Notes Introduction 1 . A list of abbreviations is given at the front of the book. 2 . By “culture” I mean class-related forms of family, religion, and education. 3 . I doubt, however, that the sociological content of my 1961 journal would have been acceptable as the basis for a doctorate in the School of Geography at Oxford at the time it was submitted in 1967. 4 . Edward Seaga, Jamaica Hansard: Proceedings of the Legislative Council , Session 1961–1962, No. 1, speech on Friday, April 7, 1961, 21–22, quotation on 22. 5 . Norman W. Manley, address to National Press Club, Washington, DC, April 19, 1961, quoted in Congressional Record , Vol. 107, 7306. 6 . A pseudonym. 7 . A more positive evaluation of Sam Brown, which nonetheless identi- fies his dangerous personality, is given by Leonard Barrett as a result of interviews carried out in 1965, by which time Brown’s political moment had come and gone. “Meeting Sam Brown is an unforget- table experience. His clothes are ragged, and his beard and hair are a kinky mass extending in all directions. Extremely intense, inor- dinately vain, he is unquestionably the boss” [The Rastafarians: A Study in Messianic Cultism in Jamaica (R í o Piedras, Puerto Rico: Institute of Caribbean Studies, 1968), 98]. In a later book, based on the same materials, Barrett notes: “Ras Brown is one of the most complex personalities within the Rastafarian movement. He com- bines in his person the attributes of the mystic, poet, orator, saint, painter, and what a government official called ‘a lovable rascal.’ In his presence at one given moment, one feels free and relaxed, and in the next moment tense and frightened . Born in the parish of Trelawny in 1925, he attended the local elementary school and was so brilliant a student that it is reported he won a scholarship to a prestigious secondary school in Kingston, but failed to accept the offer because of poverty” [ The Rastafarians: The Dreadlocks of Jamaica (Kingston, Jamaica: Heinemann with Sangster’s Book Store, 1977), 147–148]. 178 NOTES 8 . Richard Hart (born Jamaica 1917, died Bristol, UK, 2013). Solicitor, trade unionist, and Marxist politician. Educated Munro College Ja. and Denstone College, UK. Partner Hart and Lewin Solicitors. Former Secy. Caribbean Labour Congress; Vice-Pres. Trades Union Congress of Jamaica, 1949; Mem. Ex. Co. People’s National Party, 1941–51 (Clifton Neita [ed.], Who’s Who Jamaica , Kingston, Jamaica: Who’s Who [Jamaica] Ltd, 1960, 227–228). 9 . Hugh Buchanan (born 1904). Buchanan was Jamaica’s most impor- tant early Marxist, and was active politically and in trade unions from the 1930s [Trevor Munroe and Arnold Bertram, Adult Suffrage and Political Administrations in Jamaica, 1944–2002 (Kingston, Jamaica: Heinemann, 2006)]. 10 . LSIC Report August, 1961, para. 41, CO 1031/3709 C 410239, The National Archives, Public Record Office, Kew, UK. 11 . John Clerk (born 1917). Educated Jamaica College (1929–35). Joined civil service, 1936; Permanent Secy. Min. of Health, 1956–60; Permanent Secy. Min. Of Home Affairs, 1960 (Neita [ed.], Who’s Who Jamaica 1960 , 119). 12 . Sir Geoffrey Gunter (born 1879) Chief Accountant and Auditor Jamaica Govt. Railway (1923–40 retired), Custos Rotulorum for St Andrew, and Acting Governor of Jamaica June 14–October 13, 1960 (Clifton Neita (ed.), Who’s Who Jamaica 1960 , 217). 13 . This example of LSIC membership on May 4, 1962 was found in the Export Archive, FCO 141/5432, TNA, PRO. The precise composi- tion of the LSIC at that date was as follows: Mr J. H. Clerk, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Home Affairs and Local Government, Chairman; Mr H. D. Eastwood, M. C., Security Liaison Officer; Major J. A. Garnett, G. S. O. 2; Lt.-Cmdr. J. T. Gilhespy, Intelligence Officer; Mr N. H. Smith, Principal Assistant Secretary, Governor’s Secretary’s Office; Mr A. G. Langdon, Acting Deputy Commissioner of Police; Snr/Supt. J. R. Middleton, MBE, Special Branch; Mr N. Ernandez, Special Branch; Mr G. A. Smith, Principal Assistant Secretary, Ministry of Home Affairs and Local Government. Apologies for absence were received from Major Davies, Military Intelligence Officer; and Major Preston-Jones, G. S. O. 2, and Jamaica Defence Force. 14 . Prior to Jamaica attaining internal self-government in 1959, the Governor of Jamaica chaired the LSIC. Walton notes that Sir Hugh Foot “had become well-versed in M I5s colonial operat ions while ser v- ing as Governor of Jamaica” ( Empire of Secrets: British Intelligence, the Cold War, and the Twilight of Empire , 2013, 313). According to Walton, Jamaica was one of only three principal MI5 posts in the Americas, the other two being Ottawa and Trinidad. 