McGill Scholarly Publishing COMING BACK TO LIFE The Permeability of Past and Present, Mortality and Immortality, Death and Life in the Ancient Mediterranean Edited by Frederick S. Tappenden and Carly Daniel-Hughes COMING BACK TO LIFE ! ! COMING BACK TO LIFE The Permeability of Past and Present, Mortality and Immortality, Death and Life in the Ancient Mediterranean EDITED BY Frederick S. Tappenden AND Carly Daniel-Hughes WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF Bradley N. Rice McGill University Library and Archives Montreal, QC2017 ! Copyright © Individual Contributors, 2017 The contents of this work are protected under a Creative Commons 4.0 Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0), unless otherwise noted. Edited by Frederick S. Tappenden and Carly Daniel-Hughes, with the assistance of Bradley N. Rice. Published by McGill University Library and Archives 3459 rue McTavish Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C9 www.mcgill.ca/library Created in Canada. Online version accessible at: http://comingbacktolife.mcgill.ca. PDF layout and design by Jennifer Innes, Gregory Houston, Frederick S. Tappenden, and Bradley N. Rice. HTML layout and design by Jennifer Innes, Rebecca Nicholson, Frederick S. Tappenden, and Jeffrey A. Keiser. EPub layout and design by Jennifer Innes. Photo credit: Image of Ellen Aitken (page v). Provided courtesy of Owen Egan. Copyright Owen Egan. Cover image: Memnon Pietà (ca. 490–480 BCE; Louvre G-115) depicting Eos lifting the draped body of Memnon. Image in public domain courtesy of user Bibi Saint-Pol (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AEos_Memnon_Louvre_G115.jpg). Figure credits: Figure 3a (page 145) reproduced with permission from Sophia Centre Press. Figure 3b (page 145) reproduced with permission from Springer Science+Business Media and Sophia Centre Press. Funding for this eBook was provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (www.sshrc-crsh.gc.ca), McGill Library Scholarly Communications (www.mcgill.ca/library/services/scholarly-publishing), and the McGill University School of Religious Studies (www.mcgill.ca/religiousstudies). Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Coming back to life : the permeability of past and present, mortality and immortality, death and life in the ancient Mediterranean / edited by Frederick S. Tappenden and Carly Daniel- Hughes ; with the assistance of Bradley N. Rice. Papers based on the conference Coming Back to Life: Performance, Memory, and Cognition in the Ancient Mediterranean, held at McGill University and Concordia University, from May 8 to 11, 2014. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-77096-222-4 (PDF).--ISBN 978-1-77096-222-4 (HTML).--ISBN 978-1-77096- 222-4 (EPUB) 1. Future life--Mediterranean Region--Antiquities--Congresses. 2. Mediterranean Region-- Antiquities--Congresses. I. Tappenden, Frederick S., author, editor II. Daniel-Hughes, Carly, 1974-, author, editor III. Rice, Bradley N., author, editor IV. Coming Back to Life: Performance, Memory, and Cognition in the Ancient Mediterranean (Conference) (2014 : Montréal, Québec) DE61.R44C66 2017 937 C2017-901409-9 ! In memory of Ellen Bradshaw Aitken (1961–2014) Scholar, Mentor, Friend τοιγαροῦν καὶ ἡμεῖς τοσοῦτον ἔχοντες περικείμενον ἡμῖν νέφος μαρτύρων . Hebrews 12:1 ! Contents Foreword, by Gregory Nagy xi Preface xv Abbreviations xxv Contributors xxxvii 1. Coming Back to Life in the Ancient Mediterranean: An Introduction Frederick S. Tappenden and Carly Daniel-Hughes 1 2. Many (Un)Happy Returns: Ancient Greek Concepts of a Return from Death and their Later Counterparts Sarah Iles Johnston 17 I. MEMORY, MOURNING, AND RETURNING TO LIFE 3. Living without the Dead: Finding Solace in Ancient Rome Valerie M. Hope 39 4. Bringing Back to Life: Laments and the Origin of the So-Called Words of Institution Angela Standhartinger 71 5. Guarding His Body, Mourning His Death, and Pleading for Him in Heaven: On Adam’s Death and Eve’s Virtues in the Greek Life of Adam and Eve Vita Daphna Arbel 103 II. THE MATERIAL AND CONCEPTUAL POROSITY OF DEATH 6. If So, How? Representing “Coming Back to Life” in the Mysteries of Mithras Roger Beck 129 7. The Cosmology of the Raising of Lazarus (John 11–12) Troels Engberg-Pedersen 153 ! 8. Coming Back to Life in and through Death: Early Christian Creativity in Paul, Ignatius, and Valentinus Frederick S. Tappenden 181 9. “Tell Me What Shall Arise”: Conflicting Notions of the Resurrection Body in Fourth- and Fifth-Century Egypt Hugo Lundhaug 215 III. IDENTITY FORMATION AND THE RETURN FROM DEATH 10. “We Are Called to Monogamy”: Marriage, Virginity, and the Resurrection of the Fleshly Body in Tertullian of Carthage Carly Daniel-Hughes 239 11. Death, Resurrection, and Legitimacy in the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles David L. Eastman 267 12. Life and Death, Confession and Denial: Birthing Language in the Letter of the Churches of Vienne and Lyons Stéphanie Machabée 287 13. Weddings and the Return to Life in the Book of Revelation Eliza Rosenberg 309 IV. COMING BACK TO LIFE IN MYTH AND NARRATIVE 14. Hippolytus and Virbius: Narratives of “Coming Back to Life” and Religious Discourses in Greco-Roman Literature Katharina Waldner 345 15. Disarming Death: Theomachy and Resurrection in 1 Corinthians 15 Jeffrey A. Keiser 375 ! 