The Constitution of the Kingdom of Norway
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Philip Barker 87 in the Historians Craftl, Marc Bloch Poses A
87 THE POLITICS OF PRIMOGENITURE: SEX, CONSCIOUSNESS AND SOClAL ORGANISATlON IN NORTH-WESTERN EUROPE (900 - 1250 AD) Philip Barker In the Historians Craftl, Marc Bloch poses a number of questions concerning the characteristics of objects of historical research, to which he applies the general term 'documents', be they archaeological remnants or texts. Indeed this very classification reduces all historical phenomena to the status of a text or sub-text, as he then elaborates: what do we really mean by document, if it is not a 'track' as it were, the mark, perceptible to the senses, which some phenomenon, in itself inaccessible has left behind?2 Bloch goes on to use this formulation to develop a concept of historical research founded on observation, a science of history bound to the observation of the 'tracks' of a directly inaccessible phenomenon But, to whatever age of mankind the scholar turns, the methods of observation remain almost uniformly dependent upon 'tracks', and are, therefore, fundamentally the same.3 The raw material of history then, according to Bloch, has the status of a 'track', a sign, and whilst its susceptibility to observation is the central constitutive feature of its historical status, it has other properties. It is the sign of another sign which is fundamentally inaccessible to the historian, and as a sign it is linked to the elements that govern the production of its meaning. A 'document' in Bloch's sense may be arbitrary, a remnant from an uncoded past, but an historical sign is not, it is regulated by the mode of its production. -
Attacking Hereditary Monarchy
Activity Two: Attacking Hereditary Monarchy Student Worksheet Student Name _____________________________________________ Date _________________________ Direction: Read the Excerpt below from Common Sense and answer the questions directly below. Excerpts from Common Sense MANKIND being originally equals in the order of creation, the equality could only be destroyed by some subsequent circumstance; the distinctions of rich, and poor, may in a great measure be accounted for, and that without having recourse to the harsh ill sounding names of oppression and avarice. Oppression is often the consequence, but seldom or never the means of riches; and though avarice will preserve a man from being necessitously poor, it generally makes him too timorous to be wealthy. But there is another and greater distinction for which no truly natural or religious reason can be assigned, and that is, the distinction of men into KINGS and SUBJECTS. Male and female are the distinctions of nature, good and bad the distinctions of heaven; but how a race of men came into the world so exalted above the rest, and distinguished like some new species, is worth enquiring into, and whether they are the means of happiness or of misery to mankind. To the evil of monarchy we have added that of hereditary succession; and as the first is a degradation and lessening of ourselves, so the second, claimed as a matter of right, is an insult and an imposition on posterity. For all men being originally equals, no one by birth could have a right to set up his own family in perpetual preference to all others for ever, and though himself might deserve some decent degree of honors of his contemporaries, yet his descendants might be far too unworthy to inherit them. -
The Norse Influence on Celtic Scotland Published by James Maclehose and Sons, Glasgow
i^ttiin •••7 * tuwn 1 1 ,1 vir tiiTiv^Vv5*^M òlo^l^!^^ '^- - /f^K$ , yt A"-^^^^- /^AO. "-'no.-' iiuUcotettt>tnc -DOcholiiunc THE NORSE INFLUENCE ON CELTIC SCOTLAND PUBLISHED BY JAMES MACLEHOSE AND SONS, GLASGOW, inblishcre to the anibersitg. MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD., LONDON. New York, • • The Macmillan Co. Toronto, • - • The Mactnillan Co. of Canada. London, • . - Simpkin, Hamilton and Co. Cambridse, • Bowes and Bowes. Edinburgh, • • Douglas and Foults. Sydney, • • Angus and Robertson. THE NORSE INFLUENCE ON CELTIC SCOTLAND BY GEORGE HENDERSON M.A. (Edin.), B.Litt. (Jesus Coll., Oxon.), Ph.D. (Vienna) KELLY-MACCALLUM LECTURER IN CELTIC, UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW EXAMINER IN SCOTTISH GADHELIC, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON GLASGOW JAMES MACLEHOSE AND SONS PUBLISHERS TO THE UNIVERSITY I9IO Is buaine focal no toic an t-saoghail. A word is 7nore lasting than the world's wealth. ' ' Gadhelic Proverb. Lochlannaich is ànnuinn iad. Norsemen and heroes they. ' Book of the Dean of Lismore. Lochlannaich thi'eun Toiseach bhiir sgéil Sliochd solta ofrettmh Mhamiis. Of Norsemen bold Of doughty mould Your line of oldfrom Magnus. '' AIairi inghean Alasdair Ruaidh. PREFACE Since ever dwellers on the Continent were first able to navigate the ocean, the isles of Great Britain and Ireland must have been objects which excited their supreme interest. To this we owe in part the com- ing of our own early ancestors to these isles. But while we have histories which inform us of the several historic invasions, they all seem to me to belittle far too much the influence of the Norse Invasions in particular. This error I would fain correct, so far as regards Celtic Scotland. -
