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The 1998 “Research on Drug Evidence” Report [From the 12Th ICPO / INTERPOL Forensic Science Symposium]

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The 1998 “Research on Drug Evidence” Report [From the 12Th ICPO / INTERPOL Forensic Science Symposium] The 1998 “Research on Drug Evidence” Report [From the 12th ICPO / INTERPOL Forensic Science Symposium] Robert F. X. Klein* and Patrick A. Hays U.S. Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration Special Testing and Research Laboratory 22624 Dulles Summit Court Dulles, VA 20166 [[email protected]] ABSTRACT: A reprint of the 1998 “Research on Drug Evidence” Report (a review) is provided. KEYWORDS: INTERPOL, Illicit Drugs, Controlled Substances, Forensic Chemistry. Important Information: Presented at the 12th ICPO / INTERPOL Forensic Science Symposium, Lyon, France, October 20 - 23, 1998. Authorized Reprint. Copyright INTERPOL. All rights reserved. May not be reprinted without express permission from INTERPOL. For pertinent background, see: Klein RFX. ICPO / INTERPOL Forensic Science Symposia, 1995 ­ 2016. “Research on Drug Evidence”. Prefacing Remarks (and a Request for Information). Microgram Journal 2016;13(1-4):1-3. Blank pages in the original document are not duplicated in this reprint. Page numbering in the bottom center of the first two pages and the upper corners of all subsequent pages are those in the original document, while those in the footers of each page represent the Microgram Journal numbering. Citations in this report from the Journal of the Clandestine Laboratory Investigating Chemists Association and Microgram were (and remain) Law Enforcement Restricted. This is an image of the best available hard copy. Blank pages in the original document are not duplicated in this reprint. Microgram Journal 2016, Volume 13; Numbers 1-4 49 Research on Drug Evidence Compiled by the Drug Enforcement Administration Office of Forensic Sciences Special Testing and Research Laboratory Twelfth ICPO-INTERPOL Forensic Science Symposium I . fl ·." - " \ ~ re·- I'. I ' ·; -'- ' -·--l __,,,.-- ,.- ,. 50 Microgram Journal 2016, Volume 13; Numbers 1-4 Research On Drug Evidence July 1, 1995 - June 30, 1998 Presented by: Robert P. Bianchi Prepared by: Robert F.X. Klein and Patrick A. Hays U.S. Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration Office of Forensic Sciences Special Testing and Research Laboratory 7704 Old Springhouse Road McLean, VA 22102-3494 USA (Coordinating Laboratory) Twelfth ICPO - INTERPOL Forensic Sciences Symposium October, 1998 Lyon, France i Microgram Journal 2016, Volume 13; Numbers 1-4 51 Table of Contents 0 Routine and Improved Analysis of Drug Substances 1 Il) Novel Syntheses of Illicit Drugs, Precursors and Essential Chemicals 22 Ill) Clandestine Laboratory Appraisals and Safety Issues 26 IV) Reference Drug Standards 29 V) Comparative Analyses 31 VI) Source Determination of Drugs (Impurity Profiling) 34 VIl) Analysis of Adulterants and Diluents 41 VIII) Analytical Artifacts 44 IX) New and/or Improved Instrumental Techniques 46 X) Portable Detection and Analytical Instrumentation 54 xn Miscellaneous 56 ii 52 Microgram Journal 2016, Volume 13; Numbers 1-4 1 n Routine and Improved Analysis of Drug Substances Problem/Issue: Improved methods of analysis, i.e., faster, more discriminatory, more sensitive, less costly, etc., are needed for all drugs of abuse. Additionally, standard analytical data are required for previously unknown drugs of abuse and new analog (i.e., "designer"­ type) drugs. Solution: Illicit drug seizures and clandestine laboratory operations are continuously monitored to provide a comprehensive overview of new developments. Ongoing research in the forensic community, as well as the general analytical field, constantly provide new and/or improved methods of analysis for routine analysis of seized drugs. Case reports providing standard analytical data for new drugs and/or improved analytical protocols for known drugs are generated for the forensic and enforcement communities. Recent Developments: In the United States, use of methamphetamioe has dramatically increased over the past three years, with concurrent increases in use of amphetamine and other related phenethylamines. Recent increases in both heroin and LSD have leveled off, while use of cocaine has somewhat decreased. Designer drugs - notably the methylenedioxy­ amphetamines and 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (aka: NEXUS or 2-CB) - are still widely used. Use of anabolic steroids is steady, with use of human growth hormones or steroid natural production-stimulating drugs (e.g., gamma-hydroxybutyrolactone or GHB) continuing to increase. Abuse of flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) as a so-called "date­ rape" drug continues. A wide variety of commercial products derived from hemp (cannabis) have been marketed and represent a challenging problem for trace-level analyses of cannabinoids. In