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Ludlow, Silurian) in Southern Laurentia – Preliminary Results

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Ludlow, Silurian) in Southern Laurentia – Preliminary Results Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 49 (1), 2010, 13-33. Modena, 15 maggio 201013 The mid-Ludfordian Lau Event and Carbon Isotope Excursion (Ludlow, Silurian) in southern Laurentia – Preliminary Results James E. BARRICK, Mark A. KLEFFNER, Michael A. GIBSON, F. Nicole PEAVEY & Haraldur R. KARLSSON J.E. Barrick, Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1053, U.S.A.; [email protected] M.A. Kleffner, School of Earth Sciences, Division of Earth History, The Ohio State University at Lima, Lima, Ohio 45804, U.S.A.; [email protected] state.edu M.A. Gibson, Department of Agriculture, Geosciences & Natural Resources, University of Tennessee at Martin, Martin, TN 38238, U.S.A.; [email protected] F.N. Peavey, Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1053, U.S.A.; [email protected] H.R. Karlsson, Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1053, U.S.A.; [email protected] KEY WORDS - Lau Event, Isotopes, Conodonts, Ludlow, Laurentia, Silurian. ABSTRACT - The mid-Ludfordian Lau Event can be recognized in three areas along the southern margin of Silurian Laurentia in association with a major positive carbon isotope excursion (CIE) and an abrupt turnover in conodont faunas: southern Oklahoma, southeastern Missouri, and western Tennessee. Although the major features of the Lau Event and CIE in southern Laurentia are similar to those described from the Baltic region, each site in southern Laurentia displays a different view of the effects associated with the Lau Event and a possible marine flooding episode coincident with the start of the Lau Event. The Lau Event lies at a disconformity between the lower and upper members of the Henryhouse Formation in southern Oklahoma at which the greater part of the CIE is missing. Diverse, but different offshore conodont faunas occur below (Polygnathoides siluricus fauna) and above (Ozarkodina snajdri fauna) the disconformity. In the Moccasin Springs Member of the Bainbridge Formation in southeastern Missouri, the CIE and the Lau Event occupy an offshore condensed section of argillaceous strata in which Pseudooneotodus is the dominant conodont taxon. A less diverse Po. siluricus fauna occurs below the Pseudooneotodus interval and a diverse O. snajdri fauna above it. In western Tennessee, the CIE and Lau Event lie within a grainstone unit assigned to the Bob Member of the Brownsport Formation. The Po. siluricus conodont fauna of the underlying Beech River Member disappears within the base of the Bob Member, but very few conodonts occur in the shallow water facies of the upper Bob and overlying Lobelville Member. No evidence of an associated turnover in the diverse macrofauna of western Tennessee has been recognized. Identification of the Lau Event and the CIE in these areas provides an important line of time-effective correlation across southern Laurentia that will allow better placement of poorly time- constrained stratigraphic units and faunal assemblages in this region. RIASSUNTO - [L’evento Lau e la variazione isotopica del carbonio durante il Ludfordiano medio (Ludlow, Siluriano) nella Laurentia meridionale – Risultati preliminari] - Nel Siluriano sono stati individuati numerosi eventi, caratterizzati da estinzioni di faune e variazioni nei rapporti isotopici del carbonio. L’evento Lau è documentato a scala mondiale in numerose aree in sedimenti del Ludfordiano medio. Lungo il margine meridionale del paleocontinente di Laurentia viene riconosciuto in tre aree (Oklahoma meridionale, Missouri sudorientale e Tennessee occidentale), sempre associato a una escursione positiva degli isotopi del carbonio (CIE) e a un improvviso cambiamento nelle faune a conodonti. Le caratteristiche generali dell’evento Lau nella Laurentia meridionale sono simili a quelle della regione baltica, dove l’evento è stato documentato per la prima volta, ma ognuna delle aree studiate in questo lavoro mostra differenze negli effetti e una probabile trasgressione marina coincidente con l’inizio dell’evento. Nell’Oklahoma meridionale l’evento Lau coincide con una discordanza tra i membri inferiore e superiore della Henryhouse Formation, in cui gran parte della CIE è assente. Sopra e sotto la discordanza si trovano differenti associazioni di conodonti di mare aperto, rispettivamente la Fauna a Polygnathoides siluricus e la fauna a Ozarkodina snajdri. Nel Moccasin Springs Member della Bainbridge Formation nel Missouri sudorientale, la CIE e l’evento Lau sono documentati in una sezione condensata di strati argillosi di mare aperto in cui la fauna è dominata dal genere Pseudooneotodus. Una fauna a Po. siluricus poco differenziata è presente sotto all’intervallo a