16. Talitha Qum! An Exploration of the Image of Jesus as Healer-Physician-Savior in the Synoptic Gospels in Relation to the Asclepius Cult Frances Flannery 407 17. Equal to God: Jesus’s Crucifixion as Scheintod Meredith Warren 435 V. SUPPLEMENT 18. Select Bibliography of Embedded Online Works Frederick S. Tappenden and Bradley N. Rice 459 Index 475 ! ! Foreword Rev. Dr. Ellen Bradshaw Aitken, Professor of Religious Studies (2004–2014) and Dean of the Faculty of Religious Studies (2007– 2014) at McGill University, was one of a kind. As her admiring friend and former teacher, I can bear witness to her stellar career in the academic world, and in fact I have already published such testimony through a pair of online posts at Classical Inquiries (Nagy 2015a, 2015b). In that testimony, I tried to personalize my admiration and fondness for Ellen, and I find that I said it best there. I repeat here the essentials. The premature death of Ellen Bradshaw Aitken on June 14, 2014 deeply saddened me as her friend, colleague, and former teacher. The date for my putting together the Classical Inquiries pieces in May 2015 coincided with a special day set aside for celebrating Ellen’s life and accomplishments. That day of celebration at McGill University gave me the happy opportunity to tell about Professor Aitken’s research. In retelling my story there and now here, I will speak about her as Ellen, not as Professor Aitken, recalling those many happy times when I could talk to you directly, dearest Ellen. Ellen’s knowledge of the ancient world was stunningly vast, and she combined her expertise with an acute literary sensibility. There is no need for me to tell my McGill colleagues, since they already know, that Ellen was an inspiring and conscientious teacher, with a special knack for initiating young people into the world of research and teaching. She instilled in her students—and in her colleagues—a true sense of wonder about the power of empirical thinking. She was also a prodigiously gifted administrator, decisive and efficient while at the same time full of humanitas and compassion. In a word, Ellen Aitken was a born academic leader on all fronts. I want to concentrate, however, on Ellen’s discoveries concerning the topic of charioteering in Homeric poetry, which touches - xi - Coming Back to Life tangentially on this volume’s theme of the permeability of death and life. Ellen’s research on this topic goes all the way back to 1982, when she was a senior at Harvard College, studying in the program of the Committee on Degrees in Folklore and Mythology. That year, she submitted an honors thesis entitled “ὀπάων and ὀπάζω: A Study in the Epic Treatment of Heroic Relationships.” The thesis, combined with all her other stellar work as a young student at Harvard, earned her a baccalaureate degree summa cum laude. Then, more than thirty years later, Harvard’s Center for Hellenic Studies initiated a plan to publish a second edition of this masterpiece in Homeric research. Ellen’s untimely death did not thwart this plan, and an annotated version of her original work has now appeared (Aitken 2015). It is about a Homeric hero who had particularly interested Ellen: he is Mērionēs the Cretan, who fought in the Trojan War as an ὀπάων or “follower” of the hero Idomeneus, king of all the Cretans. Ellen observed that the heroic pairing of Achilles and Patroklos is parallel to the heroic pairing of Idomeneus and Mērionēs. She noted in particular that, just as Patroklos is a θεράπων of Achilles, so too is Mērionēs a θεράπων of Idomeneus. Here, Ellen supports my argument that this word θεράπων, besides meaning “attendant” on the surface, carries the deeper meaning of “ritual substitute” under the surface. In the case of Patroklos, what happens to this hero as a ritual substitute of Achilles is that he gets killed in the Iliad. Patroklos dies for Achilles. And here, as Ellen argues most effectively, is a big difference between Patroklos and Mērionēs. Though Mērionēs as a θεράπων of Idomeneus is a ritual substitute for that king of all the Cretans, this recessive member of the pair does not die for that dominant member. Mērionēs stays alive, destined to become a dominant hero in his own right. And a dress rehearsal, as it were, for this status of eventual dominance is the role of Mērionēs as a charioteer who competed in the chariot race organized by Achilles in Iliad 23. - xii - Foreword It is Mērionēs who competes in that race, not Idomeneus. And there is a word applied to Mērionēs that distinguishes him as a ritual substitute who will not die for Idomeneus but will survive to become, in his own right, a virtual Idomeneus.