15 . CO 1031/3452 C47 2930, TNA, PRO. 16 . Norman Manley, Jamaica Hansard: Proceedings of the House of Representatives , Session 1960–61, no 3, speech on Tuesday June 28, 1960, 436–437. NOTES 179 17 . Norman Manley, ibid., speech on Thursday July 21, 1960, 519. 18 . Ten days (July 5–14, 1960) is the period for carrying out the field- work on the Ras Tafari and writing the report also given by the author of “The Development of Racism in Jamaica,” July 4, 1961, para. 16, CO 1031/3452 C472930. 19 . For Robert Hill’s account of Mike Smith’s role in researching and writing the Ras Tafari report consult— http://anniepaul.net/our- man-in-mona-an-interview-by-robert-a-hill-with-annie-paul/. 20 . The details of the secret Rehabilitation of Rastafarians Committee are given on page 80 of Hill’s interview as set out in endnote 19. 21 . Boanerges, from the Clock Circle area of Trench town, was one of the Ras Tafari concentrated on by Mike Smith. Boanerges (aka Watto or Watts) was a maker of aluminum bowls and leader of the Bonaji. 22 . Neither the Bonaji nor the United Rases Organ are mentioned in LSIC Reports for 1960–61. 23 . Vincent Harlow to Ambler Thomas, November 10, 1961, CO 1031/ 3996 206774, TNA, PRO. 24 . D. Williams to C. G. Clarke, November 15, 1961, CO 1031/ 3996 206774, TNA, PRO. 25 . Gov. Sir Kenneth Blackburne to Ambler Thomas, August 21, 1961, CO 1031/ 3452 C472930, TNA, PRO. 26 . LSIC Report, March 1960, para. 19, CO 1031/3708 C410239, TNA PRO. 27 . LSIC Report, April 1960, para. 14, CO 1031/3708 C410239, TNA, PRO. 28 . Details of the raid are given in Local Standing Intelligence Committee Report, April 1960, para15, CO 1031/3708 C410239, TNA, PRO. 29 . LSIC Report, June 1960, para. 19, CO 1031/3708 C410239, TNA, PRO. 30 . LSIC Report, June 1960, paras. 19 and 25, CO 1031/3708 C410239, TNA, PRO. 31 . LSIC Report, June 1960, paras. 15, 22, 23, 26, CO 1031/3708 C410239, TNA, PRO. 32 . Niyabingi in Jamaica meant death to black and white oppressors (Smith, Augier, and Nettleford, 1960, 11). 33 . This public exchange of views is reported in Nettleford, Mirror, Mirror: Identity, Race and Protest in Jamaica , London and Kingston: Collins and Sangster, 1970, 55). 34 . The Rehabilitation of Rastafarians Committee Report was sent as a secret Cabinet Submission by W. M. Seivright, Minister of Home Affairs, March 3, 1961 (IB/31/298—1961), and located by Robert Hill in the Jamaica National Archives. A copy is in my possession. The findings of the Rehabilitation of Rastafarians Committee seem to have been sent to Seivright as early as July 1960, according to Governor Blackburne, see para. 5 of his report on “The Slum Areas of Kingston” Secret as set out in endnote 35. The Rastafarian report 180 NOTES describes Dr M. G. Smith as “since resigned.” The resignation of Mike Smith, presumably in the aftermath of the Red Hill incident in late June 1960, was probably the reason for the hostility of Monsignor Gladstone Wilson to Smith’s The Ras Tafari Movement in Kingston, Jamaica , see endnote 33. 35 . Behind this project lay a broader, but secret, plan for urban renewal in Kingston that Premier Manley had asked Governor Blackburne to prepare on “The Slum Areas of Kingston” Secret, which he submitted to the Premier on November 11, 1960. Governor Blackburne had a degree in Geography as well as Modern Languages from Cambridge, and he saw the problem of the Ras Tafari as rooted in poverty, unem- ployment, poor-quality housing, and squatting. Even so, he argued that “The campaign should be designed to deal with the depressed areas and the people in them as a whole: it should not be designed to deal with the Ras Tafari cult” (2). 36 . An account of Smith and Augier’s attempt to facilitate the forma- tion of a representative delegation of Ras Tafarians to meet Premier Manley in mid-August 1960 is contained in M. G. Smith’s “Ras Tafari developments since July 30th” Secret, a document found by Prof. Robert Hill in the Professor Arthur Lewis papers at Princeton University, USA. A copy of this document is in my possession. 37 . “The Development of Racism in Jamaica” claimed (para 29) that, in late October 1960, Buchanan had “received the ‘Red Carpet treat- ment’ during his stay in Havana.” The purpose of his visit had been to present the case of the Ras Tafarians to the Castro government; to familiarize himself with the Cuban Revolution; and to seek financial and other assistance, CO 1031/3452 C472930, TNA, PRO. 38 . Buchanan warned Brown of the provisions of the Detention Law in early 1961, LSIC Report, February 1961, para. 20, CO 1031/3708 C410239, TNA, PRO. 39 . LSIC Report, April 1961, para. 31, C O 1031/3709 C410239, TNA, PRO. 40 . LSIC Report, June 1961, para. 7, CO 1031/3709 C410239, TNA, PRO.