DOCSLIB.ORG

Cortical Bitufted, Horizontal, and Martinotti Cells Preferentially

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cortical Bitufted, Horizontal, and Martinotti Cells Preferentially Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 96, pp. 3217–3222, March 1999 Neurobiology Cortical bitufted, horizontal, and Martinotti cells preferentially express and secrete reelin into perineuronal nets, nonsynaptically modulating gene expression (GABAergic interneuronsyCa21-binding proteinsyneuropeptidesychandelier cellsybasket cells) CHRISTINE PESOLD*†,WEN SHENG LIU*, ALESSANDRO GUIDOTTI*, ERMINIO COSTA*, AND HECTOR J. CARUNCHO*‡ *Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 West Taylor Street, MyC 912, Chicago IL, 60612; and ‡Department of Fundamental Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain 15706 Contributed by Erminio Costa, December 28, 1998 ABSTRACT Reelin (Reln) is a protein with some struc- mouse, shows a normal Reln expression in Cajal–Retzius cells tural analogies with other extracellular matrix proteins that and secretion in the extracellular matrix in embryonic devel- functions in the regulation of neuronal migration during the opment but neuroanatomical abnormalities reminiscent of development of cortical laminated structures. In the cortex of those in the reeler mouse (4, 5). It is currently believed that the adult animals, Reln is expressed primarily in g-aminobutyric protein encoded by this gene acts downstream of Reln in a acid (GABA)ergic neurons and is secreted into perineuronal signaling pathway that controls laminar corticogenesis and the nets. However, only 50–60% of GABAergic interneurons ex- hippocampal and cerebellar development in mammalian brain press Reln. We have characterized this subpopulation of (6). cortical GABAergic neurons that expresses Reln by using two In adult telencephalon, Reln is preferentially expressed in strategies: (i) a double immunolabeling procedure to deter- GABAergic neurons (7, 8), and Dab1 is expressed predomi- mine the colocalization of Reln with neuropeptides and Ca21- nantly in pyramidal cells, as well as in a small population of binding proteins and (ii) a combination of Golgi staining and non-pyramidal cells (9). Indeed, there is a complementary Reln immunolabeling to determine the morphology of the rat pattern in the distribution of Reln and Dab1 in the brain that cortical cells that store Reln. Many interneurons that express suggests a functional link between these two proteins in the Neuropeptide Y (NPY) or somatostatin (but none of those that signaling pathway triggered extracellularly by Reln in adult express parvalbumin) are Reln-immunopositive. A small pop- mammalian brain. ulation of calbindin-positive interneurons and very few cal- Before addressing the functional significance of the pathway retinin-positive cells express Reln immunopositivity. Golgi triggered by Reln extracellularly in adult brain, it is important staining revealed that layer I horizontal cells, layer II–V to consider that perineuronal nets, which include extracellular bitufted neurons, and some deep cortical layer Martinotti matrix proteins (10, 11), may communicate with neurons via cells express Reln. Basket and chandelier cells are often substrate adhesion molecules and integrins (for a review, see immunopositive to parvalbumin, but never to Reln. Although ref. 12). Hence, although the binding site of the released Reln Reln is secreted by GABAergic neurons, its target are not the may be extracellular in the perineuronal nets, it may influence GABA receptors, but rather may be extrasynaptically located neuronal trophic activity indirectly via an interaction with the in perineuronal nets and concerned with the modulation of Dab1 protein. This interaction requires phosphorylation, neuronal plasticity. Dab1, the target adapter protein that which allows this protein to act as an adapter protein operative presumably mediates transcription regulation via the extra- in the translocation of Src kinases from the cytosol to the synaptic actions of Reln, is expressed predominantly in pyra- nucleus (13). Because a high percentage of Reln in the adult midal neurons, but it can also be detected in a small popu- cerebral cortex is located in GABAergic interneurons, whose lation of GABAergic neurons that are neither horizontal nor function in the various subtypes differs in a manner related