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Democracy and Education by John Dewey A Penn State Electronic Classics Series Publication Democracy and Education by John Dewey is a publication of the Pennsylvania State University. This Portable Document file is furnished free and without any charge of any kind. Any person using this document file, for any purpose, and in any way does so at his or her own risk. Nei- ther the Pennsylvania State University nor Jim Manis, Faculty Editor, nor anyone associated with the Pennsylvania State University assumes any responsibility for the material contained within the document or for the file as an electronic transmission, in any way. Democracy and Education by John Dewey, the Pennsylvania State University, Electronic Classics Series, Jim Manis, Faculty Editor, Hazleton, PA 18202-1291 is a Portable Document File produced as part of an ongoing student publication project to bring classical works of literature, in En- glish, to free and easy access of those wishing to make use of them. Cover Design: Jim Manis Copyright © 2001 The Pennsylvania State University The Pennsylvania State University is an equal opportunity university. Contents Chapter One: Education as a Necessity of Life .............................................................................. 5 Chapter Two: Education as a Social Function .............................................................................. 14 Chapter Three: Education as Direction ........................................................................................ 28 Chapter Four: Education as Growth ............................................................................................. 46 Chapter Five: Preparation, Unfolding, and Formal Discipline................................................... 58 Chapter Six: Education as Conservative and Progressive........................................................... 74 Chapter Seven: The Democratic Conception in Education......................................................... 85 Chapter Eight: Aims in Education .............................................................................................. 105 Chapter Nine: Natural Development and Social Efficiency as Aims.........................................116 Chapter Ten: Interest and Discipline ........................................................................................... 130 Chapter Eleven: Experience and Thinking ................................................................................. 145 Chapter Twelve: Thinking in Education ..................................................................................... 158 Chapter Thirteen: The Nature of Method .................................................................................. 171 Chapter Fourteen: The Nature of Subject Matter ..................................................................... 188 Chapter Fifteen: Play and Work in the Curriculum .................................................................. 202 Chapter Sixteen: The Significance of Geography and History ................................................. 214 Chapter Seventeen: Science in the Course of Study................................................................... 226 Chapter Eighteen: Educational Values........................................................................................ 239 Chapter Nineteen: Labor and Leisure......................................................................................... 258 Chapter Twenty: Intellectual and Practical Studies .................................................................. 270 Chapter Twenty-one: Physical and Social Studies: Naturalism and Humanism .................... 285 Chapter Twenty-two: The Individual and the World ................................................................ 299 Chapter Twenty-Three: Vocational Aspects of Education......................................................... 315 Chapter Twenty-four: Philosophy of Education......................................................................... 330 Chapter Twenty-five: Theories of Knowledge ............................................................................ 340 Chapter Twenty-six: Theories of Morals..................................................................................... 353 John Dewey While the living thing may easily be crushed by superior Democracy force, it none the less tries to turn the energies which act upon it into means of its own further existence. If it and Education cannot do so, it does not just split into smaller pieces (at least in the higher forms of life), but loses its identity as a living thing. by As long as it endures, it struggles to use surrounding energies in its own behalf. It uses light, air, moisture, John Dewey and the material of soil. To say that it uses them is to say that it turns them into means of its own conservation. As long as it is growing, the energy it expends in thus turn- Chapter One: Education as a Necessity of Life ing the environment to account is more than compen- sated for by the return it gets: it grows. Understanding 1. Renewal of Life by Transmission. The most notable the word “control” in this sense, it may be said that a distinction between living and inanimate things is that living being is one that subjugates and controls for its the former maintain themselves by renewal. A stone when own continued activity the energies that would other- struck resists. If its resistance is greater than the force of wise use it up. Life is a self-renewing process through the blow struck, it remains outwardly unchanged. Other- action upon the environment. wise, it is shattered into smaller bits. Never does the In all the higher forms this process cannot be kept up stone attempt to react in such a way that it may main- indefinitely. After a while they succumb; they die. The tain itself against the blow, much less so as to render the creature is not equal to the task of indefinite self-re- blow a contributing factor to its own continued action. 5 Democracy & Education newal. But continuity of the life process is not depen- tribe, of the Athenian people, of the American nation. dent upon the prolongation of the existence of any one “Life” covers customs, institutions, beliefs, victories and individual. Reproduction of other forms of life goes on in defeats, recreations and occupations. continuous sequence. And though, as the geological record We employ the word “experience” in the same pregnant shows, not merely individuals but also species die out, sense. And to it, as well as to life in the bare physiologi- the life process continues in increasingly complex forms. cal sense, the principle of continuity through renewal As some species die out, forms better adapted to utilize applies. With the renewal of physical existence goes, in the obstacles against which they struggled in vain come the case of human beings, the recreation of beliefs, ide- into being. Continuity of life means continual readaptation als, hopes, happiness, misery, and practices. The conti- of the environment to the needs of living organisms. nuity of any experience, through renewing of the social We have been speaking of life in its lowest terms—as a group, is a literal fact. Education, in its broadest sense, physical thing. But we use the word Life” to denote the is the means of this social continuity of life. Every one of whole range of experience, individual and racial. When the constituent elements of a social group, in a modern we see a book called the Life of Lincoln we do not expect city as in a savage tribe, is born immature, helpless, with- to find within its covers a treatise on physiology. We look out language, beliefs, ideas, or social standards. Each for an account of social antecedents; a description of individual, each unit who is the carrier of the life-experi- early surroundings, of the conditions and occupation of ence of his group, in time passes away. Yet the life of the the family; of the chief episodes in the development of group goes on. character; of signal struggles and achievements; of the The primary ineluctable facts of the birth and death of individual’s hopes, tastes, joys and sufferings. In pre- each one of the constituent members in a social group cisely similar fashion we speak of the life of a savage determine the necessity of education. On one hand, there 6 John Dewey is the contrast between the immaturity of the new-born Society exists through a process of transmission quite members of the group —its future sole representatives— as much as biological life. This transmission occurs by and the maturity of the adult members who possess the means of communication of habits of doing, thinking, knowledge and customs of the group. On the other hand, and feeling from the older to the younger. Without this there is the necessity that these immature members be communication of ideals, hopes, expectations, standards, not merely physically preserved in adequate numbers, but opinions, from those members of society who are passing that they be initiated into the interests, purposes, infor- out of the group life to those who are coming into it, mation, skill, and practices of the mature members: other- social life could not survive. If the members who com- wise the group will cease its characteristic life. Even in a pose a society lived on continuously, they might educate savage tribe, the achievements of adults are far beyond the new-born members, but it would be a task directed what the immature members would be capable of if left
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