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Development of Jain Architecture from Caves to Temple Architecture in Maharashtra

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Development of Jain Architecture from Caves to Temple Architecture in Maharashtra International Journal of Engineering Research ISSN:2319-6890 (online),2347-5013(print) Volume No.7, Issue Special 2, pp : 188-194 11-12 Jan. 2018 Development of Jain Architecture from Caves to Temple Architecture in Maharashtra Ar. Pranoti Kiran Meghal Sinhgad College of Architecture, Vadgaon (Bk), Pune-400 041 Email: [email protected] Abstract: Jainism as an old religion in India has contributed architecture includes architecture from cave temple carved in to the architecture of India. Jain Art and architecture stone to construction of RCC temple. With the change of developed during different period are seen in various parts material and time, planning aspects are also changed. The of the country as well as in Maharashtra. Different rulers paper focuses on understanding basic terminologies and rule the area in different period of time, as well as people from different parts of the country migrated to Maharashtra elements used in Jain architecture along with various types of during different periods of time. With this, various types of architecture developed in the Maharashtra. It tries to find out architecture like cave architecture, various types of temple the religious ideas, ritual practices reflected in Jain architecture were developed from the 5th century to the 21th architecture. For these, various examples from different parts century, almost all parts of Maharashtra. These are of Maharashtra are studied. The study finds out, how these developed as Jain Tirtha Kshetras with tangible and ideas the still in use in temple planning, by modifying them intangible aspects associated with it and also they have with the situation and location of a place. Study also shows religious, historic, associational and cultural values attached to it. The paper aims at understanding various types of Jain that the style used is changing from time to time along with architecture developed in Maharashtra from cave the change in material and it is responding to the modern age. architecture to temple architecture. The paper focuses on understanding the basic terminologies used in Jain temple Literature review architecture. The study also focuses on the type of architecture developed in different periods along with the Maharashtra has a history of more than 5000 years and from architectural features and material used for construction. An attempt is made to understand, changing character of the beginning, the region is stronghold of Jainism and Jains. Jain temple architecture as a religious structure during this The oldest Jain inscription in Maharashtra is found in a cave period. From the study it was found that, due to the change near Pale village in Pune district. (Sanglikar) Jainism in social, economic and political conditions, the Jain flourished between 7th to 12th century, during Yadava, architecture developed with new concept and new features. Chalukya, Rashtrakuta period. (Editorial Observations, 1974) In the region wise study, it was found that, Jain Tirtha Some of these dynasties were follower or patrons of Jainism. Kshetras were not developed in all regions of Maharashtra, in few regions they developed in big number and in some During their reign they constructed many important regions their development was negligible. For new monuments. From this period the architecture developed was developing temple architecture, it was observed that, they are caves, temple cities, and temples. The oldest Jain cave temple adopting new technology and concepts keeping the soul is Maharashtra is found in Ter near Osmanabad and at Nagar intact and at the same time they are developing in all regions and Mandhal in Vidarbha region carved in 5th to 7th century. of Maharashtra. (Kabade, 2015) Keywords : Jain Architecture, architectural features, material, temple architecture. Jain architecture at various places is understood through three volumes of 'Jain Art and Architecture' by A. Ghosh. 'Jain art Introduction and architecture- Encyclopaedia' was useful to understand temple architecture in India. Then various articles in Jainism is one of the oldest religions of world with its roots in 'Tirthankar' magazine were useful in understanding the Jain India. It contributed to cultural, spiritual and social tradition, about Muktagiri Tirtha and other places. Book by development of Maharashtra. Jain architecture from 5th Edith Tomory on 'A History of Fine Arts in India and West' century is still seen in different parts of Maharashtra. As per gives detail information of Jain caves along with its plan. 2011 census, largest population of Jain resides in James Fergusson in his 'History of Indian And Eastern Maharashtra. The elements which are used in Jain Architecture' book discusses about Ellora caves in detail Architecture are similar to other architecture but they are which are helpful in understanding the history of caves. And distinctively Jain. Jain architecture is found in various places to understand the basic terminologies in Jainism book 'Olakh in Maharashtra, in