to bitufted neurons. their morphology, it is important to characterize whether a morphologically specialized set of these interneurons ex- The notation ‘‘reelin’’ (Reln) refers to a protein secreted into presses Reln. In an effort to further characterize which sub- the extracellular matrix during embryonic development that is types of GABAergic interneurons express Reln in the adult structurally related to other extracellular matrix proteins (1). cortex, we have used a combination of immunocytochemical In early development, Reln is selectively synthesized and and Golgi-staining techniques. This study will allow us to secreted by specialized neurons (termed Cajal–Retzius) lo- suggest a possible interaction of Reln–Dab1 among specific cated in the marginal zone of the developing brain (1). A populations of cortical GABAergic interneurons, or among mutant mouse that fails to synthesize or secrete this protein these interneurons and pyramidal neurons. This work will also shows a characteristic reeling gate and a disruption of the allow us to address the functional role of Reln released by typical laminated pattern of telencephalic cortex (for review, GABAergic neurons into the extracellular matrix of perineu- see refs. 2 and 3). In these mice, the structure of the hip- ronal nets (10, 11). pocampus and cerebellum is also disrupted, and the cerebellar size is grossly reduced. Another protein, which in embryos is MATERIALS AND METHODS normally expressed by the migrating cortical and hippocampal neurons and cerebellar Purkinje cells, is encoded by a gene A total of 12 adult Fisher rats (180–240 g) were used in this termed Dab1, which is mutated in the scrambler mouse (4–6). study. They were anaesthetized with equithesin and perfused intracardially with saline followed by a cold solution of 4% This neurological phenotype, which is similar to the reeler paraformaldehyde in PBS (pH 7.4). Brains were removed, left The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge Abbreviations: GABA, g-aminobutyric acid; NPY, neuropeptide Y; payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked ‘‘advertisement’’ in GAD, glutamic acid decarboxylase. accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact. †To whom reprint requests should be addressed. e-mail: cpesold@ PNAS is available online at www.pnas.org. psych.uic.edu. 3217 Downloaded by guest on September 28, 2021 3218 Neurobiology: Pesold et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 (1999) in fresh fixative for 24 hours at 4°C, and washed in PBS. Brains because of space limitations) were immunostained for Reln to be processed for light microscopy immunolabeling were according to a previously described protocol (7). After dia- infiltrated in 30% sucrose, and 20-mm thick sections were minobenzidine immunostaining, 80-mm sections were embed- obtained with a cryostat. For Golgi staining, blocks of cortex ded in LR-white resin. Semithin sections (0.5–1 mm in thick- about 1–2 mm thick were cut with a razor blade. ness) containing the neurons of interest were taken with an Double Immunolabeling for Confocal Microscopy. The co- LKB-Nova Biochem ultramicrotome, mounted on slides, and localization of Reln and either somatostatin, neuropeptide Y examined under the light microscope for Reln-immunoreac- (NPY), or calretinin was determined by using a double im- tivity. Photomicrographs of these same cells, now immunola- munofluorescence approach. Because the antibodies against beled for Reln, were taken and deemed Reln-immunopositive parvalbumin and calbindin were raised in the same species as if their cytoplasm was immunostained. the Reln antibody, and similarly the antibodies against Dab1 It is important to note here that Golgi staining does not and GAD67 were raised in the same species, a combination readily infiltrate the axon myelin sheaths, therefore in adult immunogoldyimmunofluorescence was applied. This proce- brain it is sometimes difficult to trace the axonal arborizations. dure allows the silver shell that amplifies the gold particles to It is therefore necessary to impregnate many cells to make an completely engulf the antigenic site, preventing any cross- accurate identification based on their axonal arborization. reactivity. Quantification of the Coexistence of Neuropeptides and For double immunofluorescent labeling, sections were Proteins in GABAergic Interneurons Epressing Reln. To