Pseudooneotodus, mentre sopra è documentata una ricca e varia fauna a O. snajdri. Nel Tennessee occidentale il CIE e l’evento Lau si trovano all’interno di un grainstone appartenente al Bob Member. La fauna a Po. siluricus presente nel sottostante Beech River Member scompare alla base del Bob Member, ma solo pochi conodonti sono documentati nelle facies di acqua bassa della parte alta del Bob Member e del successivo Lobelville Member. Nessuna evidenza di estinzione è documentata nelle ben diversificate macrofaune del Tennessee occidentale. La documentazione dell’evento Lau e del CIE in queste aree costituisce una ottima modalità di correlazione temporale nella Laurentia meridionale, che consentirà una migliore collocazione stratigrafica delle unità litostratigrafiche e delle associazioni faunistiche in questa regione, fino ad ora poco calibrate. INTRODUCTION (Jeppsson & Aldridge, 2000). Urbanek (1993) described crisis C3 in the graptolite fauna at this level, which has The mid-Ludfordian (late Ludlow) Lau Primo- the second highest extinction rate of any event (70%) in Secundo Event of Jeppsson (1998) is one of three major the Silurian (Neocucullograptus kozlowskii Event; oceanic events that occurred during the Silurian (Calner, Melchin et al., 1998). Many other faunal groups were 2008). The Lau Event was characterized by a major also affected, as summarized by Calner (2008), and Calner turnover in conodont faunas where the diverse association (2005) reported that the appearance of microbialites and of the Polygnathoides siluricus Zone disappeared anachronistic facies on Gotland in the aftermath of the ISSN 0375-7633 02 B i k t l P65 13 09/06/10 13 12 14 Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 49 (1), 2010 extinctions was the result of a collapse of marine ecosystems. A significant positive δ13C excursion (CIE) that commonly attains values of +8‰ to +12‰ occurs at the level of the Lau Event. Munnecke et al. (2003) stated that this excursion is the strongest δ13C excursion during the entire Paleozoic and that its maximum values are exceeded only by values from the Proterozoic. The Lau Event was originally recognized on Gotland (Fig. 1), where the details of the lithologic succession, the conodont succession, and δ13C values have been documented in the greatest detail (Calner, 2005; Calner & Eriksson, 2006; Eriksson & Calner, 2008). The level of the Lau Event has been identified at numerous sites around the globe, generally on the basis of the major positive δ13C excursion (CIE) (e.g., Carnic Alps, Austria, Wenzel, 1997; United States, Saltzman, 2001; Lithuania, Martma et al., 2005; Australia, Talent et al., 1993 and Fig. 1 - Paleogeographic reconstruction for the Silurian. Study area Jeppsson et al., 2007; Podolia, Kaljo et al., 2007; Czech indicated by cross in southern Laurentia. Star marks Gotland. Map Republic, Lehnert et al., 2007). Published information from Scotese (2002). on lithofacies associations and faunal ranges across the Lau Event and the CIE vary from publication to publication, but few papers present combined data (lithofacies, conodont faunas, and stable isotopes) of sufficient detail for comparison with the Lau Event on faunas, and stable isotopes across the Lau Event interval Gotland. in three areas in midcontinent North America, the region In this paper we present preliminary results of our that stretched across the southern margin of Laurentia investigation of the lithologic succession, conodont during the Silurian (Fig. 2). Fig. 2 - Map of the southern United States (southern Laurentia) showing distribution of Silurian strata in outcrop (black) and in the subsurface (lined). SOK: southern Oklahoma outcrop area (Dougherty West and Highway 77 sections); SEM: southeastern Missouri (Greither Hill section); TN: western Tennessee (Linden and Eagle Creek sections). Map modified from Berry & Boucot (1970). 02 B i k t l P65 14 09/06/10 13 20 J.E. Barrick et al. - Mid-Ludfordian events in southern Laurentia 15 THE LAU EVENT Calner, 2008). Just as the more gradual decline in δ13C is more poorly constrained relative to the conodont Calner & Eriksson (2006), Jeppsson et al. (2007), and zonation, it is also poorly constrained in the graptolite Eriksson & Calner (2008) provide a thorough zonation. The end of the excursion is generally shown as documentation of the lithologic, geochemical, and faunal ending in the late Ludfordian Monograptus formosus changes through the Lau Event of Gotland, as well as a Biozone (Calner, 2008), but questions remain about its comparison to these changes in northeastern Australia. precise placement (Kaljo et al., 2007). Lehnert et al. (2007) give a thorough description of the In each region where the Lau Event has been identified, complexity of the sedimentologic, isotopic, and it is associated with lithofacies shifts
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