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Vegetation Classification for the Badger Allotment, Mt. Hood National Forest

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Vegetation Classification for the Badger Allotment, Mt. Hood National Forest AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Clinton Karl Williams for the degree ofDoctor of Philosophy in Rangeland Resources Program presented on May 18, 1978 Title: VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION FOR THE BADGER ALLOTMENT, MT. 10013_NATIONAL FOREST Abstract approved: Redacted for Privacy A.H. Winward More than 200 sites between 500 and 2000 meters elevation were examined utilizing a reconnaissancesampling technique for a portion of the eastern slopes of the northern Oregon Cascade Moun- tains.Twelve different forested plant communities were described with data on vegetation, soils and topography. A map of their dis- tribution and a key for their identification were presented. The communities were grouped into four different series based on climax tree species.The Pinus ponderosa-Quercus garryana series dominated elevations between 600 and 850 meters and included four community types. The Quercus garryana/Purshiatridentata/ Agropyron spicatum type was an open Quercus garryana woodland found on upper southerly slopes with relatively shallow soils.The Pinus ponderosa-Quercus garryana/Purshia tridentata/Festuca idahoensis type was the most widespread member of the series and was found on gentle slopes with east to south aspects.The Pinus/ ponderosa/Purshia tridentata/Lupinus leucophyllus type was found on gentle east to south facing slopes on flat or convex microrelief. The Pinus ponderosa/Purshia tridentata Lupinus caudata type was on gentle east to south facing slopes having concave microrelief. The Abies grandis series dominated elevations between 850 and 1500 meters and included four community types. The Abies grandis/ Carex geyeri type occupied the lowest elevations within the series and was found on all aspects and slope positions.The Abies grandis/ Pyrola secunda type was found at the upper elevations on midslopes with northerly aspects between 1360 and 1415 meters. The Thuja plicata series was found in stream bottoms and valleys between 1100 and 1325 meters elevation and included two community types. The Thuja plicata/Linnaea borealis var. longiflora type was found on flat to concave microrelief with soils that had a high ground water table.The Tsuga heterophylla/Linnaea borealis var. longiflora type was found on lower sheltered valleys and side slopes. The Abies amabilis series dominated the upper elevations of the study area between 1500 and 1960 meters and included two com- munity types. Tsuga mertensiana was a conspicuous associate with Abies amabilis. The understory vegetation was often depauperate and poorly developed. Low shrubs were usually the most dominant understory species.The Abies amabilis /Rebus lasiococcus type was found at the lower elevations within the series on a variety of slopes, aspects and topography. The Abies amabilis/Vaccinium "scoparium type occupied the highest elevations within the study area and sub- alpine meadows and openings were commonly interspersed with it. It occurred on north to east aspects on a variety of slopes and topography. Non-forested areas within the study area were not classified but were briefly described. Some implications for management by com- munity were also given. Vegetation Classification for the Badger Allotment, Mt. Hood National Forest by Clinton Karl Williams A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Completed May 18, 1978 Commencement June 1979 APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy Associate Professor of Rangeland Resources in charge of major Redacted for Privacy Leader, Rangeland Re4rourceg-Program Redacted for Privacy Hea Department Animalrcience Redacted for Privacy Dean ofGraduate ScKool Date thesis is presented"IY\ ICO F( Typed by Opal Grossnicklaus for Clinton Karl Williams ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my major professor Dr. Alma H. Winward for the counsel, guidance, encouragement and long hours of extra work he provided from the conception of the study to completion of the thesis. He served in the dual roles as mentor and friend through- out all phases of the work. Without his guidance and inspiration I never would have embarked in a career in ecology. I want to thank all the members of my committee, Dr. A. H. Winward, Dr. W. W. Chilcote, Dr. R. E. Frenkle, Dr. W. C. Krueger, and Dr. J. F. Bell for the knowledge and inspiration I gained from being a student in their classes and for their critical review of the thesis. Appreciation is expressed to the U.S. Forest Service personnel of the Mt. Hood National Forest and the Barlow Ranger District for their support and cooperation throughout the study.Thanks are also extended to my work supervisors on the Okanogan National Forest for permitting me to work on the thesis when time was available from my other duties. Lastly, but most importantly, I want to thank my wife Marva for the many hours she spent typing rough drafts and tables and for her support, patience and long- suffering even to the point of letting me take my defense on our tenth wedding anniversary.All of this in addition to the full time job as the mother of our children.It is to her and our children that I dedicate this thesis. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. STUDY AREA 3 Geography 3 Climate 5 Geology 7 Vegetation 9 History of Use 11 III. LITERATURE REVIEW 14 Ecological Concepts and Terminology 14 Usefulness of Vegetation Classifications 15 Reconnaissance Sampling for Plant Community Classification 17 IV. METHODS 19 Aerial Photographs 19 Field Sampling 21 Species Taxonomy 21 Selection of Plots 21 Data Recording Procedure 23 Data Analysis 27 V. RESULTS 30 The Pinus ponderosa-Quercus garryana Series 33 Quercus garryana/Purshia tridentata/ Agropyron spicatum c.t. 36 Pinus ponderosa-Quercus garryana/Purshia tridentata/Festuca idahoensis c.t. 39 Pinus ponderosa/Purshia tridentata/ Lupinus leucophyllus c.t. 43 Pinus ponderosa/Purshia tridentata/ Lupinus caudatus c.t. 46 The Abies grandis Series 50 Abies grandis/Carex geyeri c.t. 51 Abies grandis/Pachistima myrsinites c. t. 55 Abies grandis/Pyrola secunda c.t. 58 Abies procera phase of the Abies grandis/ Pyrola secunda c.t. 61 The Thuja plicata Series 65 Thuja plicata/Linnaea borealis var. longiflora c.t. 66 Tsuga heterophylla/Linnaea borealis var. longiflora c.t. 69 The Abies amabilis Series 72 Abies amabilis/Rubus lasiococcus c.t. 74 Abies amabilis/Vaccinium scoparium c. t. 76 The Nonforested Communities 80 Xeric Low Elevation Grasslands 80 Low Elevation Swales 81 Subalpine Meadows 81 Subalpine Shrub Communities 82 Alnus sinuata Dominated Communities 83 VI. DISCUSSION 84 Management Implications by Community Types 84 Quercus garryana/Purshia tridentata/ Agropyron spicatum c.t. 84 Pinus ponderosa-Quercus garryana/Purshia tridentata/Festuca idahoensis c.t. 85 Pinus ponderosa/Purshia tridentata/Lupinus leucophyllus c. t. 86 Pinus ponderosa/Purshia tridentata/Lupinus caudatus c.t. 87 Abies grandis/Carex geyeri c.t. 87 Abies grandis/Pachistima myrsinites c.t. 88 Abies grandis/Pyrola secunda c.t. 89 Abies procera phase of the Abies grandis/ Pyrola secunda c.t. 90 Thuja plicata/Linnaea borealis var. longiflora c. t. 91 Tsuga heterophylla/Linnaea borealis var. longiflora c.t. 91 Abies amabilis/Rubus lasiococcus c.t. 92 Abies amabilis/Vaccinium scoparium c. t. 93 Sampling Procedures 93 Aerial Photographs and Photomosaic 93 Reconnaissance Approach 94 Data Codes 94 Data Analysis 96 Factors Affecting Species and Vegetation Distribution 97 Taxonomic Considerations 97 Species Distributions 98 Distribution of Annuals 100 Topographic Influences 100 Role of Fire 101 LITERATURE CITED 104 APPENDICES 109 Appendix A.Table of average constancy values by community type for those species with 50 percent or greater constancy in any type 109 Appendix B. Table of average dominance/cover values by community type for those species with 50 percent or greater constancy in any type 112 Appendix C. Scientific name, common name and abbreviation of plants cited in text and tables 115 Appendix D. Key to forested community types 118 Appendix E. Vascular plants observed in the Badger Allotment 120 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Location map of study area 4 2. The Quercus garryana/Purshia tridentata/Agropyron spicatum and Pinus ponderosa-Quercus garryana/ Purshia tridentata/Festuca idahoensis community types. 39 3. The Pinus ponderosa-Quercus garryana/Purshia tri- dentata/Festuca idahoensis community type (Plot 5). 41 4. The Pinus ponderosa/Purshia tridentata/Lupinus leucophyllus community type (Plot 22). 44 5. The Pinus ponderosa/Purshia tridentata/Lupinus caudatus community type (Plot 35). 47 6. The Abies grandis/Carex geyeri community type (Plot 108). 54 7. Selective cut area within the Abies grandis/Carex geyeri community type (Plot 58). 54 8. The Abies grandis/Pachistima myrsinites community type (Plot 95). 57 9. The Abies grandis/Pyrola secunda community type (Plot 154). 59 10. The Abies procera phase of the Abies grandis/Pyrola secunda community type (Plot 11 9) . 63 11. The Thuja plicata/Linnaea borealis var. longiflora community type (Plot 89) . 67 12. The Tsuga heterophylla/Linnaea borealis var. longiflora community type (Plot 141). 71 13. The Abies amabilis/Rubus lasiococcus community type (Plot 159). 76 Figure Page 14. The Abies amabilis /Vaccinium scoparium community type (Plot 190). 78 15. Map showing plot locations and distribution of community types. -- map pouch on back cover LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Monthly precipitation in millimeters at Dufur and Friend, Oregon 6 2. Mean monthly temperatures in degrees C at Dufur, Oregon. 6 3. Average
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