small and big scale. They are developed Jain Dharmachi' was useful, which gives the basic knowledge with the historical and religious importance of a place, with of Jainism and Jain architecture. tangible intangible aspects associated with it. Jain religious Terminology DOI : 10.5958/2319-6890.2018.00054.5 NCETA@2018 Page 188 International Journal of Engineering Research ISSN:2319-6890 (online),2347-5013(print) Volume No.7, Issue Special 2, pp : 188-194 11-12 Jan. 2018 Tirth Kshetra: It is a sacred place and becomes a holy place examples from Vidarbha, Western Maharashtra and in association with Jain values. Generally, they are located on Marathwada region are selected and studied. Based on that, hills or mountains, as those are the places from where the Jain analysis was done on various aspects, and then conclusion monks achieved salvation. Hence, Jain temple, cluster of was made. temples, statues are located on top of hills. (Hegewald, 2017) Types of Jain architecture Tirth Kshetra are built by followers or devotees to keep the B. Caves spiritual event of that place in continuous memory. Caves are the earlier architecture found in Maharashtra, are of Types of Tirtha kshetra Digambara Jain sect. These are found from 6th century during 1. Nirvan Kshetra or Siddha Kshetra: The place of Chalukya period and continued during Rashtrakuta period. salvation of any Tirthankar or an ascetic saint. In Along with Dharashiv and Ter caves of 5th to 7th century, Maharashtra there are Siddha Kshetra like, Muktagiri, caves in Kharosa, Latur district carved in 6th century, caves in Gajpanth, Mangi Tungi and Kunthalgiri. (Kabade, 2015) Ellora, Aurangabad district were carved in 10th century; caves 2. Kalyanaka Kshetra: Kalyanaka are five major events at Gajpanth were carved during 11th century. Caves at Paaley- in Tinrthankar's life. Kalyanaka kshetra are the places Pune district, Kundal-Sangli district, Mangi-Tungi, Ankai- related to Garbha (Conception), Janma (Birth), Tapa / Tankai and Anjaneri in Nashik district were carved during Deeksha (Accepting the penance), Gyan (Knowledge) 10th-13th century. Kalyanakas of Tirthankars. (Kabade, 2015) (http://jainology.blogspot.in/2009/10/history-of-jainism-in- These are not noticed in Maharashtra. maharashtra.html) 3. Atishaya Kshetra: Tirtha Kshetra where a miracle or i. Ellora caves: Cave number 30-35 at Ellora are Jain wonder is happened or seen about the temple, the idol or caves carved in 10th century after Buddhist and Hindu caves place is known as Atishaya Kshetra. In Maharashtra, and are considered as modern. (James, 2011) These are Atishaya Kshetras are Kumbhoj-Bahubali, Bhatkuli, named as Indra Sabha (Cave number 33), Jagannath Sabha Kunthugiri. (Kabade, 2015) (Cave number 33), Chota Kailasa (cave no. 30) which is the Types of Jain architectures imitation of Kailasha Brahmanical cave. (James, 2011) Indra A. Stupa (Chaitya): These are not noticed in Sabha shows Manastambha and colossal image of Maharashtra. Parswanath, carved in AD 1235 also between Indra Sabha B. Layana (Caves): These are to rock Cut Architecture and Jagannath sabha. also called as caves. C. Jianalaya (Temples): These are the religious building found after Stupa and Layana also called Jinalaya, Jinabhavana, Basadi, Basti, vihara, etc. In the beginning it was both rock cut and structural, but then remained structural and existed in plains. Manastambha: It is part of temple, found in the front side of temple, having religious importance with an ornamental pillar structure carrying the image of Tirthankar on the top, on all four cardinal directions. (Jain S. S., 2007) Manastambha are constructed at the entrances of most of the temples in Maharashtra. Methodology The study started with the understanding of terminologies used in Jainism and Jain architecture. How the spaces are created in Jain religious architecture and importance of use of feature like Manastambha studied through literature study. The paper analyses development of Jain architecture in Maharashtra from historic period to modern period through literature study, through interviews and by visiting the places. Further, the study is carried out to understand the Shikhar of Indra sabha temple with Manastambha, deity Indrani And development of various types of Tirthas in Maharashtra. Mahavira with Yaksha and Yakshi and Carvings on the pillars of the Through literature study it was understood that stupa type of Jagannatha Sabha Jain architecture is not noticed till date. But caves and temples Photo source: www.googleimages.com are seen in Maharashtra. Maharashtra has total 36 Tirtha ii. Mangi Tungi: Mangi Tungi caves carved during Kshetras and number of temples smaller and bigger sizes, 10th-13th century are the two peaks of mountain located in located in almost each and every city, town. So, different DOI : 10.5958/2319-6890.2018.00054.5 NCETA@2018 Page 189 International Journal of Engineering Research ISSN:2319-6890 (online),2347-5013(print) Volume No.7, Issue Special 2, pp : 188-194 11-12 Jan. 2018 Nashik district. Temple complex has dharmashala, temples, place. Number of temples used to be group together to form shops, office. The Siddha Kshetra has 15 temples together on a city of temples.
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