Urban structure and public transport fare structure: Comparison between polycentric and multipolar structures Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur / January 8-9, 2009 Caroline Lemoine and Frédérique Prédali

Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 1 Introduction

What is IAURIF ? Planning agency for the Ile-de-France region International comparisons and (regional and local) studies Consulting

This paper is based on a report for our partners (Regional Council and the transport authority, STIF) Is the Ile-de-France pricing system still adapted to its urban structure?

Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 2 Urban structure and public transport fare structure: Comparison between polycentric and multipolar structures

An overview of key characteristics of metropolitan areas and their fare structure To show how public transport fares are intrinsically linked to a corresponding urban typology

Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 3 Contents

Urban region structures :

definitions of polycentric and multipolar concepts brief description of each metropolis

Public transport fares : pricing schemes

Commuting patterns

Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 4 Urban region structures: definitions and examples

Many concepts have been used to describe urban region structures and the literature on this topic is still not consolidated. “polycentric” metropolitan areas

They all used to be monocentric but the urban sprawl of the dominant has led to the integration in the metropolitan area of smaller .

Examples : Montreal MMA, Greater , -Brandeburg and the region

“multipolar” metropolitan areas In contrast, this structure of urban region do not have one dominant central city but several interacting main cores. All urban nuclei are of similar size.

ExamplesEurocities DATTA: the 2nd Randsta Workshop dNamur () and the Rhine-Ruhr (Essen, Düsseldorf) 5 Urban densities comparison

transport authority (fare) perimeter metropolis* main city**

density metropolitan density population density Case Studies area (Km²) population area (Km²) area (Km²) (inhab/Km²) population (inhab/Km2) main city (inhab/Km²) polycentric metropolis Ile-de-France 12 012 11,5 million 957 750 6,5 million 8 640 105 2,2 million 20 552 Greater London 1 579 7,5 million 4 750 1 579 7,5 million 4 750 321 3,0 million 9 346 Montreal (MMA) 4 360 3,6 million 834 500 1,6 million 3 240 Berlin Brandenburg 30 368 6,0 million 197 4 430 1,0 million 229 892 3,4 million 3 800 multipolar metropolis Rhine-Ruhr (Essen) 5 027 7,2 million 1 432 --- 210 0,6 million 2 838 Stadsregio Amsterdam 1 025 1,4 million 1 332 520 0,8 million 1 598 219 0,7 million 3 393

* high-level density zone (Paris and his first ring, Greater London, Berlin and eV …) ** main city defined as the one with the highest population

Multipolar metropolis characteristics are more homogenous than polycentric ones. Main city cores do not reach one-million inhabitants. The densities of the main cities are twice higher than the densities of the whole region.

The gap between the main city density and the whole region density is higher in polycentric metropolis rather than in multipolar ones. The ratio in the case studies can vary between 2 for London, to more than 20 for Ile-de-France.

Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 6 Density and urban distribution of population

The Parisian metropolitan area has a high density, in particular in Paris city whereas the density of Berlin decreases regularly in function of the distance from the centre.

Unlike other studied metropolis, the density in London is quite homogeneous whatever the distance from the centre is. The maximum density is located further away from the centre than for Paris and Berlin’s examples.

Data source : Bertaud, 2001

Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 7 Urban region characteristics : Polycentric cases Paris Region Montreal Metropolitan Area

The Paris region is much larger than the The population of the Montreal Metropolitan Area metropolitan area, with a rural zone at the is spread over quite a vast territory, including borders. nearly 100 municipalities. The distribution is concentrated heavily in the urban core on the STIF is the transport authority for the entire Island of Montreal and decreases quite region. Some interactions exist between rapidly once outside its boundaries. other cities outside the region such as Reims Public transport is managed by the metropolitan or Rouen, but the administrative boundary transport agency (AMT) which covers the takes almost the shape of the functional area same perimeter. unlike Greater London’s case.

Greater London Berlin Brandeburg

The Berlin region is composed by two “lands”, Greater London (or London) is a widespread city which makes it the most widespread region. comprising 33 boroughs. Its density is the lowest but in the city core of Transport for London, is part of the mayor Berlin, the density is similar to other cities. administration. The TfL perimeter does not The metropolis includes the city and a ring take into account the interactions between out of its boundaries in the Brandeburg. London and other cities of South East England. In fact the functional metropolitan VBB is the transport authority for Berlin- regional area contains 14 million people over Brandeburg. 16 000 km² area (875 inhab./km²).

Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 8 Urban region characteristics : Paris region

Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 9 Urban region characteristics : Greater London Perimeters of Greater London, Paris region and the agglomeration of Paris

Density in the boroughs of London

Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 10 Urban region characteristics : Montreal Metropolitan Area

Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 11 Urban region characteristics : Berlin Brandeburg

Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 12 Urban region characteristics : Multipolar cases • Rhine-Ruhr • Randstad The Rhine-Ruhr area is one of the largest metropolitan areas in “Stadsregio Amsterdam”, the Europe comprising not one but Metropolitan region of Amsterdam, 16 large and medium-sized is a cooperation structure of 16 cities. It lies completely within municipalities. It is one of the 7 the federal state North Rhine- conurbations in the Netherlands Westphalia and spreads from with its own status and the Dortmund-Essen-Duisburg competence for public transport. (Ruhr Area) megalopolis in the North, to the urban areas of the cities of Düsseldorf (the state The Randstad is 5 times larger than capital), Wuppertal and Cologne Stadsregio Amsterdam, (the region largest city). comprising the largest cities in the Netherlands (such as Rotterdam, The Rhine-Ruhr area has no The Hague and Utrecht), as well administrative unit but has a as several medium-sized cities, single public transport authority connected to each other. since 1980, the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr With around 6.7 million people, the (VRR) including 62 Randstad contains a high municipalities. proportion of the national population (40%).

Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 13 Urban region characteristics : Rhine-Ruhr

Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 14 Urban region characteristics : Amsterdam

Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 15 Pricing approach :

Distance-based fares structures can be of three types :

• Kilometric : the price is calculated on the real distance travelled, users are unable to know it beforehand ;

• concentric zones or ‘ring’ zones : the centre of the zones is usually the main city. Travelled distance is taken into account in an imperfect but simple way, that way users can easily understand how it works. Flat rates are applied inside each zone so distance for orbital trips is not considered ;

• cell zones also called “combs zones” or matrix of zones because of the method used to calculate the price of radial and orbital trips : the transport perimeter is cut out in polygonal zones of similar size and price depends on the number of crossed zones.

Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 16 Pricing schemes : London

Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 17 Pricing schemes : Montreal

Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 18 Pricing schemes : Berlin

Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 19 Pricing schemes : Rhine-Ruhr

Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 20 Pricing schemes : Amsterdam

Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 21 Pricing approach : nb max of concentric zones / single fare in Case Studies matrix zones zonal pricing season center tickets polycentric metropolis Ile-de-France yes 6 yes no Greater London yes 6 yes no Montreal (MMA) yes 8 yes no Berlin Brandenburg no --- no, 3 zones rural multipolar metropolis Rhine-Ruhr (Essen) no --- no, 3 zones yes • Correlation between urban structure and pricing approach Stadsregio Amsterdam no --- yes yes – Polycentric metropolis have concentric zonal pricing (except Berlin) – Multipolar metropolis apply cell zones pricing

Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 22 Commuting patterns features

• Comparing mobility data is an hazardous task

• use of different methodologies in the surveys.

• data is only used as an indicator of trends of behaviour in order to explain the differences between the fare structures.

Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 23 Commuting patterns features : London

Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 24 Commuting patterns features : Ile-de- France vs Berlin

Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 25 Commuting patterns features : Degree of polarisation Bassin Parisien South East England • Strenght and density of functional links are calculated on the basis of both in-commuting and out-commuting for each core, by a general functional polycentricity = 0.02 general functional polycentricity = 0.15 coefficient of GFP Rhine-Rurh Randstad

• The maximum theorical value is 1 but highest real- world values are general functional polycentricity = 0.185 general functional polycentricity = 0.16 around 0,2

Data source: Institute of Community Studies, Action 1.1, POLYNET Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 26 Conclusion (1) :

• Metropolitan areas can be classified in two categories according to their urban structure : – Polycentric : Even if Montreal, London, Berlin and the Paris region can be considered as polycentric, they have neither the same density nor the same urban distribution of population and employment. – Multipolar : Main city cores do not reach one-million inhabitants and densities are spread homogenously over the whole region.

• All of the studied metropolis apply regional distance-based fares. Pricing structure is related to the urban region structures and is seen as an answer to mobility needs. – Most polycentric areas have concentric zone structures. – Multipolar areas apply cells pricing.

Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 27 Conclusion (2) : • Three cases can be underlined for their particular characteristics :

– Berlin : his fare structure combines a concentric zoning for each of the main urban cores and a cell zoning for the rural part of the region. The size of the region, the urban distribution of population and employment and the commuting patterns might explain the choice of their pricing scheme.

– Montreal : urban and commuting patterns are mainly polycentric. Local bus operators fares still coexist with the new integrated system for historical reasons.

– London : urban structure tends to have multipolar characteristics when the area studied is the South East England. This functional area is larger than the transport perimeter of the Greater London. The dominance of the core of London might explain the concentric zone pricing structure.

Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 28 Bibliography : • IAU Ile-de-France : • Lemoine C., Prédali F., 2007, Système tarifaire des transports collectifs: Elements de réflexion, vol. 2. Relations entre tarification spatiale et morphologie urbaine, IAU (http://www.iau-idf.fr/nos-etudes/detail-dune-etude/etude/systeme-tarifaire-des-transports-collect.html) • Navarre D., 1998, Paris, Londres, New-York, Tokyo : comparaison des systèmes de transport de 4 métropoles, IAURIF, Septembre 1998. • Navarre D. et al ., 2002, Paris Berlin, Comparaison des systèmes de transport. IAURIF, Juin 2002. • Navarre D., 2002, Paris - Berlin : comparaison des systèmes de transport. IAURIF, Juin 2002. Note rapide sur les transports, n° 301

• Literature • Bertaud A., 2001, Metropolis : A Measure of the Spatial Organization of 7 Large Cities, April 2001 (http://alain-bertaud.com/) • Institute of Community Studies, Action 1.1, Commuting and the definition of functional urban regions (Bassin Parisien, South East England, RhineRuhr, Randstad), European project POLYNET, InterregIIIB NWE • Kloosterman, RC,, Musterd, S, The polycentric urban regions : towards a research agenda, Urban Studies, 2001, n 38 (vol, 4), p, 623-633, • OECD, 2007, « OECD Territorial Reviews: Randstad Holland, Netherlands ». Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 29