle The second type employs a more challenging twin-perspective Ladies Of The Lake Bedtime technique to create its illusion as Water Dancing Aviation in Bedtime Aviation. As children are his intended audience, his works do not have the shock attributes of Dali and Kahlo. His art is sold in book Rob form, in calendars and limited edition prints, making him a Gonsalves successful consumer artist as (1959 – ) well (Consumer Art is a later section). MAGIC REALISM

The Sun Sets Sail Notes At the turn of the century certain ‘less-sophisticated’ nations are left behind by the radical evolution of the European art scene. Realism continued in the form of genre art in places like the USA well up to the mid century. On both sides of the Atlantic these works were often used as political messages and for promoting conservative core values. neo-Realism ( 1900 - ). Notes Grant Wood’s American Gothic is one of the world’s 10 most recognized paintings. He painted in a style called Regionalism, a reference to the homely everyday American scenes like Mid-west landscapes, farm life etc. Young Corn Fall Plowing The long female neck and earthy palette are common features of Wood’s works. REGIONALISM Grant Wood The frame on Daughters of Revolution is left on to show the (1891 – 1942) Sweater of Plaid intended ‘painting within a painting’ effect. The inner painting is the famous Washington Crossing the American Gothic Delaware by Emanuel Leutze.

Daughters of Revolution the Gossips Norman Christmas Notes Homecoming Rockwell Norman Rockwell was an (1894 – 1978) American illustrator and painter – famous for his WWII Rosie the Rosie the Riveter Riveter which most people do not realize is based on Michelangelo’s Isaiah. Rosie is stepping on a copy of Mein Kampf, a reference to women being instrumental in defeating the Nazis. He illustrated the covers of the Saturday Evening Post for 50 years – and much of his art is simply the magazine cover Freedom without the masthead. From Want Freedom From Want is one of a series of 4, based on the Freedoms of Roosevelt (of Speech, of Worship, from Fear, from Want).

Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel Isaiah

Triple Self-Portrait Ernst Notes Liebermann Realism (and Academicism) was (1869-1960) longer lived in Germany because the more styles were By the Water considered degenerate by the Nazis.

Sitting Female Nude Nazi Germany had its own ideological form of Realism that emphasized themes like the lean healthy look and wholesome family. In spite of some decent works, German artists of the era are still sidelined because of the stigma of Nazism. Hitler was actually a somewhat talented landscape painter. He was twice rejected by the Vienna Academy of Art as he lacked the proper academic credentials and that’s why we ended up with WWII.

Kahlenburg Farm Family Adolph Adolph Wissel Ziegler (1892-1959) (1894-1973) Notes Photo Realism artists, of which Richard Estes is one, take photos and then paint from the photos. His works always contain multiple reflections from windows and polished surfaces, always in daylight, and sometimes he removes the people. His paintings are typically combined from multiple photos - nobody can ever find Paris Street Scene Times Square PHOTO REALISM the spot which matches his painting’s vantage exactly. Richard ------Estes is the portrait (1932 – ) artist of choice for the royalty, politicians and celebrities of our generation. Classical Realism as the title suggests is a combination of and realism from the 19th century. It is basically Nelson painting everything realistically Shanks in detail including the background, but with the subject (1937 –2015) in a contrived classical posture.

CLASSICAL REALISM Notes After the emergence of the urban middle class creates a huge new market, art is commercialized and mass produced as a consumer item. No skills or knowledge are required to appreciate this type of art. Subject matter is portrayed in a clearly recognizable manner and there is no abstraction, making it perfect for the masses. Consumer Art ( 1960 - ) Post-war America with its baby boomers come to dominate in this area. Replica posters of original work become commonplace, as do everyday items like t-shirts and plates bearing prints. Graphics, illustrations and even cartoons become accepted as real art forms. Margaret Notes Keane After WWII, Keane became (1927 – ) famous by painting waifs (abandoned child) with disproportionally large black eyes. Because of sexual discrimination, her husband Walter posed as the painter so limited edition 1975 her works sold better. balloon girl plate He is credited as the first person Anxiety of Influence to bring art to average consumer, by applying mass

No Dogs Allowed the Stray Nude Young Woman on Bed Natalie Wood with her Keane portrait marketing techniques. He built a broad following by giving free portraits to celebrities, and then sold the same art 1000s of times using posters and other products. Although best known for her children, Keane painted adults too, many in a style influenced by Modigliani’s. Notes Andy Warhol was the Andy quintessential pop artist. Warhol His favourite topics were soup (1928 – 1987) cans, guns, knives, cow's heads, the last supper, but his most popular works are his Polaroid headshots of celebrities reworked to a few colours. 15 Minutes 10 Marilyns 1967 He rarely used more than one image of a person or thing, and instead made and remade dozens of different versions, Soup Can 1968 100 Cans 1962 listed by year. This was an era before computer graphics so his technique was somewhat novel. He coined the phrase ‘15 minutes of fame’, which was also a talk show he hosted.

Marilyn 1964 Liz 1963 Liz 1964 Jackie 1964 Notes

DC comic’s Picasso’s painted in a Secret Hearts no.83 comic book style and often just copied outright from the pages of DC comics. He manually applied Ben-Day Dots to colour the skin portions, a form of used by magnification of mouth to comic books to save on priniting show Ben Day Dots costs. The work of Lichtenstein was often criticized for its lack of originality, but its longevity has proven critics wrong. M-Maybe Woman with Flowered Hat, an interpretation of a Picasso work, sold for $50 mil in 2013.

Roy Lichtenstein (1923 – 1997)

POP ART

Woman with Flowered Hat Romero Notes Britto Romero Britto Combines (1963 – ) stereotyped elements of cubism, pop art and naive art into his signature ‘stained glass on paper’ style. SUPER FLAT His works all use vibrant colours Little Horse and typically have a subject Hearts Rising hidden in a lattice of patterns (one being his signature) He has had crossovers with Crossover Artists Death and Rebirth Blue Disney, Absolut Vodka, BMW, Takashi Pepsi etc. Murakami ------(1962 – ) NEO POP Takashi Murakami is known for Red and Blue Demons with 48 Arhats

HappyCat,DogSnob his colourful murals, many of which contain flowers or skulls. His signature style, Super Flat has a double meaning: the 2D- style of Japanese anime and the shallowness of post WWII

consumer culture. TM gained international fame after his crossover pattern for Louis Vuitton in 2002 became a mega hit.