Urban structure and public transport fare structure: Comparison between polycentric and multipolar structures Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur / January 8-9, 2009 Caroline Lemoine and Frédérique Prédali Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 1 Introduction What is IAURIF ? Planning agency for the Ile-de-France region International comparisons and (regional and local) studies Consulting This paper is based on a report for our partners (Regional Council and the transport authority, STIF) Is the Ile-de-France pricing system still adapted to its urban structure? Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 2 Urban structure and public transport fare structure: Comparison between polycentric and multipolar structures An overview of key characteristics of metropolitan areas and their fare structure To show how public transport fares are intrinsically linked to a corresponding urban typology Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 3 Contents Urban region structures : definitions of polycentric and multipolar concepts brief description of each metropolis Public transport fares : pricing schemes Commuting patterns Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 4 Urban region structures: definitions and examples Many concepts have been used to describe urban region structures and the literature on this topic is still not consolidated. “polycentric” metropolitan areas They all used to be monocentric but the urban sprawl of the dominant city has led to the integration in the metropolitan area of smaller cities. Examples : Montreal MMA, Greater London, Berlin-Brandeburg and the Paris region “multipolar” metropolitan areas In contrast, this structure of urban region do not have one dominant central city but several interacting main cores. All urban nuclei are of similar size. ExamplesEurocities DATTA: the 2nd Randsta Workshop dNamur (Amsterdam) and the Rhine-Ruhr (Essen, Düsseldorf) 5 Urban densities comparison transport authority (fare) perimeter metropolis* main city** density metropolitan density population density Case Studies area (Km²) population area (Km²) area (Km²) (inhab/Km²) population (inhab/Km2) main city (inhab/Km²) polycentric metropolis Ile-de-France 12 012 11,5 million 957 750 6,5 million 8 640 105 2,2 million 20 552 Greater London 1 579 7,5 million 4 750 1 579 7,5 million 4 750 321 3,0 million 9 346 Montreal (MMA) 4 360 3,6 million 834 500 1,6 million 3 240 Berlin Brandenburg 30 368 6,0 million 197 4 430 1,0 million 229 892 3,4 million 3 800 multipolar metropolis Rhine-Ruhr (Essen) 5 027 7,2 million 1 432 --- 210 0,6 million 2 838 Stadsregio Amsterdam 1 025 1,4 million 1 332 520 0,8 million 1 598 219 0,7 million 3 393 * high-level density zone (Paris and his first ring, Greater London, Berlin and eV …) ** main city defined as the one with the highest population Multipolar metropolis characteristics are more homogenous than polycentric ones. Main city cores do not reach one-million inhabitants. The densities of the main cities are twice higher than the densities of the whole region. The gap between the main city density and the whole region density is higher in polycentric metropolis rather than in multipolar ones. The ratio in the case studies can vary between 2 for London, to more than 20 for Ile-de-France. Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 6 Density and urban distribution of population The Parisian metropolitan area has a high density, in particular in Paris city whereas the density of Berlin decreases regularly in function of the distance from the centre. Unlike other studied metropolis, the density in London is quite homogeneous whatever the distance from the centre is. The maximum density is located further away from the centre than for Paris and Berlin’s examples. Data source : Bertaud, 2001 Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 7 Urban region characteristics : Polycentric cases Paris Region Montreal Metropolitan Area The Paris region is much larger than the The population of the Montreal Metropolitan Area metropolitan area, with a rural zone at the is spread over quite a vast territory, including borders. nearly 100 municipalities. The distribution is concentrated heavily in the urban core on the STIF is the transport authority for the entire Island of Montreal and decreases quite region. Some interactions exist between rapidly once outside its boundaries. other cities outside the region such as Reims Public transport is managed by the metropolitan or Rouen, but the administrative boundary transport agency (AMT) which covers the takes almost the shape of the functional area same perimeter. unlike Greater London’s case. Greater London Berlin Brandeburg The Berlin region is composed by two “lands”, Greater London (or London) is a widespread city which makes it the most widespread region. comprising 33 boroughs. Its density is the lowest but in the city core of Transport for London, is part of the mayor Berlin, the density is similar to other cities. administration. The TfL perimeter does not The metropolis includes the city and a ring take into account the interactions between out of its boundaries in the Brandeburg. London and other cities of South East England. In fact the functional metropolitan VBB is the transport authority for Berlin- regional area contains 14 million people over Brandeburg. 