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Eucalypts As a Biofuel Feedstock

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Eucalypts As a Biofuel Feedstock For reprint orders, please contact [email protected] REVIEW Eucalypts as a biofuel feedstock Biofuels (2011) 2(6), 639–657 Mervyn Shepherd1, John Bartle2, David J Lee3, Jeremy Brawner4, David Bush5, Paul Turnbull6, Paul Macdonell4, Troy R Brown7, Blake Simmons8 & Robert Henry†9 Eucalypts are both a proven but largely unexplored source of woody biomass for biofuel production. Few of the some 900 species have been evaluated for cropping, yet among them are the most productive and versatile biomass species in the world, grown in over 90 countries, with species found to suit most tropical and temperate climates. The biology, science and technology underlying the breeding and growing of eucalypts and their potential for biofuel production are reviewed. How eucalypts meet sustainability and economic criteria for biofuel feedstocks, and the advantages of woody feedstocks broadly, are considered. Relevant aspects of eucalypt taxonomy, evolution, natural distribution, human dispersal, composition, domestication and biotechnology of the groups’ potential as a biofuel feedstock resource are reviewed. Two case studies are outlined, illustrating species identification, domestication and harvesting processes where eucalypts are prospective biofuel feedstocks. Eucalypts are strong contenders as a universal woody biomass feedstock for biofuel. Depletion of fossil fuel energy sources and the need biofuel industry (i.e., one based on nonedible fibrous to move to low carbon economies to mitigate climate or woody plant biomass – cellulosic and lignocellulosic change is driving research and innovation in renew- feedstock) [2–6]. Nonfood feedstocks have advantages able sources for energy. Biofuels (primarily ethanol, in energy balance, environment and economic perfor- methanol, diesel and hydrogen) are viewed as a critical mance criteria compared with food-based feedstocks part of the solution, already playing a significant part such as corn- and other starch-based biofuels. Any of liquid fuel supply in a number of major economies. large-scale development of biomass production will Examples include; ethanol from cornstarch in the require the selection and development of bioenergy USA, ethanol from sugar in Brazil and diesel from crops and cropping systems that do not compromise rapeseed in Europe [1]. Increasingly, however, ethical food production [2,7]. New sustainability standards are and environmental concerns over biofuels and other being developed and adopted by governments to pro- bioenergy crops have been questioned, and interest mote a shift away from unsustainable biofuels based has shifted to development of a second-generation on grain [1,8]. 1Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia 2Department of Environment and Conservation, Locked Bag 104 Bentley Delivery Centre WA 6983, Australia 3Faculty of Science Health and Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Qld 4558 & Queensland Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, Locked Bag 16, Fraser Road, Gympie, Qld 4570, Australia 4CSIRO Plant Industry, Queensland Biosciences Precinct 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia QLD 4067, Australia 5CSIRO Plant Industry, Black Mountain Laboratories Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain ACT 2601, Australia 6Horticulture and Forestry Team, Farm Services Victoria, Department of Primary Industries. Woody Crops Program, Cooperative Research Centre for Future Farm Industries, DPI, PO Box 3100 Bendigo Delivery Centre, VIC 3554, Australia 7Forests New South Wales, Private Bag 9004, Grafton New South Wales 2460, Australia 8Joint BioEnergy Institute, Deconstruction Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA 9Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia †Author for correspondence: Tel: +61 733 460 551; Email: [email protected] future science group 10.4155/BFS.11.136 © 2011 Future Science Ltd ISSN 1759-7269 639 Review Shepherd, Bartle, Lee et al. Countries such as Australia and the USA are well biomass yield per unit time. However, such crops will suited to production of second generation feedstocks, typically require higher quality land that might oth- as they can be grown on marginal land, land unsuitable erwise be used for food production. The advantage of for agriculture or in integrated systems, so that they are many species of eucalypts is their ability to be productive complementary to conventional agriculture [9,10]. Second on marginal lands. generation feedstocks have potential to be produced Feedstock choice for biofuels is a highly complex pro- in large volumes and to create new large-scale indus- cess, with many uncertainties in the