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From Volunteer Vacationing to Solidarity Travel in Nicaragua: an Ngo Mediated Rural Development Strategy

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From Volunteer Vacationing to Solidarity Travel in Nicaragua: an Ngo Mediated Rural Development Strategy FROM VOLUNTEER VACATIONING TO SOLIDARITY TRAVEL IN NICARAGUA: AN NGO MEDIATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY By TIMOTHY G. FOGARTY A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2005 Copyright 2005 by Timothy G. Fogarty This work is in honor and appreciation of the following persons. To my parents, Ruth Small Fogarty and George Alexander Fogarty, who first taught me solidarity and commitment. To Paulo Friere who taught me the “how” of solidarity. To Peter Hinde, Betty Campbell, and Higinio Alas who exemplify solidarity with the peoples of Central America. To the hundreds of Nicaraguans who have welcomed me and my family into their homes and lives over the last 19 years in a spirit of solidarity. Most especially to those who spend their lives working in solidarity with the popular sectors of the Nicaraguan people. Finally to my wife, Lynne Rigney Barolet, and my children Ryan and Megan who have supported and accompanied me on our Nicaraguan journey. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My advisor, Anthony Oliver-Smith, who integrates scholarship with patience and personal integrity, has been a constant source of support through my “non-traditional” academic trajectory. Kesha Fikes taught me the importance and the beauty of theory. Allan Burns, who has worked in solidarity with Central Americans, believed that I had something unique to offer. Phillip Williams, a fellow scholar of Nicaragua, taught me the importance of understanding social movements and of being in solidarity with them. Lilliam Patrica Rivera Herrera, is an esteemed research colleague without whom this work would have been of much less significance. Various periods of my field research have been made possible through funding made available by the InterAmerican Foundation, a Wilgus Travel Grant from The Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Florida, subsidized loans from the U.S Department of Education, and finally, a Fullbright Hays Foundation Grant. I appreciate access to these resources. TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................................iv LIST OF TABLES...............................................................................................................x LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... xi ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER 1 SOJOURNING TOWARD SOLIDARITY: A TRANSNATIONAL CIVIL SOCIETY MODEL ......................................................................................................1 Introduction...................................................................................................................1 The Research Quest...............................................................................................2 Three Conversations on the Road to Solidarity.....................................................4 The Existential Issue of Solidarity ........................................................................8 NGOs as Culture Brokers......................................................................................9 Nicaragua as Site for Solidarity Travel ...............................................................14 A Continuum of Short Term Volunteer Experience...................................................17 Volunteer Vacationers.........................................................................................17 Development Tourism.........................................................................................19 Solidarity Travelers .............................................................................................22 Development of a Research Topic..............................................................................23 A Personal Narrative: ..........................................................................................24 Aviation and Empire ....................................................................................24 The Church and Social Movements .............................................................26 A Professional Narrative .....................................................................................30 Philosophy and Theology.............................................................................30 Religion and Education ................................................................................31 Solidary Activism.........................................................................................32 Anthropology ...............................................................................................32 A Theoretical Narrative.......................................................................................33 Post-Structuralism ........................................................................................33 Situated Knowledges....................................................................................36 Habitus and Field .........................................................................................38 Overview of Dissertation............................................................................................39 v 2 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON SOLIDARITY TRAVEL...........................42 Chapter Overview.......................................................................................................42 Situating Solidarity within Liberation Anthropology.................................................46 The Academy as Site of Liberation Anthropology..............................................47 Coloniality of Power and the Representation of Modernity................................48 A History of Engagement and Application .........................................................51 Problematizing Solidarity : Toward a Practical Definition ........................................58 Solidarity as Antidote to Alienation....................................................................58 A Moral Universal Imaginary .............................................................................61 Solidarity and interdependence ....................................................................65 Solidarity and reciprocity .............................................................................66 Solidarity as identity and difference.............................................................69 The habitus of solidarity ..............................................................................74 Aspects of Bounded Solidarity............................................................................77 Affectional and Consensual Solidarity.........................................................79 Four Dimensions of Solidarity .....................................................................84 Four Movements of Solidary Practice..........................................................89 Alienation as Non-Solidarity...............................................................................93 The Mis-recognition of Solidarity.......................................................................95 Mis-recognition and symbolic violence in Bourdieu ...................................95 Mis-recognition of dimensions and movements of solidarity......................96 Mis-recognition as slippage from solidarity to altruism: ...........................102 Solidarity Travel as Cross Cultural Development Tourism .....................................105 Tourism Studies.................................................................................................106 The Micro level: Travel as Construction of Identity/Difference.......................107 Tourism as a material practice ...................................................................110 Development tourism .................................................................................112 Development Studies.........................................................................................115 Institutionalization of development............................................................119 Peasant Studies ..................................................................................................120 Globalization and Transnational Studies...........................................................125 3 SEEKING SOLIDARITY: A RESEARCH DESIGN..............................................130 Standpoint Epistemology and Negotiated Ethnographic Authority .........................131 Situated Knowledges as Partial, Personal, and Political ...................................131 Nicaraguan Ethnography and Representational Responsibility ........................134 Ethnographic Authority and the Crisis of Representation.................................137 A Bi-Cultural, Multi-disciplinary, Dual Gendered Research Team. ........................140 Native Anthropology and Questions of Cultural Competancy..........................140 Masculine/Feminine Gender Dynamics ............................................................144 Nationality .........................................................................................................145 Confronting Coloniality.....................................................................................146 A Plan for Qualitative Bi-Cultural
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