Fact Sheet on "Overview of Norway"
Legislative Council Secretariat FSC21/13-14 FACT SHEET Overview of Norway Geography Land area Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is located in northern Europe. It has a total land area of 304 282 sq km divided into 19 counties. Oslo is the capital of the country and seat of government. Demographics Population Norway had a population of about 5.1 million at end-July 2014. The majority of the population were Norwegian (94%), followed by ethnic minority groups such as Polish, Swedish and Pakistanis. History Political ties Norway has a history closely linked to that of its immediate with neighbours, Sweden and Denmark. Norway had been an Denmark and independent kingdom in its early period, but lost its Sweden independence in 1380 when it entered into a political union with Denmark through royal intermarriage. Subsequently both Norway and Denmark formed the Kalmar Union with Sweden in 1397, with Denmark as the dominant power. Following the withdrawal of Sweden from the Union in 1523, Norway was reduced to a dependence of Denmark in 1536 under the Danish-Norwegian Realm. Union The Danish-Norwegian Realm was dissolved in between January 1814, when Denmark ceded Norway to Sweden as Norway and part of the Kiel Peace Agreement. That same year Sweden Norway – tired of forced unions – drafted and adopted its own Constitution. Norway's struggle for independence was subsequently quelled by a Swedish invasion. In the end, Norwegians were allowed to keep their new Constitution, but were forced to accept the Norway-Sweden Union under a Swedish king. Research Office page 1 Legislative Council Secretariat FSC21/13-14 History (cont'd) Independence The Sweden-Norway Union was dissolved in 1905, after the of Norway Norwegians voted overwhelmingly for independence in a national referendum. -
Across the North Sea and Back Again
Across the North Sea and Back Again A Comparative Study between the Cults of St. Olav and St. Edmund Samuel Patrick Bidwell Master Thesis in Nordic Viking and Medieval Studies 60 Credits Department of Linguistics and Scandinavian Studies Faculty of Humanities University of Oslo May 2017 i Across the North Sea and Back Again: A Comparative Study between the Cults of St. Olav and St. Edmund (Pictured together, from left to right, is St. Olav, identifiable by his battle-axe and St. Edmund, King of East Anglia, with the arrow of his martyrdom. This is a fourteenth century depiction of the royal martyr saints on a rood screen in Catfield Church, Norfolk) ii © Samuel Patrick Bidwell 2017 Across the North Sea and Back Again: A Comparative Study between the Cults of St. Olav and St. Edmund Samuel Patrick Bidwell http://www.duo.uio.no/ Trykk: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo iii Abstract The medieval cult of saints community was a dense, pervasive network that spread across the vast expanse of Latin Christendom. Saints were international in nature and as such could be easily transported to other geographical regions and integrated into the local culture. This thesis comparatively analyses the cults of St. Olav and St. Edmund and their respective primary hagiographical texts. The aim of this study is to determine to what extent Archbishop Eystein Erlendsson constructed his twelfth century text, Passio et miracula Beati Olavi, with reference to the hagiographical motifs surrounding the cult of St. Edmund and its central manuscript, Passio Sancti Edmundi. The interconnectedness of the cults of these royal martyr saints will be discussed in relation to dynastic promotion and royal patronage, their portrayal as both saints and warriors, shared miracles and exile. -
Chapter 1: Genesis of the Book
Chapter 1: Genesis of the Book Professor Robert Hazell and Dr Bob Morris, The Constitution Unit, University College London We decided to embark on this project to fill a serious gap in the literature: and not just a gap, but a gaping void. Lots of popular books are written about the monarchy; and lots of history books, both popular and academic. But in the academic disciplines of law and politics, monarchy is almost non- existent as a subject. In constitutional law books, the Crown or the sovereign typically rates just a few pages; in politics, the topic is ignored. Yet to the general public the monarchy commands a loyalty and fascination which politicians would die for, with opinion poll ratings in the European monarchies showing that between 60 and 80 per cent of the people wish to retain the monarchy. Details of the opinion polling in each country are given in Chapter 9. Political science has devoted extensive studies to the other institutions of the state, including the presidency in republics, but has a blind spot about monarchy. This is not the place to speculate on the reasons why. Suffice it to say that 44 countries around the world are monarchies, with a dozen of them to be found in Europe. We have chosen European monarchies for this comparative study, because they are amongst the most advanced democracies in the world: one of the issues we wish to explore is the paradox of an ancient, hereditary institution surviving as a central part of modern democracies. Our primary purpose is academic, but the topic also attracts great public interest. -
