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Las Agencias De Noticias En La Era Digital. Retos Y Desafíos

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Las Agencias De Noticias En La Era Digital. Retos Y Desafíos LAS AGENCIAS DE NOTICIAS EN LA ERA DIGITAL LAS AGENCIAS DE NOTICIAS EN LA ERA DIGITAL Enrique Peña Nieto Presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos Alejandro Ramos Esquivel Director General de Notimex, Agencia de Noticias del Estado Mexicano Las agencias de noticias en la era digital D. R. © Notimex, Agencia de Noticias del Estado Mexicano Morena 110, Col. Del Valle. Delegación Benito Juárez, C. P. 03100, México, D. F. www.notimex.gob.mx Los textos de esta obra fueron redactados por Notimex, con la colaboración de los expositores en el seminario internacional Las agencias de noticias en la era digital. Retos y desafíos. Diagramación, diseño y diseño de portada: Oscar Aguilar Sánchez Los logotipos de AP, EFE, Xinhua y Notimex, que ilustran la portada, son propiedad de cada una de las agencias. Programa Editorial del Gobierno de la República Número de registro: BMC-SHCP-007-CYT/TEC-158 ISBN: 978-607-96920-0-1 Primera edición, agosto de 2015 Queda prohibida la reproducción parcial o total de esta obra, por cualquier forma, medio o procedimiento, sin la autorización por escrito del titular de los derechos. Hecho e impreso en México ÍNDICE Presentación . .7 Capítulo I Modelos de agencias globales de información Aproximación histórica . 13 Información y rapidez desde el inicio . 14 Tecnología incipiente del siglo XX. .16 Las agencias de noticias en México. .18 Agencias estatales, privadas y mixtas. .21 Modelo privado (Associated Press). .22 Modelo estatal (Xinhua). 25 Modelo mixto (EFE). 28 Capítulo II Tecnología, motor para el desarrollo de las agencias Entorno digital para la información . 35 Desafíos tecnológicos para transmitir la información . 36 Información y consumo: la importancia de los contenidos . 40 Retos de las agencias . .42 Periodismo y social media . 46 Desafíos de las agencias de noticias on line. 49 Capítulo III Notimex en transformación Antecedentes. 59 Radio. 67 Contenidos televisivos. .68 Fotografía. .69 Notimex global. .73 Periodismo multiplataforma. .74 El periodista del siglo XXI. .80 Capítulo IV Agencias de noticias y motores de búsqueda en internet: aproximaciones a su regulación jurídica Internet y derecho . 85 Motores de búsqueda y desafíos jurídicos. .88 Agencias de noticias en la era digital. 91 Relación entre agencias de noticias y motores de búsqueda. 91 Perfiles Junta de Gobierno de Notimex . 99 Consejo Editorial de Notimex. 103 Expositores del seminario Las agencias de noticias en la era digital. Retos y desafíos. .107 Coordinación editorial Las agencias de noticias en la era digital . .113 Anexos Anexo I. Producción NotimexTV. .117 Anexo II. Fototeca Histórica Digital Notimex. .125 Anexo III. Dirección de Comercialización . .128 Anexo IV. Centro de Evaluación de Audiencias . .135 Anexo V. El periodista del siglo XXI. .139 Anexo VI. Código de ética de Notimex. 143 Anexo VII. Prontuario editorial. .150 Anexo VIII. Notimex en redes sociales. .173 Glosario Social Media . .179 Fuentes consultadas. 182 Las agencias de noticias en la era digital PRESENTACIÓN partir del cambio tecnológico, concretamente con la aparición de internet, el mundo y las agencias de noticias experimentaron una transformación comparable con la que, en su momento, representó A la aparición de la imprenta en los tiempos de la Edad Media. Este cambio tiene una relación directa con el advenimiento de las nuevas audiencias, derivadas, fundamentalmente, de la explosión mediática de las redes sociales, lo que obligó a las agencias de noticias a una vertiginosa transformación que aún no termina y les representa un reto monumental, tanto en lo tecnológico como en la generación y presentación de nuevos contenidos, la mayor parte de ellos bajo un concepto multiplataforma. Para analizar este proceso, aún en pleno desarrollo, Notimex, la Agencia de Noticias del Estado Mexicano, en coordinación con el Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IIJUNAM), convocó al seminario internacional denominado Las agencias de noticias en la era digital. Retos y desafíos. El evento tuvo lugar el 1 de septiembre de 2014 en el auditorio Mario de la Cueva del IIJUNAM, con la participación de representantes de tres de las agencias de noticias más importantes del mundo: AP, Xinhua y EFE, además de Notimex. El objetivo fue conocer cómo enfrentan el reto tecnológico y de mercado estas agencias que, en sí mismas, representan los tres modelos vigentes. 