economics (influ- tries that can stimulate rural economies and enhance enced by production systems, whether it is a primary national energy security [11]. However, the long-term product of the crop, a co-product or from a residue sustainability of even these sources, without technologi- stream), social and policy environments, and conver- cal advances (i.e., efficiencies of the internal combus- sion and utilization efficiencies. New breakthroughs can tion engine), has also been questioned [12]. Proposals to rapidly change assumptions about which feedstock spe- develop such industries has been accompanied by scru- cies would perform best [10]. Regardless of contention as tiny of their energy and carbon balances, and changes to whether eucalypts should be grown on an industrial in policy and mandates for so called ‘advanced biofuels’ scale primarily for biofuel (as indeed applies to many (a definition that includes sustainability criteria) are also feedstock choices), the opportunity for biofuel as a co- driving change and innovation in processing technology product from residues from the massive existing planted and choices of feedstocks in some countries. resource base of eucalypts needs to be confronted. Among tree species, eucalypts are well positioned Our purpose here is to review the attributes of euca- for bioenergy production. Other major species groups lypts that will serve them as feedstocks for biofuels. considered include willows, poplars, pines and casuari- In the section titled ‘Sustainability and economics’ nas. Eucalypts are notable, however, for several reasons. we briefly consider desirable attributes of feedstocks They are well adapted and capable of rapid growth in broadly, and why woody sources may have advantages. a wide range of climates, ranging from temperate to In the section titled ‘Eucalypts’, we review eucalypts tropical. Many are also capable of growing well on soils in particular, considering features of their taxonomy, that are shallow, structurally poor and of low nutrient evolutionary history, natural distribution, human dis- status, including soils that have been degraded by other persal, composition, domestication and biotechnology activities. For these reasons they are the most widely that impact on their potential as a biofuel feedstock. planted hardwood in the world, with an estimated estate Finally, in the section titled ‘Eucalypts for biofuel pro- of some 20.5 milllion ha globally, in over 90 coun- duction in the southern sheep/wheat & northern sub- tries [Pers. Comm., GIT Forestry Consulting, 2009]. They are tropical zones of Australia’, we consider two case studies grown on an industrial scale in many tropical countries, of where eucalypts are being considered as a biofuel are a major source of timber, pulp and firewood, and feedstock in Australia, northern Australia and Western are increasingly considered for bioenergy (electricity, Australia (WA). This section focuses on the status of charcoal and fuel), including enzymatic conversion to domestication and species selection for these regions ethanol, burning for production of electricity, pyrolysis but also links to literature on landbase evaluation and for production of charcoal and bio-oils, or conversion the economic feasibility of industries in these regions. by Fisher–Tropsch processes to biodiesel [6,10,13]. There We point the reader to reviews of the potential for euca- is a huge knowledge base in the breeding, growing, pro- lypts for bioenergy in other countries and regions of the duction and processing of eucalypt biomass, and in the world [10,14]. The review by Grattapaglia [13] considers structure and chemistry of its wood. As an important eucalypts more widely for energy, fibre and wood and a commercial plant group, it has received much attention recent review [15] provides a more detailed analysis of the for advanced breeding and biotechnological approaches application of biotechnology to eucalypt improvement. to improvement. Our review suggests eucalypts meet many of the social Biomass is available from many sources. Existing and sustainability criteria now demanded of biofuel biomass residues from primary sources (forestry and feedstocks, but there remain some concerns over their agricultural field residues), secondary sources (process- use on industrial scales in some environments due to ing residues) and tertiary wastes are still underutilized. weediness and alteration to water tables. Uptake of euca- Biomass from dedicated crops (herbaceous and woody lypt biomass as biofuel feedstock will be underpinned crops) has the advantage that it can be grown for pur- by a solid knowledge base of how they can be bred and pose. A wide range of biomass crops could emerge and grown in many countries, as well as an advanced under-
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