A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Carp, Radu; Nevaci, Manuela; Nicolae, Mariana; Runceanu, Camelia; Saramandu, Nicolae Research Report Multilingualism and intercultural dialogue in the Euroepan Union: A Romanian perspective Strategy and Policy Studies (SPOS), No. 2007,6 Provided in Cooperation with: European Institute of Romania, Bucharest Suggested Citation: Carp, Radu; Nevaci, Manuela; Nicolae, Mariana; Runceanu, Camelia; Saramandu, Nicolae (2007) : Multilingualism and intercultural dialogue in the Euroepan Union: A Romanian perspective, Strategy and Policy Studies (SPOS), No. 2007,6, European Institute of Romania, Bucharest This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/74689 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. 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A ROMANIAN PERSPECTIVE Authors: Radu CARP1 - coordinator Manuela NEVACI2 Mariana NICOLAE3 Camelia RUNCEANU4 Nicolae SARAMANDU5 Bucharest December 2007 © European Institute of Romania, 2007 1 Associate professor, SJD, Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Bucharest 2 Junior researcher, Ph.D., The Linguistic Institute „Iorgu Iordan – Alexandru Rosetti” of the Romanian Academy 3 Associate professor, Ph.D., Faculty of International Business and Economics, the Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies 4 Ph.D. candidate, University of Bucharest / Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris 5 Professor, Ph.D., Faculty of Arts, University of Bucharest; The Linguistic Institute „Iorgu Iordan – Alexandru Rosetti” of the Romanian Academy European Institute of Romania – Strategy and Policy Studies (SPOS 2007) CONTENTS 1. THE EFFECTS OF EU ENLARGEMENT ON LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY A. The European linguistic landscape – a presentation B. Local, regional and national protection of languages in the European context. Protection of regional and minority languages. C. The official languages in the EU Member States. EU institutions and the challenge of multilingualism – the case of the European Parliament D. Standard and non-standard definition of common European values. Interpretation of terms that designate common European values depending on the linguistic context E. Issues generated by the linguistic equivalence of terms used in official languages in the basic EU documents 2. MULTILINGUALISM IN EUROPEAN CONTEXT A. Definition of multilingualism B. Diseminating the multilingualism: education and the audio-visual sector C. Learning languages in various education cycles (university, pre- university) and vocational training/reconversion D. Public – private relationship for language learning E. The role of linguistic competence certificates in the European labour market F. Promoting the Romanian language as study language in the EU Member States G. Relocation in multilingual contexts 3. INSTITUTIONAL PROMOTION OF MULTILINGUALISM A. Methods of promoting multilingualism at European level B. Means of promoting multilingualism in companies operating in the European Union C. Methods of promoting multilingualism in universities D. Methods of promoting multilingualism in EU institutions 2 European Institute of Romania – Strategy and Policy Studies (SPOS 2007) E. Expert groups in the field of multilingualism created by the European Commission 4. THE RIGHTS OF THE EUROPEAN CITIZENS AND THE INFLUENCE OF MULTILINGUALISM A. Exercising the rights of the European citizens in multilingual context: the right to elect and to be elected in local elections and in the elections for the European Parliament, the right to address the European institutions and to receive an answer in his or her language B. Linguistic discrimination used for restricting access to the labour market in a EU Member State – exception to the principle of equal treatment? 5. PROMOTING INTER-CULTURAL DIALOGUE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION A. Definition of inter-cultural dialogue B. EU programmes dedicated to the promotion of inter-cultural dialogue C. The relation between inter-cultural and inter-religious dialogue. Methods of promoting inter-religious dialogue at European level 6. TOWARDS A EUROPEAN POLICY OF CULTURE? A. Cultural policies and the right to culture in national and European context. EU programmes in the cultural area B. European cultural heritage and European cultural patrimony C. A European Institute of Culture – the failure of an original idea 7. RECOMMENDATIONS 8. CONCLUSIONS 3 European Institute of Romania – Strategy and Policy Studies (SPOS 2007) 1. THE EFFECTS OF EU ENLARGEMENT ON LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY A. The European linguistic landscape – a presentation Linguistic diversity in Europe is a reality of everyday life – 27 Member States, 23 official languages and 60 minority languages; a great variety of regional and minority languages, as well as the languages spoken by immigrant communities. The European linguistic heritage is a resource which should be valued. In terms of area, most states on the European continent are medium and small size countries, the largest being, in this order, the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Turkey, France and Spain, of which the Russian Federation and Turkey have a great share of their territory in Asia. The European part of the Russian Federation accounts for one quarter of its area and that of Turkey – only 3%. Strictly speaking, the greatest majority of European languages belong, from the point of view of their relatedness, to a single linguistic family: the large Indo-European family, which account for 95% of the population of the geographic Europe. In a narrow sense, this is what distinguishes Europe from the other continents (with the exception of Australia), where there is a large number of language families. The greatest role in the final linguistic situation in Europe belonged to the migratory peoples which contributed to the fall of the Roman Empire, namely the Germanic and Slav peoples. The Indo-European family is the most important in the world, the only one which was spread on all continents in the modern era. Being also spoken in Asia through indigenous languages, it is represented on other continents through “imported” languages spoken in Africa and Oceania especially as secondary languages. It comprises about 150 languages, grouped in branches, of which some contain extinct languages: the Italic language (represented mainly by Latin, at the origins of the Romanic languages), the Iliric, the Traco-Dacian and so on. Among the Indo-European languages currently spoken in Europe there are two languages of the Baltic branch – the Latvian and the Lithuanian – and four of the Celtic branch: the Breton, the Gaelic in Scotland/ the Scottish, the Gaelic and the Irish. The languages of the Germanic branch, spoken in the Western and Northern parts of the continent (to the East of the Rhine and to the North of the Danube, as well as in the British isles and in Scandinavia) are reunited in the following groups: Scandinavian/Septentrional (the Danish, Feroise, Islandic, Norwegian, Swedish) and Occidental (English, Frisone - including its varieties – German, Yiddish – with a particular genesis and characteristics – Luxemburguese and Neerlandese/Dutch, as the Flemish variant). The Romanic languages, spoken mainly in the South and West of Europe, are reunited in the oriental group (including only the Romanian, the only Romanic language in Eastern Europe, as an “island” of Latinity in a mainly “Slav” sea, with its dialects from the southern bank of the Danube – Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian and Istro- Romanian), the Italo-Romanic group (Corsican, Italian, Monegasque, Sard), the Retoroman (Friuline, Dolomitic-ladine, Romansh), the Galo-Romanic group (French and its dialects Oil, Occitan – including Gascoigne – and the Franco-provence patois), the Ibero-Romanic group (Portuguese and Spanish with their dialects, the Gaelgue, the Iudeo-Spanish – with a special situation), the Catalane being a bridge-language 4 European Institute of Romania – Strategy and Policy Studies (SPOS 2007) between the last two groups. The languages of the Slav branch, spoken mainly in Eastern and South-eastern Europe, are divided into three groups: the oriental one (the Byelorussian, Russian – which spread out to Asia too and the Ukrainian), the Southern one (Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, Croatian, Slovenian) and the Western one (Cashube, Czech,