washed in PBS, blocked for 30 minutes in each of RPMI determine which percentage of frontoparietal cortex cells that 21 medium 1640 (GIBCO), 2% normal serum (Chemicon), and express either a given neuropeptide or a Ca -binding protein 1% BSA (Sigma) in PBS before incubation in a solution also express Reln, three consecutive coronal sections from containing both the G-10 (14) primary antibody for Reln each of three animals were studied by using a Leica TCS-NT (1:1,000) and either rat anti-somatostatin (1:500; Chemicon), laser confocal microscope. For each neurochemical marker rabbit anti-calretinin (1:2,000; Chemicon) or rabbit anti-NPY (e.g., calretinin, calbindin, parvalbumin, NPY, and somatosta- (1:5,000; Sigma). After several washes, sections were incubated tin), every cell that contained that marker in the frontoparietal for 1 hour with an anti-mouse secondary antibody conjugated cortex was identified
Load more

Recommended publications
  • EAA Meeting 2016 Vilnius
    www.eaavilnius2016.lt PROGRAMME www.eaavilnius2016.lt PROGRAMME Organisers CONTENTS President Words .................................................................................... 5 Welcome Message ................................................................................ 9 Symbol of the Annual Meeting .............................................................. 13 Commitees of EAA Vilnius 2016 ............................................................ 14 Sponsors and Partners European Association of Archaeologists................................................ 15 GENERAL PROGRAMME Opening Ceremony and Welcome Reception ................................. 27 General Programme for the EAA Vilnius 2016 Meeting.................... 30 Annual Membership Business Meeting Agenda ............................. 33 Opening Ceremony of the Archaelogical Exhibition ....................... 35 Special Offers ............................................................................... 36 Excursions Programme ................................................................. 43 Visiting Vilnius ............................................................................... 57 Venue Maps .................................................................................. 64 Exhibition ...................................................................................... 80 Exhibitors ...................................................................................... 82 Poster Presentations and Programme ...........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ion Beams in Art and Archaeology Beam Facilities
    PHYSICS AND SOCIETY 229 COST Gl Participating Laboratories Underlined are the groups which are working with ion- Ion Beams in Art and Archaeology beam facilities. Collaborations also exist with experts based outside Europe (Delaware, USA; Lower Hutt, New G. Demortier from the Laboratoire d'Analyses par Réactions Nucléaire (LARN), Namur, who Zealand; Faure, South Africa; Lucas Heights, Australia). chairs the COST Action G1 (Ion-Beam Analysis Applied to Art and Archaeology) summarises the AUSTRIA advantages of using accelerator-based techniques to study artifacts. Vienna: Akademie der Bildenden Kunste BELGIUM Namur: LARN, Facultés Universitaires ND de la Paix Antwerp: MITAC, Universitaire Instellingen The application of analytical tech­ cooperative COST action called Ion Beam Liège: Université niques - initially developed in the field of Analysis Applied to Art and Archaeology. A FINLAND Helsinki: Helsingin Teknillinen Oppilaitos materials science - to art or archeological memorandum of understanding for a Helsinki: Finnish National Gallery objects gives the historian and the archae­ COST Action was signed in June 1994, and FRANCE ologist quantitative information. This the concerted scientific activities started Paris: Laboratoire de Recherche des Musées de France helps them understand the way of life in in January 1995. The goals were as follows: Orléans: Centre Ernest Babelon, CNRS the cultures they are studying, or the tech­ • The development of non-destructive GERMANY Dresden: Forschungszentrum Rossendörf nical and intellectual know-how of the art­ nuclear and atomic methods for studying Berlin: Hahn-Meitner-Institut ists or craftsmen of the period under con­ items of art and archaeology using particle GREECE sideration. In the world of musea, this irradiation.
