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Phillip Dennis Cate Exhibition Review of the Origins of L'art Nouveau: the Bing Empire

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Phillip Dennis Cate Exhibition Review of the Origins of L'art Nouveau: the Bing Empire Phillip Dennis Cate exhibition review of The Origins of L'Art Nouveau: The Bing Empire Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide 4, no. 3 (Autumn 2005) Citation: Phillip Dennis Cate, exhibition review of “The Origins of L'Art Nouveau: The Bing Empire,” Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide 4, no. 3 (Autumn 2005), http://www.19thc- artworldwide.org/autumn05/203-the-origins-of-lart-nouveau-the-bing-empire. Published by: Association of Historians of Nineteenth-Century Art Notes: This PDF is provided for reference purposes only and may not contain all the functionality or features of the original, online publication. ©2005 Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide Cate: The Origins of L‘Art Nouveau: The Bing Empire Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide 4, no. 3 (Autumn 2005) The Origins of L'Art Nouveau: The Bing Empire Edited by Gabriel P. Weisberg, Edwin Becker, and Évelyne Possémé Amsterdam: Van Gogh Museum, 2004. 295 pages 298 color illustrations, index, bibliography. ISBN 90 6153 562 x Hardcover: $69.95 Exhibition and catalogue: Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam, 26 November 2004 – 27 February 2005 Museum Villa Stuck, Munich, 17 March -31 July 2005 Caixa Forum, Barcelona, September 2005 – January 2006 Musée des Arts décoratifs, Brussels, March – July 2006 This spectacular didactic exhibition and publication were organized by the Van Gogh Museum and the Musée des Arts décoratifs, and curated by Gabriel P. Weisberg, Edwin Becker and Évelyne Possémé, with selections on Oriental art by Christine Shimizu. My first thought was to entitle this review of the show at the Van Gogh Museum "Bing's Big Bang Blossoms at the Van Gogh;" however, after rereading the catalogue, I decided to call it "Japonisme and Bing Revisited." Indeed, the very premise of the exhibition is the essential connection that existed between Japanese art/Japonisme, and the development of Bing's form of art nouveau. In fact, it was thirty years ago, in 1975, that the Cleveland Museum, The Walters Art Gallery, and the Rutgers University Art Gallery [now Zimmerli Art Museum] presented the exhibition Japonisme: The Japanese Influence on French Art, 1854–1910, and it was nineteen years ago that the Smithsonian Institution organized the traveling exhibition in the U. S., Art Nouveau Bing, Paris Style 1900. Both of these seminal projects were led by Gabriel Weisberg and assisted, as always, by his partner in life and in research, Yvonne. It is in great part due to their scholarship and perseverance that Japonisme, and now Siegfried Bing, are universally recognized as major factors in not only French art of the second half of the nineteenth century, but in much of the art of the rest of Europe and of the United States as well. In 1988, Paris documented further the great impact that the art of Japan had on nineteenth- century art in France with the Grand Palais' exhibition, Le Japonisme, which subsequently traveled to Tokyo. The current exhibition, The Origins of L'Art Nouveau, The Bing Empire, finally pays homage in Europe to this important art dealer, connoisseur and entrepreneur, and in so doing, gives an abbreviated history of Japonisme while simultaneously documenting the vital role Bing played in the acquiring, dissemination and codification of Japanese art. The publication and exhibition are expanded versions of Weisberg's 1986 Smithsonian Bing project. Weisberg's text reflects much that he wrote nineteen years earlier: the history of Bing's successful German, Jewish, merchant family; its establishment of a Paris base in the 1850s and 1860s with the purchase of porcelain factories; Siegfried's subsequent control of the family's Paris business after the Franco-Prussian War; his French citizenship in 1876; his early contact with Japanese art in the late 1860s; his marketing of it in the 1870s; the opening of his shop on the rue Chauchut at the time of the 1878 Paris International Exhibition in which Japan and its art were a major attraction; his first trip to 132 Cate: The Origins of L‘Art Nouveau: The Bing Empire Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide 4, no. 3 (Autumn 2005) Japan in 1880 where he acquired antique as well as contemporary Japanese art; the development of contacts with agents in Japan and later the establishment of offices in Yokohama and Kobe; the expansion of his Japanese art sales to museums outside of France; Siegfried's Japonisme activities in the 1880s which brought him and his Japanese collection into contact with artists such as Van Gogh, and which culminated with the publication of his influential, internationally distributed journal, Le Japon artistique (1888-1891); and his participation in the organization of the major exhibition of Japanese prints at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in the spring of 1890. Weisberg's chapters reiterate further: the history of Bing's