465 Relationship Between Political and Economic Self-Determination
465 Relationship between Political and Economic Self-Determination. * The Faeroese Case ARNI OLAFSSON Advisor on Faeroe Islands Affairts to the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1. Basics about the Faeroe Islands The Faeroe Islands are an archipelago of 1400 sq km, lying in the North East Atlantic Ocean between Britain, Norway and Iceland. The population is approx. 44,000. About one third of the population lives in the capital, T6rshavn. The others are scattered in a hundred small towns, villages and settlements in 17 of the 18 islands. The Faeroese regard themselves as a distinct people or nation, with their own language, history, traditions, institutions, sense of unity and national identity. Seen in the context of the total Kingdom of Denmark, the Faeroese - like the Greenlanders - can legally and statistically be viewed as a national minority. However, for all political and practical purposes that is not the appropriate way to look at it. The Faeroese are themselves the overwhelming majority within their own geographically well-defined territory: The Faeroe Islands. To a considerable extent, that will also be true of the Greenlanders. Whether the Faeroese qualify for the term "indigenous peoples" may be discussed in another context. The Faeroe Islands have autonomy within the Kingdom of Denmark. Au- tonomies form a very varied category. We shall in the following take a closer look at the Faeroese case. One can ask, why the Faeroe Islands are constitutionally connected with far-away Denmark. That is the result of a specific historical development. * Opinions expressed in this article are the author's own and do not represent official views of Faeroese or Danish authorities. -
Constitution of Norway (Unamended)
Constitution of Norway (Unamended) T h e C O N S T I T U T I O N o f t h e K i n g d o m o f N o r w a y . Translated pursuant to order of Government. C h r i s t i a n i a 1 8 1 4 . P r i n t e d b y J a c o b L e h m a n n . T h e C o n s t i t u t i o n o f t h e K i n g d o m o f N o r w a y . A. Of the form of Government and the Religion. §. 1. The Kingdom of Norway is a free, independent andindivisible Realm. Its form of government is a limited and hereditary monarchy. §. 2. The Evangelical-Lutheran Religion shall be maintained and constitute the established Church of the Kingdom. The inhabitants who profess the said religion are bound to educate their children in the same. Jesuits and Monastic orders shall not be tolerated. Jews are furthermore excluded from the Kingdom. B. Of the Executive Power, the King and the Royal Family. §. 3. The executive power is vested in the King. His title shall be: We N. N., by the Grace of God and the Constitution of the Kingdom, King of Norway. §. 4. The King's person is sacred, he cannot be blamed, nor accused. The responsibility is incumbent on his council. §. 5. The hereditary succession is lineal and agnatical, in such a manner, that only male descending from male may inherit the crown. -
The Norwegian King S Author
T H E N O R W E G I A N NVAS I ON OF S C OT L AND I N 1 2 6 8 A T R ANS L AT I O N F R OM {B e t 110 m m" fa l lw fi iz tar im 33 2 13. g , Maury. COMMUNICATED TO THE ARCHJEOLOGICAL S OCIET" OF GLAS GOW H GH T E U NNE NT E . OF WE L L PAR K , S " . G L A S G O W 5 PR D B " E T H S UAR E . B L L 8 A 15 S . OC INTE B IN , EN " 18 2 6 . AR JEOL GI L IE T HE GLASGOW CH b CA SOC T ". M F E L L OW - ME MB E R S GENTLE EN AND , I have much pleasure in d e di cat i n g thi s little t o ou volume y . The publication originated un der the circumstances i m n i n ment oned in the acco pa y g Preface , written by my F R B t RE V . DR O E S o esteemed friend , the . , whom , in com ’ E DWA R D L e i h I Wi MR . t mon th WISHART , of , am greatly indebted for having so efficiently accomplished the labours oftranslation . li The subj ect is most interesting, and pecu arly appropriate r for the investigation ofou Society . If by the perusal of these pages you shall be led to inqui r e into the import ant era in Scottish hi st o1y whi ch i s associated with the battle of Largs , and m some measure to surround wi th the light of tr uth what I S at present dark I and uncertain, shall be amply requited for any trouble i ff mposed on me by this e ort , humbly put forth on your of behalf, and with the aim of extending the influence the Society . -
INTRODUCTION Theme the Game of Power Politics in Which Norwegian
