ZOOLOGISCHE STATION ZU NEAPEL FAUNA and FLORA of the BAY of NAPLES Monograph No. 35 ADOLF NAEF CEPHALOPODA Part I, [ Vol. I, ] Fascicle I TRANSLATED FROM GERMAN Published for the Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations ZOOLOGISCHE STATION ZU NEAPEL Zoological Station, Naples Fauna and Flora of the Bay of Naples (Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte) Monograph No. 35 CEPHALOPODA by Adolf Naef Part I, [Vol. IL Fascicle I with 62 illustrations and 19 tables Berlin Verlag von R. Friedlander and Sohn 1921/1923 Translated from German Israel Program for Scientific Translations Jerusalem 1972 TT 68-50343/1 This is a Limited Edition by Special Agreement between THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION and the STAZIONE ZOOLOGICA DI NAPOLI Israel Program for Scientific Translations Ltd. IPST Cat. No. 5110/1 Translated by A. Mercado Edited by Prof. O. Theodor Printed in Jerusalem by Keter Press Binding: Wiener Bindery Ltd., Jerusalem Contents Fascicle I German English page page FOREWORD V 1 INTRODUCTION 1. General considerations 1 2. Methods of systematic morphology 5 11 3. The form of systematic- morphological presentation 41 40 4. Preliminary systematic- morphological orientation 44 42 5. The recent genus Nautilus and the fossil Tetrabranchiata ... 55 53 MAIN SECTION CHAPTER 1. Class Cephalopoda Cuvier 77 72 CHAPTER 2. Subclass Dibranchiata Owen 90 84 CHAPTER 3. Order Decapoda Leach 109 102 CHAPTER 4. Suborder Teuthoidea Naef 135 125 CHAPTER 5. Series Metateuthoidea Naef 149 137 Appendix: Metateuthoidea Myopsida (d'Orbigny) Naef 165 151 CHAPTER 6. Family Loliginidae Steenstrup 168 153 CHAPTER 7. Genus Loligo Lamarck 193 179 CHAPTER 8. Genus Alio teu this (Naef) 207 193 CHAPTER 9. Metateuthoidea Oegopsida (d'Orb.) Naef 224 210 CHAPTER 10. Family Gonatidae (Hoyle) Pfeffer 242 226 Genus G o n a t u s Gray 244 228 CHAPTER 11. Family Bathyteuthidae Pfeffer 251 234 Genus Ctenopteryx Appellof 252 235 CHAPTER 12. Family Enoploteuthidae (Pfeffer) 261 244 CHAPTER13. Genus Pyroteuthis Hoyle 269 251 CHAPTER 14. Genus Abr alia Gray 279 260 CHAPTER 15. Genus Abraliopsis Joubin 285 266 CHAPTER16. Genus Thelidioteuthis Pfeffer 296 277 CHAPTER 17. Family Onychoteuthidae Gray 301 282 Fascicle II German English page page CHAPTER 18. Genus Ony chore u this Lichtenstein 313 293 CHAPTER 19. Genus Chaunoteuthis Appellof 322 302 CHAPTER20. Genus A n c i s t ro t eu th i s Gray 326 306 CHAPTER 21. Family Octopodoteuthidae Berry 334 313 Genus Oc top odoteu this Riippell 334 313 CHAPTER 22, Family Histioteuthidae Verrill 343 321 CHAPTER23. Genus C a 1 li teu th is Verrill 352 330 CHAPTER24, Genus Histioteuthis d'Orbigny 362 340 CHAPTER 25. Family Brachioteuthidae Pfeffer 370 348 Genus Bra chioteu this Verrill 370 348 CHAPTER 26. Family Chiroteuthidae Gray 376 354 CHAPTER27. Genus C hi ro teu this d'Orbigny 381 359 CHAPTER 28. Family Cranchiidae Gray 392 371 CHAPTER 29. Genus G a lit eu this Joubin 398 377 CHAPTER30. Genus Liocranchia Pfeffer 402 382 CHAPTER 31. Genus Leachia Lesueur 406 386 CHAPTER 32. Family Ommatostrephidae Gill 411 391 CHAPTER 33. Genus II 1 e x Steentrup 429 408 CHAPTER 34. Genus T o d a rop si s Girard 438 418 CHAPTER 35. Genus 0mm at ostrephes d'Orbigny 445 424 CHAPTER36. Genus S th en o te u this Verrill 455 434 CHAPTER 37. Family Thysanoteuthidae Keferstein 463 444 Genus Thysanoteuthis Troschel 463 444 CHAPTER 38. Suborder Sepioidea Naef 473 454 CHAPTER 39. Family Spirulidae d'Orbigny 505 485 Genus Spirula Lam 505 485 CHAPTER 40. Family Sepiidae Keferstein 519 498 CHAPTER 41. Genus Sepia L 544 522 CHAPTER 42. Family Sepiolidae Keferstein 564 543 CHAPTER 43. Genus Rossi a Owen 589 567 CHAPTER 44. Genus He ter o te u t hi s Gray 595 573 CHAPTER 45. Genus S ep io la (Leach) 601 579 CHAPTER46. Genus Rondeletiola Naef 629 608 CHAPTER47. Genus S ep ie tt a Naef 640 619 CHAPTER 48. Order Octopoda Leach 655 633 CHAPTER 49. Suborder Polypodoidea Naef 675 651 CHAPTER 50. Family Octopodidae d'Orbigny 681 657 CHAPTER 51. Genus Octopus Lamarck 693 669 Species of "S c aeu rg us" 710 685 CHAPTER 52. Genus Fled one Leach 716 692 CHAPTER 53. Family Argonautidae Naef 725 702 IV German English page page CHAPTER 54. Genus T r e n:i o c t o p u s Delle Chiaje 734 710 CHAPTER 55. Genus Ocythoe Rafinesque 749 725 CHAPTER 56. Genus Argonaut a Linne' 762 738 CONCLUSION 1. Review of the evolution of the subclass including paleontological data 789 764 2. General conclusions 795 770 3. Technique 805 778 4. Systematic review and keys for determination 812 780 5. Bibliography 795 6. Subject index with remarks and list of figures 857 Plates to Volume I 879 V FOREWORD The author considers the publication of this work as a modest harvest of long years of gratifying endeavor and