trip in 1894 to the United States with his establishment of an in depth and long-term collaboration with Tiffany and American craftsmen for the production and selling of decorative arts in Europe, most importantly the stained-glass windows by members of the Nabis and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec; the history of Bing's Art Nouveau Gallery on the rue de Provence [the part of his building attached to his Japanese shop around the corner on the rue Chauchat] which opened in December 1895 for the purpose of promoting a "new art" by an international coterie of avant-garde contemporary artists; and finally, the creation of artists/craftsmen workshops on the premises of the Art Nouveau Gallery, and of the Bing Pavilion at the 1900 Paris World Fair which promoted a consistent, decorative form of Art Nouveau dominated by the aesthetics of Eugène Gaillard, Edward Colonna, and Georges de Feure. Weisberg's chapters are well reinforced and complemented by those of the other authors. Christine Shimizu documents the actual kinds of Japanese art that, inspired by the 1867 World's Fair, Bing acquired early on such as bronzes, ceramics and prints; she also discusses the evolution in France of an accurate history and knowledge of Japanese art. Philippe Thiébaut puts the purpose and design of Bing's Art Nouveau Gallery into perspective with the aesthetic concerns and similar, earlier efforts in Brussels among members of Les XX and La Libre Esthétique. Thiébaut discusses the priority of the Maison d'Art de la Toison Gallery in Brussels and its influence on Bing in the creation of a gallery of fine and decorative arts which is "the living symbol of the fusion of all the arts…." Edwin Becker details the interior and exterior design of Bing's Art Nouveau Gallery as well as the eclectic, but modernist nature of the exhibitions held there from its opening in December 1895 until its closing in March 1905. Becker relates that during the span of ten years, and against a xenophobic tide in France, Bing sponsored challenging monographic exhibitions of contemporary international artists such as the Belgian sculptor Constantin Meunier, the French artists Louis Legrand, Eugène Carrière, and Charles Cottet, the Norwegian Edvard Munch, the Hungarian Nabi, József Rippl-Rónai, the Belgian Wiliam Degouve de Nuncques, and the Spanish Montmartre artist, Santiago Rusiñol. Évelyne Possémé reviews Bing's representation of furniture and textiles by British arts and crafts movement designers such as William Morris, Liberty and Company, and William Benson as well as decorative weavings by Frank Brangwyn. In her second essay, Possémé focuses on Bing's 1903 commission for the interior design of three rooms at the Chateau de Trévarez, owned by James de Kerjégu near Quimper. With Georges de Feure as his talent, Bing orchestrated at the Chateau de Trévarez one of the most successful, unified "total art" environments of its time. Finally, Rüdiger Joppien sums up Bing's post-1895 activities as a dealer, and as an exhibitor, in the promotion of "new art" all across Europe from London, Dresden, Hamburg, Berlin, and Vienna, to Budapest and beyond. Joppien also discusses the roles played in Bing's career by his personal and professional contacts in the art field such as Justus Brinckmann, Director of the Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe, Hamburg, and his close friend and advisor, the critic 133 Cate: The Origins of L‘Art Nouveau: The Bing Empire Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide 4, no. 3 (Autumn 2005) and editor of Pan, Julius Meier-Graefe who, as Joppien emphasizes, was the primary influence on Bing's move from antique Japanese art to contemporary western art. Even if one owns the 1986 Bing publication, which includes many of the works reproduced in The Origins of L'Art Nouveau, The Bing Empire, as an expanded and elegantly designed version, the current catalogue is a must. But what about the exhibition itself? It documents not a movement, per se, but rather the evolving taste of a visionary dealer/connoisseur who took chances—financial and political— and within Third Republic France, went against the xenophobic grain by promoting essentially his own interpretation of the "new" which had no national boundaries. As such, the exhibition in the Van Gogh Museum's two principal temporary exhibition halls presented a refreshingly different picture of fin-de-siècle art and culture in Paris. Bing's "new" did not include the Impressionists, and only occasional examples of pointillism by Théo van Rysselberghe, Henri Edmond Cross and Henri Martin, while Rodin, possibly the most renowned artist at the end of the century, is barely a footnote. Rather, as the exhibition presents, Bing promoted not only the artists mentioned above in monographic shows, but in his first and second Salons (1895, 1896) he included an eclectic group of contemporary painters not so well known at the time, such as symbolists Paul Sérusier, Fernand Khnoff, and the idiomatic and still unknown, Thomsa Theodor Heine, whose wonderful, macabre, blood-spurting depiction of Jealousy was in the second Salon de L'Art Nouveau.
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