INTRODUCTION For it was unseemly, he said, that the land did not serve a king, as all other lands in the world.1 Theme The game of power politics in which Norwegian kings and claimants to the throne competed to unite Norway under the rule of one king was a process that began in earnest in the 1130s and did not end until 1241. The power struggles created a need for new administrative and fiscal instruments, and from the end of the twelfth century the king began to build up a nationwide, centralized apparatus to deal with the collection of taxes and fines and the administration of justice. The political consolidation and the incipient state-formation process also had consequences for areas bordering on Norway, and areas which had strong cultural and historical ties to Norway and the Norwegian crown. The Norwegian king sent tax collectors to the large areas shared by Norway, Sweden, and Russia in the far north in the fourteenth cen- tury. Jemtland, today a Swedish county bordering on central Norway, was integrated in the kingdom of Norway from the end of the thirteenth century. The consolidation also had consequences for the Norse2 island communities in the North Atlantic, along the coast of Scotland, and in the Irish Sea. While Man and the Hebrides were ceded to the king of Scotland in 1266, the rest of the “tributary lands”—Greenland, Iceland, 1 According to Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar these were Cardinal Vilhelm of Sabina’s words about Iceland when he was in Bergen to crown King Håkon Håkonsson in 1247. -
Reformation, Manors and Nobility in Norway -L00--AN
Reformation, Manors and Nobility in Norway -L00--AN- By Arne Bugge Amundsen Introduction Since the nineteenth century, Norwegian historians have debated the im- The manor of Laurvigen portance of manors and the nobility. Their answers have generally been Dating from the -./0s, it was built by Ulrik negatively inclined, offering a nationalistic perspective that preferred a Fredrik Gyldenløve (-.@A–-/0C) as the formal residence of the county (grevskap) separate history of Norway excluding Denmark. However, with regard to established for him in -./-. (Photo: John the political, cultural and social realities of Norway’s long relationship with Nilsen) Denmark prior to independence in E EF, it is clear that there is no such separate history – the countries’ histories are deeply intertwined. Norway was colonized by a Danish elite that used the Lutheran Refor- mation in the sixteenth century to take over the positions and the prop- erties of the old Roman Catholic Church and the weakened Norwegian aristocracy. The parts of Norway that were most influenced by this devel- opment were the eastern and western sides of the OsloNord, and parts of Trøndelag and western Norway. In these regions, manors and the nobil- ity were major forces in creating new social, economic, cultural and sym- bolic systems for ruling, for the exercise of power, and for religious and legal control, systems which have many similarities to those of many other European countries. Manors and manor houses constituted important encounters between local and continental cultures, important links be- tween Norway and the political centre in Copenhagen, the capital of Den- mark-Norway, and – not least – provided career opportunities to young and aspiring members of the country’s ruling elite. -
Chapter 3 the Viking Diaspora Introducing the Viking Diaspora The
Chapter 3 The Viking Diaspora Introducing the Viking Diaspora The Long, Broad Viking Age – Continuities in Time and Space Archaeologists recognise that Scandinavia is characterised by ‘remarkable patterns of continuity which link the distant past to the present’.1 These patterns can be seen, not just in archaeological evidence, but in many cultural practices particularly associated with the Viking Age. The continuities suggest that some evidence for the Viking Age is best considered in a chronological context broader than even the generous framework of 750-1100. This broader chronological context was outlined in Chapter 1, where it was argued that it should be extended to c. 1500. Because the Viking Age is the period when many Scandinavians left Scandinavia, often permanently, it is also important to widen the geographical range, and consider evidence from all the areas touched by Scandinavian settlement in that period. Just as much of the evidence stretches the chronological boundaries of the Viking Age, so there is also much evidence, whether natural, artefactual or linguistic, that stretches those geographical boundaries, and which can only be considered in the context of the larger Viking world. This geographical framework was outlined in Chapter 2, above. 1 Hodder and Hutson 2003, 140. 1 The purpose of this chapter is to show by means of a small number of examples how this long, broad Viking Age works in practice, in connection with various kinds of natural, artefactual and linguistic evidence for the Viking Age. This does not mean that there is no space for the local, the regional and the otherwise particular.