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A Holistic Approach to Multi-Scale, Coupled Modeling of Hydrologic Processes, Flow Dynamics, Erosion, and Sediment Transport

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A Holistic Approach to Multi-Scale, Coupled Modeling of Hydrologic Processes, Flow Dynamics, Erosion, and Sediment Transport A Holistic Approach to Multi-Scale, Coupled Modeling of Hydrologic Processes, Flow Dynamics, Erosion, and Sediment Transport by Jongho Kim A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Civil Engineering) in the University of Michigan 2013 Doctoral Committee: Assistant Professor Valeriy Y. Ivanov, Chair Assistant Professor Mark G. Flanner Professor Nikolaos D. Katopodes Professor Steve J. Wright © Jongho Kim 2013 DEDICATION With great pleasure, I dedicate this to my wife, Eun Go. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Over the last four and half years as a graduate student, this dissertation work has been supported by the Graham Environmental Sustainability Institute at the University of Michigan through the grant, the Rackham International Student Fellowship at the University of Michigan, the Graduate Fellowship of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Michigan, and the NSF Grant EAR 1151443 . The first unutterable appreciation is devoted to my advisor, Prof. Valeriy Y. Ivanov who truly deserves to be admirable and support me throughout this long journey by offering me motivation and encouragement. He always struggles with me every time we met challenging problems, provides relevant and in-depth advice and guidance about complicated issues, and motivates me to investigate many unresolved curious problems scattered in an interdisciplinary area and to make a progress toward the higher scientific goal and vision. Other than the academic assistances, he sincerely expresses encouragement rather than disappointment with a generous, thoughtful, nice attitude when I am in a state of chaos and thus insufficiency of progress. I am also very appreciative of their invaluable advice from my Ph.D. Committee members: Prof. Nikolaos D. Katopodes, Prof. Steve J. Wright, and Prof. Mark G. Flanner. In particular, I am very grateful to Dr. Katopodes for his organized remark and clear explanation on research of flow dynamics; to Dr. Wright for his sharp opinion and insight coming out of his iii long-term experience on research of sediment transport; and to Dr. Flanner for his unforeseen angles of view on research I have never considered. Successful and satisfactory journey of dissertation cannot be attained without their helps. I would like to thank to Dr. Brett Sanders for his help with the overland flow code and for sharing his experience for the numerical difficulties; to Dr. D.S.L. Lawrence for her help with experimental data used for verifying the upscaled regression equation developed in vegetated area; and to my Italian friend, Dr. Simone Fatichi for sharing his wisdom in stochastic downscaling to project future climate conditions. Furthermore, I would like to thank to all of the other members in environmental water resources group including Prof. Aline Cotel and my colleagues and friends, Antonio Francipane, April Warnock, Lingli He, Sara Rimer, Jenahvive Morgan, Chase Dwelle, Frank Sedlar, and TaoTao for sharing their expertise and friendship. Thanks for having a wonderful Ann Arbor life together to my Korean brothers: Sukhoon Pyo, Seungjun Ahn, Joon-Oh Seo, Jun-Hyuk Kwon, and Hyon-Sohk Ohm. To the greatest extent, this dissertation is devoted to my parents, Ilkyun Kim and Duckja Im who always trust me every time I need to decide and express their unconditional love toward us; and to my sister and brother, Eunja Kim and Hyun-Chul Kim who have been of great role in our family to the part that I should do while I leave. Thank you very much. Lastly, none of any conventional words can describe my love and gratitude to my wife, Eun Go. The satisfactory completion of doctoral program cannot be attained without her sacrifices and support. Her optimistic, pleasurable characteristics make me relieve any stress, and enable to refresh myself to continue to work. Although any earthly deeds cannot compensate her support, I will promise to keep me appreciate and remember it for the rest of my life. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... xii LIST OF APPENDICES .............................................................................................................. xxi ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ xxii CHAPTER I. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Motivation of a holistic, multi-scale, coupled approach .................................................. 1 1.1.1 Climate change and human activity in watershed systems ....................................... 1 1.1.2 Significance and challenges of a multi-scale coupled approach ............................... 2 1.1.3 Characteristics of watershed systems: connectivity and non-linearity ..................... 4 1.1.4 The need for a holistic, multi-scale, coupled model ................................................. 5 1.2 Research scope ................................................................................................................. 6 II. Coupled modeling of hydrologic and hydrodynamic processes including overland and channel flow: “tRIBS-OFM” ............................................................................................... 10 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Description of the coupled model .................................................................................. 14 2.2.1 Model heritage: tRIBS ............................................................................................ 14 2.2.2 Model heritage: OFM ............................................................................................. 19 2.2.3 OFM modification .................................................................................................. 19 2.2.4 Information exchange between the hydrologic and hydrodynamic models ........... 23 v 2.3 OFM verification ............................................................................................................ 26 2.3.1 One dimensional flow problem over mild-sloped plane ......................................... 26 2.3.2 One dimensional flow over steeply sloped plane ................................................... 28 2.3.3 Two dimensional flow problem in V-shaped catchment domain ........................... 29 2.3.4 A hydraulic jump problem for steep-to-mild slope transition ................................ 39 2.4 Model application ........................................................................................................... 41 2.4.1 Model application to a synthetic watershed ............................................................ 41 2.4.2 Model application to a natural watershed ............................................................... 46 2.4.2.1 A description of the Peacheater Creek watershed....................................... 46 2.4.2.2 Calibration of channel and hillslope routing parameters ............................ 48 2.4.2.3 Soil parameter calibration ........................................................................... 49 2.4.2.4 Parameterization of the hydrodynamic routing model................................ 51 2.4.2.5 Simulation results........................................................................................ 53 2.4.2.6 Hydrology-hydrodynamics coupling .......................................................... 58 2.5 Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 62 III. Hairsine-Rose erosion equations coupled with hydrological processes and overland flow at watershed scale: “tRIBS-OFM-HRM” ......................................................................... 65 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 65 3.2 Governing equations ...................................................................................................... 70 3.3 Numerical model ............................................................................................................ 76 3.4 Model verification .......................................................................................................... 83 3.4.1 Rainfall-induced erosion ......................................................................................... 83 3.4.2 Overland flow-induced erosion............................................................................... 88 3.4.3 Lucky Hills watershed ............................................................................................ 91 3.4.3.1. Lucky Hills watershed and its numerical representation ........................... 91 3.4.3.2. Model calibration and confirmation........................................................... 97 3.4.3.3. Spatial
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