Europe, use of amphetamines, methylenedioxyamphetamines, and heroin Microgram Journal 2016, Volume 13; Numbers 1-4 53 2 remains widespread, while use of cocaine and I.SD continue to grow; "crack" cocaine use is now widespread. In the Far East, Australia and New Zealand report general across-the-board increases in drug abuse, while methamphetamilie use remains ubiquitous in Japan. Cocaine use is growing throughout the Far East. Use of cocaine, heroin, Mandrax (methaqualone), amphetamine, I.SD and methylenedioxyamphetamines all continue to increase in South Africa. Summar)'.: Since 1995, routine and/or new/improved methods of analysis have been reported for amphetamines, mono-substituted amphetamines, Amanita Muscaria, Ayahuasca, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (NEXUS) anct related compounds, bufotenine, clenbuterol, cocaine, coca tea, dimethpramide, Dragon's Blood Incense, fenethylline, fenfluramine, fentanyls, flunitrazepam (Rohypnol), heroin, hydrocodone, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (or lactone) (GHB), N-(2-hydroxyethyl)­ amphetamilie, imazalil, inhalants, khat (Catha Edulis) and cathinone, LSD and related ergot alkaloids, marijuana and related cannabinoids, mescaline, methamphetamines, methcathinone, methylenedioxyamphetamines and related compounds, morphine and codeine, opium, opium, morphine and heroin (combined studies), 2-phenylethylamine (phenetbylamine) and related compounds, poppy tea, psilocybin and psilocin, steroids, and theophylline. References: Amphetamines (see also methamphetamines, methylenedioxyamphetamilies): Pastor-Navarro, M.D.; Porras-Serrano, R.; Herraez-Hernandez, R.; Campins-Falco, P., "Automated determination of amphetamine enantiomers using a two-dimensional column-switching chromatographic system for derivatization and separation," Analyst, 1998, 123 54 Microgram Journal 2016, Volume 13; Numbers 1-4 3 ill,319. Dasgupta, A.; Hart, A.P., "Distinguishing amphetamine, methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine from other sympathomimetic amines after rapid derivatization with propyl chloroformate and analysis by gas chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectrometry," L Forensic Sci., 1997, 42 ill, 106. Esseiva, P.; Lock, E.; Gueniat, 0.; Cole, M.D., "Identification and quantification of amphetamine and analogs by capillary zone electrophoresis," Science Justice, 1997, 37 ill, 113. Sadeghipour, F.; Varesio, E.; Gilroud, C.; Rivier, L.; Veuthey, J.L., "Analysis of amphetamine by capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography: application to drug seizures and cross-validation," Forensic Sci. Intl., 1997, 86 (Lll, 1. Sadeghipour, F.; Giraud, C.; Rivier, L.; Veuthey, J.L., "Rapid determination of amphetamines by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection," L Chromatogr. A, 1997, 761 il.:ll, 71. Van Bocxlaer, J.F.; Lambert, W.E.; Thienpont, L.; De Leenheer, A.P., "Quantitative determination of amphetamine and alpha-phenethylamine enantiomers in judicial samples using capillary gas chromatography," L Anal. Toxicol., 1997, 21 ill, 5. Kaufman, M.S.; Hatzis, A.C.; Stuart, J.G., "Negative-ion chemical ionization of amphetamine derivatives," L Mass Spec., 1996, .li (fil, 913. Makino, Y.; Ohta, S.; Hirobe, M., "Enantiomeric separation of amphetamine by high-performance liquid chromatography using chiral crown ether coated reversed-phase packing: application to forensic analysis," Forensic Sci. Intl., 1996, Th 65. Microgram Journal 2016, Volume 13; Numbers 1-4 55 4 Shin, H.S.; Donike, M., "Stereospecific derivatization of amphetamines, phenol alkylamines, and hydroxyamines and quantification of the enantiomers by capillary GLC/MS," Anal. Chem., 1996, 68 Q.11, 3015. Wang, Z.; Sun, Y.L.; Sun, Z.P., "Enantiomeric separation of amphetamine and phenylephrine by cyclodextrin-mediated capillary zone electrophoresis," L Chromatogr. A, 1996, 735 fl.:21, 295. Cladrowarunge, S.; Hirz, R. ; Kenndler, E.; Rizzi, A., "Enantiomeric separation of amphetamine related drugs by capillary zone electrophoresis using native and derivatized beta-cyclodextrin as chiral additives," L Chromatogr. A, 1995, 710 al, 339. Trenerry, V.C.; Robertson, J. ; Wells, R.J., "Analysis of Illicit Amphetamine Seizures by Capillary Electrophoresis," L Chromatogr. A, 1995, 708, 169. Valtier, S.; Cody, J.T., "Evaluation oflnternal Standards for the Analysis of Amphetamine and Methamphetamine," L Anal. Toxicol., 1995, 12., 375. Varesio, E.; Veuthey, J.L., "Chiral separation of amphetamines by high-performance capillary electrophoresis," L Chromatogr. A, 1995, 717 (1-2), 219. Wang, S.M.; Ling, Y.C.; Tsai, L.C.; Giang, Y.S., "Headspace sampling and gas chromatographic mass spectrometric determination of amphetamine and methamphetamine in betel," L Chromatogr. A, 1995, 715 ill, 325. Mono-Substituted A:mphetamio.es: Felgate, H.E .; Felgate, P.D.; James, RA.; Sims, D.N.; Yozzo, D.C., "Recent para­ methoxyamphetamine
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