Album- Cover-Art

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Album- Cover-Art Making Music Visible? Album-Cover-Art als Konzept der Überschreitung zwischen auditiver und visueller Kunst Storm Thorgersons Gestaltung des Plattencovers „The Division Bell“ von Pink Floyd Entwicklung des Plattencover-Designs als künstlerisches Medium Entstehung Tonträger (Edisons Walzenphonograph um 1877, Berliners Grammophon um 1887) Änderung Verkaufstechniken ab 1940er Jahre neuer Stellenwert des Plattencover-Designs neue soziale Kontexte des Musikhörens, Musik wird zur Ware zuvor Platten meist hinter Theke, Kauf-Entscheidung über Verkaufsgespräch, Wachswalzen, Edison Zylinder und späterer ‚Amberol‘-Zylinder in Boxen verstaut ‚Bücherregal-Präsentationsform‘ Cover erst sichtbar, wenn Verkäufer Platte aus Regal holt standardisierte Dekoration mit wenigen dekorativen Verzierungen und Werbespruch Hinwendung zum ‚self-service‘ ‚impulse-buying‘, visueller Anreiz ersetzt verbale zur Qualität des Produktes; Aufkleber signalisierte, welche Aufnahme in Box Kommunikation zweckmäßige Verpackung zum Schutz der Schallplatte bis 1910 Standard neue Präsentationsform galerieähnliche Inszenierung, Cover nach vorne ausgerichtet Papiertüten ohne Verzierung, wichtige Infos waren auf Label direkt auf der Platte Plattenhülle als Werbemittel Signalwert Cover-Design, Aufmerksamkeitserreger visueller später wurde durch eine Aussparung in der Mitte der Papiertüte das Label nach außen freigelegt Papierplattenhülle, Anreiz animiert Konsumenten zum Herausnehmen und Betrachten, Anhören und Kaufen dann entstanden Designs auf Papiertüten, die sich rahmend um das offenliegende Label legten, RCA Victor, 1940er durch Cover heben sich Platten visuell voneinander ab Name des Plattenlabels stärker im Fokus als Interpret, überwiegend standardisierte Cover Entwicklung künstlerisch avancierter Plattencover Etablierung 10-Zoll-Schellackplatte (78 UpM), Interesse an gesteigerter Schutzfunktion der herausgehobene Stellung kleiner Jazzlabels, v.a. ab 50er Jahre (z.B. Blue Note, Verve und Verpackung Designer wie David Stone Martin) bewusste Suche nach Möglichkeiten, Musik und Designs einfache Kartonhüllen mit Aufdruck des Labels, diente zudem als Werbefläche für Verkaufsläden zu verbinden, prägend für weitere Entwicklung des Mediums Standardcover existieren weiter bis zur Ablösung von Schellack- durch Vinyl-Platten erste prägende Rockcover ab Mitte der 50er Jahre bei großen Stars wie Elvis Presley ab ca. 1911 attraktivere Designs, Grafiken der Zeit entsprechend meist posierende Interpreten, läuten neue Epoche des Cover-Designs ein während 1920er vermehrt Darstellungen repräsentativer Szenen (z.B. Tanzlokal) bis zu Beginn der 60er Jahre kaum Rock‘n‘Roll LPs produziert, überwiegend Single-Platten erste individualisierte Platten künstlerisches Potential des Plattencovers ab Mitte der 60er Jahre verstärkt wahrgenommen, Fotografie oder Grafik mit individuellem Bezug wird in Standardrahmung gesetzt weg von einfacher Bewertung als Produktgestaltung Alex Steinweiss, 1941 bereits vor 1920 „Platten-Bücher“ = Alben, aus mehreren Platten bestehend gesteigerte motivische und gestalterische Experimentierfreudigkeit einfaches typografisches Cover mit Titel auf Vorder- und Rückseite auch etablierte Künstler als Cover-Designer (z. B. Andy Warhol, Peter Blake, Richard Hamilton) 1938 allgemeiner Beginn der professionellen Cover-Gestaltung, Etablierung des Schlüsselrolle Beatles, v. a. das Album „Sgt. Pepper‘s Lonely Hearts Club Band“ vermehrte Plattencover-Designers als Beruf, Individual-Handschrift grafisch und typographisch erkennbar Wahrnehmung des Plattencover-Designs als Kunstform und dessen vielfältige Funktionalität Verkauf von Alben boomt ab 1939 vielfältige Einflüsse auf Plattencover-Designs in direkter Verbindung mit zeitgenössischer Kultur neu sind Bilder auf Cover, i.d.R. Zeichnungen mit auffälligen Farben, manchmal überlagert (z. B. Moderne Kunst, Film, Modefotografie, Fantasie und Sci-Fi) seit Mitte der 60er Jahre von einem Bild des Interpreten, auf Papier gedruckt und anschließend auf Karton geklebt, Musiker nehmen verstärkt Einfluss auf Ästhetik und Aussage des Covers oft für verschiedene Titel verwendet in 1940er Jahren Entwicklung verschiedener Formensprachen, die im Zusammenhang mit verschiedenen musikalischen Stilen und Genres auftauchen es werden u. a. Kunstrichtungen mit bestimmter Musik in Verbindung gebracht, Schöpfen aus David Stone Martin, 1953 der Bildenden Kunst für Cover-Designs, Adaption konkreter Kunstwerke oder Anlehnung an Stile Die Entwicklung des Plattencover-Designs, von einer schmucklosen Papiertüte über 1948 Etablierung 12-Zoll-Vinyl-Platte (33 1/3 UpM) neben 7-Zoll-Single (45UpM) ein Werbemittel bis hin zu individuell gestalteten Motiven mit künstlerischem Anspruch, längere Spielzeit, robuster