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Examining Taiwan's Shanyuan Bay And IMAGINATIVE GEOGRAPHIES AND STATE RELIANCE: EXAMINING TAIWAN’S SHANYUAN BAY AND MIRAMAR RESORT by TIMOTHY J. CHEN A THESIS Presented to the Environmental Studies Program and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science September 2015 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Timothy J. Chen Title: Imaginative Geographies and State Reliance: Examining Taiwan’s Shanyuan Bay and Miramar Resort This thesis has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science degree in the Environmental Studies Program by: Kari Norgaard Chairperson Derrick Hindery Committee Member and Scott L. Pratt Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded September 2015 ii © 2015 Timothy J. Chen iii THESIS ABSTRACT Timothy J. Chen Master of Science Environmental Studies Program September 2015 Title: Imaginative Geographies and State Reliance: Examining Taiwan’s Shanyuan Bay and Miramar Resort The development of Miramar Resort in Taitung, Taiwan has attracted much debate and attention in the past ten years. The case contains themes of rural poverty, indigenous agency, environmental protection, and economic development; therefore, any potential outcome has far-reaching and deeper implications for the local rural and indigenous residents but also for Taiwanese society’s future approaches to similar development projects which appear to pit economic development against environmental protection and indigenous rights. Through qualitative interviews, this case study examines dynamics of power and agency from an environmental justice standpoint, focusing on the themes of how landscape perception is shaped and utilized by outsiders to gain agency and how reliance of rural communities upon the state serve as a limiting force in their development. Such dynamics have shaped responses to the Miramar case and can reinforce existing inequalities if not considered critically. iv CURRICULUM VITAE NAME OF AUTHOR: Timothy J. Chen GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon Houghton College, Houghton, New York DEGREES AWARDED: Master of Science, Environmental Studies, 2015, University of Oregon Bachelor of Science, Biology, Art, 2009, Houghton College AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Environmental Justice Environmental Sociology PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Graduate Teaching Fellow, Environmental Studies Program, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 2014-2015 Case Manager, Southwest Key Programs, Buffalo, New York, 2011-2013 Youth Counselor, Eckerd Youth Alternatives, Colebrook, New Hampshire, 2010- 2011 AmeriCorps Member, WNY ABLE AmeriCorps, Buffalo, New York, 2009-2010 GRANTS, AWARDS, AND HONORS: Graduate Teaching Fellowship, Environmental Studies, 2014-2015 University General Scholarship, University of Oregon, 2014 Baker Award, University of Oregon, 2014 v Promising Scholar Award, University of Oregon, 2013-2014 Magma cum laude, Houghton College, 2009 vi ACKNOWLEGEMENTS I want to express sincere gratitude to Dr. Kari Norgaard and Dr. Derrick Hindery for their guidance and patience during the research and preparation of this thesis. I also want to thank the many residents of Taitung, activists, government officials, and others who helped make this possible through spending time talking with me. In particular, I want to thank Jay Ting, who was integral in setting up various contacts for me in the field. My peers, mentors, and the office staff in the Environmental Studies Program offered tremendous support throughout this process, and are greatly appreciated. Finally, I want to thank the Barker Foundation and the Environmental Studies Program for awarding me the Barker Award, without which my research would not have been possible. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. CONTESTED TERRAIN ....................................................................... 1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 1 Taiwan in Context ....................................................................... 3 Resort Surroundings and Local Villages ..................................... 10 The Concept of the ‘Bu-Luo’ ........................................................ 14 Indigeneity in Taiwan ................................................................. 15 The Amis Tribe ........................................................................... 19 Case Overview: Relevant Parties ................................................ 21 Specific Case Proceedings .......................................................... 23 Environmental Justice: A Brief Discussion ....................................... 27 EJ in Taiwan ................................................................................ 30 Miramar Resort in Literature ...................................................... 34 Methodology ..................................................................................... 38 Semi-structured Interviews ......................................................... 39 Data Collection: Sampling and Interviews ................................. 41 Thematic Analysis ....................................................................... 44 Refusing Research, and Other Limitations ................................. 46 II. CLAIMING LANDSCAPES .................................................................. 49 Aesthetic Articulations of Landscapes ................................................ 50 The Tourist Gaze ......................................................................... 51 Community Responses ............................................................... 56 Aesthetic Hegemony: Landscape Ideations ................................ 60 Risk Perceptions, Relational Anchoring, and the Embeddedness of Identity ............................................................................................ 65 Landscape Changes and Anchors ............................................... 66 Politics of Technology and the Control of Discourse ................. 71 Risk Perception and Social Identity ............................................ 75 Imaginative Geographies of Shanyuan Bay ........................................ 78 III. THE STATE TO THE RESCUE? ........................................................... 85 Indigenous Traditional Territories: Moving Beyond Recognition .... 87 Territories and Designations ....................................................... 89 The Limitations of ITTs .............................................................. 91 viii Chapter Page ITTs and State Dependency ........................................................ 97 Development and Bureaucracy ........................................................... 103 Perceptions of Need .................................................................... 104 Systemic Disenfranchisement ..................................................... 109 Dependency on State Capacity ................................................... 113 Democracy and State Reliance ................................................... 116 Miramar’s Development in Perspective ............................................ 119 IV. INCLUSION, IMAGINATION, AND THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE .............................................................. 122 Inclusion and Environmentalism ...................................................... 123 Reexamining the Sociological Imagination ...................................... 125 APPENDICES .................................................................................................... 133 A. INTERVIEW INTRODUCTION/INTERVIEW SCRIPT .............. 133 B. INTERVIEW QUESTIONS ........................................................... 134 C. INTERVIEWEE IDENTITY .......................................................... 136 D. MIRAMAR/EIA TIMELINE ......................................................... 137 REFERENCES CITED ......................................................................................... 139 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Map of Taiwan. The lack of development of the eastern half of the island is apparent from the transportation system, concentrated in the west. Taitung County is in the southeast corner, outlined in red. (Google Maps) ......................................................................................... 5 2. The geographical closeness of Miramar Resort and Fushan/Tsetung is shown here, while the neighboring village of Dulan can be seen to the north. (Google Maps) ........................................................................ 13 3. Picture of Kenting Beach after a music festival. (Apple Daily News) ... 55 4. A photograph of Miramar Resort, with construction walls still up. (Personal photograph, 2014) ................................................................... 58 5. A photograph of Tsetung Bu-Luo. (Personal photograph, 2014) ............ 58 x CHAPTER I CONTESTED TERRAIN Introduction Taiwan’s rise in the 1960s and 70s as one of the economic powerhouses of East Asia greatly raised living standards and general well-being, yet also caused severe environmental degradation along the way (Chi, 1994; Agoramoorthy & Hsu, 2007; Chan, 1993). In addition, the effects of colonialism have deeply affected many indigenous groups in Taiwan throughout history, and have continued into present-day society (Chi 2001; Hipwell 2009; Fan 2006, 2009). These
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