16 000 km² area (875 inhab./km²). Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 8 Urban region characteristics : Paris region Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 9 Urban region characteristics : Greater London Perimeters of Greater London, Paris region and the agglomeration of Paris Density in the boroughs of London Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 10 Urban region characteristics : Montreal Metropolitan Area Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 11 Urban region characteristics : Berlin Brandeburg Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 12 Urban region characteristics : Multipolar cases • Rhine-Ruhr • Randstad The Rhine-Ruhr area is one of the largest metropolitan areas in “Stadsregio Amsterdam”, the Europe comprising not one but Metropolitan region of Amsterdam, 16 large and medium-sized is a cooperation structure of 16 cities. It lies completely within municipalities. It is one of the 7 the federal state North Rhine- conurbations in the Netherlands Westphalia and spreads from with its own status and the Dortmund-Essen-Duisburg competence for public transport. (Ruhr Area) megalopolis in the North, to the urban areas of the cities of Düsseldorf (the state The Randstad is 5 times larger than capital), Wuppertal and Cologne Stadsregio Amsterdam, (the region largest city). comprising the largest cities in the Netherlands (such as Rotterdam, The Rhine-Ruhr area has no The Hague and Utrecht), as well administrative unit but has a as several medium-sized cities, single public transport authority connected to each other. since 1980, the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr With around 6.7 million people, the (VRR) including 62 Randstad contains a high municipalities. proportion of the national population (40%). Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 13 Urban region characteristics : Rhine-Ruhr Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 14 Urban region characteristics : Amsterdam Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 15 Pricing approach : Distance-based fares structures can be of three types : • Kilometric : the price is calculated on the real distance travelled, users are unable to know it beforehand ; • concentric zones or ‘ring’ zones : the centre of the zones is usually the main city. Travelled distance is taken into account in an imperfect but simple way, that way users can easily understand how it works. Flat rates are applied inside each zone so distance for orbital trips is not considered ; • cell zones also called “combs zones” or matrix of zones because of the method used to calculate the price of radial and orbital trips : the transport perimeter is cut out in polygonal zones of similar size and price depends on the number of crossed zones. Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 16 Pricing schemes : London Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 17 Pricing schemes : Montreal Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 18 Pricing schemes : Berlin Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 19 Pricing schemes : Rhine-Ruhr Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 20 Pricing schemes : Amsterdam Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 21 Pricing approach : nb max of concentric zones / single fare in Case Studies zonal pricing season center matrix zones tickets polycentric metropolis Ile-de-France yes 6 yes no Greater London yes 6 yes no Montreal (MMA) yes 8 yes no Berlin Brandenburg no --- no, 3 zones rural multipolar metropolis Rhine-Ruhr (Essen) no --- no, 3 zones yes Stadsregio Amsterdam no --- yes yes • Correlation between urban structure and pricing approach – Polycentric metropolis have concentric zonal pricing (except Berlin) – Multipolar metropolis apply cell zones pricing Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 22 Commuting patterns features • Comparing mobility data is an hazardous task • use of different methodologies in the surveys. • data is only used as an indicator of trends of behaviour in order to explain the differences between the fare structures. Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 23 Commuting patterns features : London Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 24 Commuting patterns features : Ile-de- France vs Berlin Eurocities DATTA 2nd Workshop Namur 25 Commuting patterns features : Degree of polarisation Bassin Parisien South East England • Strenght and density of functional links are calculated on the basis of both in-commuting and out-commuting for each core, by a general functional polycentricity