als Schellackplatte, langlebiger wurde als Nutzfläche interessanter verdeutlicht, dass sich das Medium im Laufe der Zeit mehr und mehr von dem rein Alex Steinweiss als ‚Erfinder‘ des modernen LP-Covers funktionellen Nutzen als schützende Produktverpackung entfernt und letztlich in einer verstärkte Tendenz weg von Wiederverwertung der Cover-Motive hin zu individueller motivischen und künstlerischen Vielfalt mündet. Gestaltung für einzelne Platten ermöglicht Bezug auf jeweiligen Inhalt The Beatles, Sgt. Peppers‘s Lonely Heart Club Band, 1967, Parlophone Funktionalität von Album-Cover-Art Der Zweck eines Album-Covers in seiner direkten Verbindung mit einem musikalischen Werk Differenzierung. Bezüge zum Inhalt lassen sich nicht immer nachvollziehen. Falls vorhanden, können sie wirft unmittelbar die Frage nach den Zusammenhängen zwischen dem visuellen und auditiven äußerst unterschiedlich ausfallen und sind nicht ohne Weiteres damit gleichzusetzen, dass der Designer die Medium auf. Als Gebrauchskunst unterliegen die Cover-Designs zunächst einer klaren Funktion. Musik als primäre Inspirationsquelle heranzog. Es gibt unterschiedliche Ausprägungen innerhalb des Sie dienen als visuelle Begleiterscheinung zum eigentlichen Produkt, dem musikalischem Werk. Plattencover-Designs, die sich im Laufe der Entwicklung dieses künstlerischen Mediums beobachten lassen Die Erwartung, dass die Gestaltung eines Tonträgers in direktem Bezug zu seinem Inhalt steht, und je nach Intentionen der Musiker, Plattenfirmen und Designer variieren. scheint daher im ersten Moment naheliegend, verlangt im zweiten jedoch nach einer klaren Produkt- Image- Ausdruck verpackung Spiegel Vermarktung politischer/ seiner Zeit kultureller/ gesellschaftlicher Statements Fanatasieanreger Visuelles Pendant i zum musikalischen Inhalt Vermittler einer Erlebniswelt Album- Versuch der Teil eines Überbrückung Gesamt- Cover-Art der Immaterialität Kunstform kunstwerkes von Musik Die Funktionalität des Album-Covers als künstlerisches, musikbezogenes Medium ist vielfältig. Oft sind mehrere der genannten Aspekte eng miteinander verbunden und spielen im Kollektiv eine ausschlaggebende Rolle bei der Entwicklung eines Cover-Designs. In jedem Fall liegt den Designs in ihrer Positionierung zwischen auditivem Medium und (potenziellem) Konsumenten der Zweck eines kommunikativen Vermittlungsträgers zugrunde. Die Aussage eines Album-Covers kann dabei auf verschiedene Intentionen zurückzuführen sein und wirft gleichermaßen Fragen in sowohl kunst- und musikwissenschaftlichen als auch kultur- und gesellschaftsgeschichtlichen Bereichen auf. Album-Cover-Art und die Visualisierung von Musik Die Fragestellung, inwiefern ein Album-Cover als Visualisierung der Musik begriffen werden kann, betrifft gleichermaßen kunst- und musikwissenschaftliche Bereiche. Zur Behandlung der Thematik wird von einer gleichzeitigen Positionierung des Rezipienten als Betrachter und Hörer ausgegangen. Für die Überlegung ist in erster Linie ausschlaggebend, in welcher Form Überschreitungen zum Ausdruck gebracht und woran Gemeinsamkeiten festgemacht werden können. Die Musik als klangliches Erlebnis ist in ihrer grundsätzlichen Immaterialität ein abstraktes Phänomen, welches sich in seiner natürlichen Form dem Sichtbaren entzieht. Der emotionale Effekt, der ihr innewohnt und je nach klanglicher Ausformulierung und verwendeten musikalischen Parametern anders ausfällt, schafft jedoch Assoziationsmöglichkeiten zu bestimmten Stimmungen und Bildern. Im Bereich der Populären Musik wird die rein abstrakte klangliche Form der Musik häufig durch begleitende Songtexte um eine literarische Ebene erweitert, über welche zusätzlich konkrete Bilder vermittelt werden. Bei der Betrachtung eines Musik-Albums darf in Bezug auf die Ausgangsfragestellung nicht nur nach Parallelen zwischen einzelnen Songs gesucht werden. In erster Linie ist von Interesse, ob und inwiefern das jeweilige Album musikalisch von einer kollektiven Stimmung getragen wird oder sich unter einem allgemeinen Konzeptthema zusammenfassen lässt. Hierdurch wäre es am ehesten möglich, ein einziges grafisches Zeugnis repräsentativ für mehrere Songs wirken zu lassen. Die Ausgangsfragestellung dieser Untersuchung in Bezug auf das Plattencover von Pink Floyds „The Division Bell“ zu formulieren, findet seine Berechtigung im selbsterklärten Arbeitscredo des Cover-Designers Storm Thorgerson: „(…) representing the music visually is the primary if not sole objective.“ Storm Thorgerson: Arbeitsweise und Intention Beispielpublikationen Strom Thorgersons *1944 Middlesex, Schulausbildung in Cambridge Studium und Abschluss (M.A.) Film und Fernsehen am Royal College of Art, London keinerlei formelle Grafik- oder Design-Ausbildung 1968 Gründung der Designfirma Hipgnosis
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