unwavering perseverance amid the adversities of time. With a feeling which is equally remote from proud satisfaction and hopeless resignation, it is hoped that the work will stimu- late further research. This volume should mark a beginning, not an end. However, a stage has been reached and it would be of interest to review briefly the motivation and course of the study. a. HISTORY OF PUBLICATION At the invitation of Professor Dohrn, this work was begun in the spring of 1910. Originally conceived as a continuation of the monograph on Cepha- lopoda by G. Jatta (1896; Volume XXIII of this series), it was intended to deal with the anatomy, embryology, ethology and ecology of the Neapolitan forms with supplements to the systematics, which were considered as definitively established. Jatta had made extensive preparations for the anatomical part of his monograph, which remained unfinished owing to his untimely death. It was not a simple task to complete the work in Jatta' s spirit. As a morphologist in outlook, I had a particular way of thinking, as well as a theoretical concept which resulted partly from my own interpretations but was mainly influenced by the school of my Zurich teacher, Arnold Lang. I had no clear idea of the difficulties involved in executing the work con- ceived only in indefinite outlines, or of the large demands on time and energy required. Already a preliminary examination of the most common Neapolitan forms showed that the anatomical studies of Jatta could not be used to construct an organically whole work: there could be no question of a rapid conclusion of this lengthy draft, as will be explained in Volume III. Systematics pub- lished at that time did not answer the requirements of raodern science. VI Repeated attempts to fill the gaps in Jatta 's work resulted finally in a complete revision of the systematic part, until very little remained of the original. The following considerations will prove that these changes were indeed necessary. It is not intended to criticize Jatta, whose highly meritorious work of 1896 with Merculiano's excellent plates stimulated wide interest in Cepha- lopoda. But it cannot be denied that he lacked the methodical mind to proceed in a planned way from the concrete object to an abstraction, and did not have the morphological education necessary for scientific interpre- tation of such manifold living forms. He did not attempt a critique or revision of the system, but remained faithful to tradition and relied on the authority of J. Steenstrup, whom he deservedly revered. The lack of a theoretical foundation is also evident in the lack of sharply defined diag- noses and keys for determination, which reduces the practical value of the work. This is, however, not the only reason that the monograph of 1896 is already largely outdated, while the energy expended could have produced a more lasting work. Later developments also had their effect: since 1896, thorough examination of expedition collections has considerably increased our knowledge of Cephalopoda. Among the renowned scientists who have made contributions in this field are G. Pfeffer, C. Chun, W. Hoyle and L. Joubin, assisted by the younger specialists S. S. Berry, A. Massy, G. Wiilker, G. Grimpe, etc. Pfeffer (1912) published a detailed treatment of the Oegopsida; the 22 Mediterranean species of this group are today placed in 11 families, none of which were known to Jatta in their present definition, although three of his groups are still regarded as natural to some extent. A total revision of the Mediterranean forms and even of the entire class was imperative in view of the vast material accumulated (see also M. Sasaki, C. Ischikawa). As early as 1912, Jatta's descriptions of the species were already inadequate, and their practical value to the nonspecialist decreased pro- gressively. Jatta lists 38 species from the Bay of Naples, some of which are listed below with new determination, and Jatta's name is accom- panied by a symbol which indicates the grounds for acceptance or rejection; N means that the species was correctly determined, but that the synonyms are invalid according to the rules of nomenclature; I means that the form is a young stage of another species, which Jatta did not recognize; PI indicates a mixed species comprising organisms of valid, but different VII species; F denotes wrongly determined species and genera; () indicates that the species also occurs under another name. names Jatta's names Correct - Thysanoteuthis rhombus , .. 1. Thysanoteuthis rhombus _. S theno teuthis bartrami 2. Ommatostrephes bartramii N - coindeti 3. Illex coindetii ^^ex ' d a rops i s e b 1 a na e. partly II 1 ex , To 4. Todaropsis veranyi N.Pl coindeti (male) N Ommatostrephes sagittatus I 5.