7 Capítulo I // Modelos de agencias globales de información El seminario —que contó con una amplia concurrencia de académicos y estudiantes de comunicación— incluyó la participación de especialistas en tecnología, así como de expertos en materia jurídica, quienes expusieron los retos que enfrentan las agencias de noticias en estos campos, que en mucho marcan la pauta a escala global. Estos cambios y la rápida transformación de las agencias, que en conjunto suministran 80% de la información que se difunde a escala global, representan para dichas entidades una nueva área de oportunidad, al margen de su modelo de operación. Los planteamientos vertidos en el seminario generaron un valioso material informativo sobre el tema de referencia, por lo que Notimex, con la colaboración de académicos especialistas como la licenciada María Esther Arzate, el doctor Ernesto Villanueva, el doctor José Luis López, así como con el apoyo documental de la Agencia por parte de la licenciada Leticia Mancilla, integró un texto que por su importancia y novedad fue seleccionado para formar parte de la Biblioteca Mexicana del Conocimiento, en el rubro de Ciencia y Tecnología. En la revisión y orientación del libro también destaca la participación de los integrantes del Consejo Editorial de Notimex, quienes hicieron valiosas observaciones para el desarrollo de esta obra. Igualmente, se contó con el respaldo de la Junta de Gobierno de la entidad que contribuyó a que los lineamientos del libro se ajustaran al papel que cumple Notimex como la Agencia de Noticias del Estado Mexicano. Lic. Alejandro Ramos Esquivel Director General de Notimex 8 Capítulo I Modelos de agencias globales de información Las agencias de noticias en la era digital Aproximación histórica as agencias de noticias, desde su origen en el siglo XIX, han sido empresas periodísticas impulsoras de la información que rebasa fronteras, al ligarse de manera intrínseca a las comunicaciones Ly tecnología disponibles para reportar de manera puntual los acontecimientos internacionales, regionales y locales; de tal modo, que su desarrollo ha ido de la mano con momentos trascendentales de la historia mundial contemporánea y con el vertiginoso crecimiento tecnológico que ha dado paso a la era digital. Según definen varios autores, las agencias de noticias son empresas periodísticas proveedoras de información sobre los acontecimientos internacionales, regionales y locales más relevantes a los medios de comunicación —prensa, radio, televisión, internet—, además de a gobiernos e instituciones públicas y privadas, y que, al ampliar sus líneas de negocios, han incorporado como clientes o suscriptores a corporativos, compañías y organizaciones civiles. En este sentido, Roger Clausse considera que una agencia de noticias es, en cierto modo, una importante mancomunidad de periodistas a disposición de muchas empresas de prensa.1 1 Roger Clausse, Bosquejo de una sociología de la noticia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, 1961. Citado por Pablo Hiriart Le Bert, La regionalización de Notimex. Una defensa de los medios de comunicación del Estado. Estudio de caso, tesis de licenciatura en periodismo, México, 1993, p. 3. 13 Capítulo I // Modelos de agencias globales de información Así, las agencias operan como sistemas de recolección de noticias que distribuyen entre sus suscriptores, además de fungir como intermediarias entre los acontecimientos y los medios de comunicación que difunden sus diversos productos. Realizan esta tarea a través de una red de corresponsales que se ubican en diversas ciudades, países y continentes, dependiendo de la cobertura geográfica de la agencia para la que recolectan y elaboran las notas. Desde sus inicios, las agencias de noticias han crecido conforme incorporan a su operación los avances tecnológicos para elaborar y enviar información a sus clientes, suscriptores o usuarios mediante las herramientas y mecanismos disponibles en su época; a la vez que sus materiales han evolucionado desde sólo mensajes, cables o despachos de texto, hasta sumar fotografías, video, audio e infografías*, fundamentalmente. Información y rapidez desde el inicio En su Diccionario general del periodismo, José Martínez de Sousa2 relata que, desde su origen, las agencias de noticias buscaron obtener la mejor y más completa información para entregarla con rapidez a los periódicos que no podían competir con ellas por los elevados costos de los servicios telegráficos que se usaban entonces para enviar las notas. Las agencias de noticias nacieron y crecieron bajo el amparo de los adelantos tecnológicos de la época, impulsadas por los acontecimientos históricos. La revolución industrial trajo consigo en el siglo XIX un gran movimiento comercial que a su vez requería del flujo constante de información en los países europeos, fundamentalmente Gran Bretaña, Francia y Alemania; al mismo tiempo, en diversas regiones ocurrían acontecimientos que obligaban a los diarios a enviar a un periodista con un gran costo y tiempo. Los diarios pronto se vieron rebasados para cubrir la información a larga distancia. Alrededor de 1832, un comerciante francés de origen húngaro,
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