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Doménová Jména a Doménové Spory

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Doménová Jména a Doménové Spory Právnická fakulta Masarykovy univerzity Právo a právní věda Ústav práva a technologií DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE Doménová jména a doménové spory Ondřej Vévoda 2010/2011 Prohlašuji, ţe jsem diplomovou práci na téma: Doménová jména a doménové spory zpracoval sám. Veškeré prameny a zdroje informací, které jsem pouţil k sepsání této práce, byly citovány v poznámkách pod čarou a jsou uvedeny v seznamu pouţitých pramenů a literatury. 2 Rád bych poděkoval JUDr. Radimu Polčákovi, Ph.D. za vedení práce, odborné konzultace a připomínky k textu. 3 Obsah 1 Úvod ............................................................................................................................................. 6 2 Základní výklady k doménovým jmenům ................................................................................... 8 2.1 Doménové jméno.................................................................................................................. 10 2.2 Funkce, stavba a struktura doménových jmen ..................................................................... 10 2.3 Domény vrcholné úrovně: národní, generické domény; IDN .............................................. 12 2.3.1 gTLDs .............................................................................................................................. 12 2.3.2 ccTLDs ............................................................................................................................. 13 2.4 Domény druhého a n-tých řádů ............................................................................................ 14 2.4 IDN ....................................................................................................................................... 15 2.5 Správa domén a doménových jmen ...................................................................................... 17 3 Povaha doménových jmen dle českého práva ........................................................................... 19 3.1 Věcněprávní povaha ............................................................................................................. 19 3.2 Relativněprávní povaha ........................................................................................................ 21 3.3 Jiná majetková hodnota ........................................................................................................ 22 3.4. Nehmotný statek .................................................................................................................. 23 3.5 Nakládání s doménovými jmény .......................................................................................... 24 3.5.1 Soudem nařízený převod .................................................................................................. 25 3.5.2 Sukcese ............................................................................................................................. 26 3.6 Zástavní právo ...................................................................................................................... 26 3.7 Zánik a omezení práv k doménovému jménu ....................................................................... 28 4 Doména nejvyššího řádu .cz ...................................................................................................... 29 4.1 Sdruţení CZ.NIC .................................................................................................................. 29 4.2 Registrace v zóně .cz ............................................................................................................ 30 4.3 Odpovědnost sdruţení CZ.NIC – pasivní procedurální legitimace ...................................... 32 5 Doménové spory ........................................................................................................................ 35 5.1 Některé formy zneuţití registrace doménových jmen .......................................................... 36 6 Řešení doménových sporů českými obecnými soudy ............................................................... 40 6.1 Předběţné opatření ............................................................................................................... 41 6.2 Ţalobní důvody ..................................................................................................................... 42 6.3 Nekalosoutěţní jednání ........................................................................................................ 42 4 6.3.1 Naplnění znaků generální klauzule – případ „wwwpaegas.cz“ ....................................... 43 6.3.2 Zvláštní skutkové podstaty nekalé soutěţe ...................................................................... 45 6.3.3 Vyvolávání nebezpečí záměny – případ „sprace.cz“ a „bilezbozi.com“ ......................... 46 6.3.4 Parazitování na pověsti – případ „kaufland.cz“ ............................................................... 48 6.4 Ochrana obchodní firmy – případ „ceskapojistovna.cz“ ...................................................... 50 6.5 Právo ochranných známek – případ „ibico.cz“ .................................................................... 51 6.5 Všeobecná osobnostní práva – případ „dagmarhavlova.cz“ ................................................ 52 7 Řešení doménových sporů RS HKAK ....................................................................................... 55 7.1 Pravomoc a příslušnost RS HKAK ...................................................................................... 56 7.2 Nekalá soutěţ, zaměnitelnost ochranných známek – případ „tmobily.cz“ .......................... 59 7.3 Parazitování, ochranné známky, nárokovatelné plnění – případ „absolut-sexportal.cz“ ..... 61 7.5 Nekalá soutěţ, ochranné známky – případ „benetton.cz“ .................................................... 63 8 Náměty de lege ferenda ............................................................................................................. 66 9 Závěr .......................................................................................................................................... 68 10 Resumé ..................................................................................................................................... 71 11 Prameny: .................................................................................................................................. 74 11.1 Monografie a časopisy ........................................................................................................ 74 10.2 Články z online zdrojů........................................................................................................ 74 10.3 Ostatní internetové zdroje................................................................................................... 76 10.3 Internetové standardy ......................................................................................................... 77 10.4 Právní předpisy a judikatura ............................................................................................... 78 5 1 Úvod Doménová jména výrazně usnadňují orientaci uţivatelů na internetu. Subjekty působící v prostředí internetu vyuţívají doménová jména k propagaci sebe či svých produktů, které mohou představit neomezenému počtu potenciálních zákazníků.1 Z toho vyplývá důleţitost doménových jmen, s níţ úzce souvisí i spory o ně. Vzhledem k technickým limitům doménového systému, který neumoţňuje existenci duplicitních jmen, a principu „first come, first served“, zájemci o registraci soutěţí o to, kdo získá „kvalitnější“ doménové jméno. Úspěch v registračním procesu ještě nezakládá drţitelův nárok, do hry vstupují další osoby, které prostřednictvím soudních i alternativních procedur uplatňují svá práva. Řešení doménových sporů má – s přihlédnutím k délce existence a míře vyuţívání domén – poměrně dlouhou tradici; jiţ v polovině devadesátých let, kdy došlo k internetovému boomu, se zformovaly první mechanismy zajišťující úspěšné vyřešení neshod sporných stran. Obecná část této práce se zabývá doménovými jmény v základní, technicko-právní rovině, vymezuje důleţité pojmy. Snaţíme se podat stručný, nicméně ucelený přehled o doménových jménech jakoţto o faktickém a právním institutu. Upozorňujeme na problémy, které se k doménovým jménům váţou, a naznačíme moţnosti řešení; zkoumáme postavení české doménové autority a její pasivní procedurální legitimaci. Přiblíţíme registrační proces pro jména v doméně .cz. Rozsah a komplexita tématu nám pochopitelně nedovolují pojmout jej vyčerpávajícím způsobem, zaměříme se proto zejména na kvalifikaci doménových jmen v tuzemském právním řádu. Budeme při tom vycházet především z odborných článků. Zvláštní část práce mapuje doménové spory s přihlédnutím k ustálené rozhodovací praxi obecných soudů a Rozhodčího soudu při Hospodářské komoře České republiky a Agrární komoře České republiky (dále jen RS HKAK). Podáme rozbor zajímavých kauz v souvislosti s jednotlivými způsoby zneuţívání registrace doménových jmen, pojednáme o problematice pravomoci (příslušnosti) RS HKAK, zaloţené tzv. veřejnou rozhodčí 1 Srov. rozhodčí nález Rozhodčího soudu při Hospodářské komoře České republiky a Agrární komoře České republiky dle § 16 Řádu pro řešení sporů o domény .cz (Řád .cz) ze dne 3. února 2011, č. 00030. Dostupný z: <http://domeny.soud.cz/html/cz/adr/decisions/00030.pdf>. 6 nabídkou. V neposlední řadě vymezíme rozdíly v rozhodovací činnosti soudců a rozhodců; vyloţíme, kdy je vhodnější podřídit spor pravomoci rozhodcům a kdy naopak nikoliv.
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