    [Show full text]
  • Report of Activities 2008 Ok
    PRESIDENT’S FOREWORD Welcome to European Cities Marketing! ECM is a network of people who are driven by a desire to improve the level of tourism to our cities and who are open to sharing those experiences. It is about the friends that we have made and those working in city tourism that we have not met yet. After focusing on keeping all existing projects on track in 2007, it was time in 2008 to chart a course for the future. It was necessary for us to look and determine who we are and what we do and develop strong communication tools. I invite you to read the following report and discover in more detail the activities of European Cities Marketing. An organisation like ours will only get stronger with the support of all our members! Your support is the motivating factor that gives European Cities Marketing a unique culture that has driven success. Best regards, Frank Magee, President European Cities Marketing ECM MEMBERS IN 2008 Tourism and Conventions organisations from the cities and regions of: Aachen, Aarhus, Aberdeen, Aix en Provence, Amsterdam, Antwerp, Athens, Avignon, Barcelona, Basel, Belfast, Belgrade, Bergen, Berlin, Bern, Biarritz, Bilbao, Bologna, Bolzano, Bratislava, Bruges, Brussels, Budapest, Catalunya Tourism, Copenhagen, Cordoba, Coruna, Cracow, Cyprus, Dijon, Dresden, Dublin, Dubrovnik, Edinburgh, Espoo, Finland Convention Bureau, Florence, France Congrès, Friuli Venezia, Geneva, Genova, Ghent, Gijon, Girona, Gothenburg, Graz, Hamburg, Heidelberg, Helsinki, Innsbruck, Istanbul, Jyvaskylä, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Lausanne,
    [Show full text]
  • Download PDF (46.6
    Contributors Edward I. Altman, Stern School of Business, New York University, New York, USA; [email protected]. Manuel Ammann, Swiss Institute of Banking and Finance, University of St Gallen, Switzerland; [email protected]. Keith Anderson, The York Management School, University of York, UK; keith. [email protected]. Adrian R. Bell, ICMA Centre, Henley Business School, University of Reading, UK; [email protected]. Chris Brooks, ICMA Centre, Henley Business School, University of Reading, UK; c.brooks@ icmacentre.ac.uk. David A. Carter, Department of Finance, College of Business Administration, Oklahoma State University, USA; [email protected]. Geraldo Cerqueiro, Universidade Católica Portuguesa Católica – Lisbon School of Business and Economics, Portugal; [email protected]. Ke Chen, Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, UK; kechen1998@ gmail.com. Hans Degryse, Department of Accountancy, Finance and Insurance, KU Leuven, Belgium, CentER – Tilburg University, The Netherlands, CEPR, and CESifo; hans. [email protected]. Deniz Erdemlioglu, University of Namur – FUNDP, Belgium; deniz.erdemlioglu@ fundp.ac.be. Andrey Golubov, Cass Business School, City University London, UK; andrey.golubov.1@ city.ac.uk. Massimo Guidolin, CAIR, Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, UK and IGIER, Bocconi University, Italy; [email protected]. Ólan T. Henry, University of Liverpool Management School, University of Liverpool, UK; [email protected]. Thomas Johann, University of Mannheim,
    [Show full text]
  • Complete Dissertation
    VU Research Portal Cholinergic modulation of microcircuits in the cortex Obermayer, J.M.G. 2019 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Obermayer, J. M. G. (2019). Cholinergic modulation of microcircuits in the cortex. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 04. Oct. 2021 Cholinergic modulation of microcircuits in the cortex Joshua Obermayer The research described in this thesis was conducted at the department of Integrative Neurophysiology of the Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands. No part of this thesis may be reproduced without prior permission of the author. Front cover: shows two pyramidal neurons and an interneuron that together form a disynaptic inhibitory microcircuit in the human cortex.
    [Show full text]
  • And Parvalbumin-Expressing Cortical Interneurons in a Mouse Model Of
    Impaired excitability of somatostatin- and PNAS PLUS parvalbumin-expressing cortical interneurons in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome Chao Taia, Yasuyuki Abea,b, Ruth E. Westenbroeka, Todd Scheuera, and William A. Catteralla,1 aDepartment of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and bMedicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo 134-8630, Japan Contributed by William A. Catterall, June 17, 2014 (sent for review May 6, 2014) Haploinsufficiency of the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.1 18, 19). In layer V of the cerebral cortex, PV-expressing fast- causes Dravet syndrome, an intractable developmental epilepsy spiking interneurons and SST-expressing Martinotti cells each syndrome with seizure onset in the first year of life. Specific het- account for ∼40% of interneurons, and these interneurons are erozygous deletion of NaV1.1 in forebrain GABAergic-inhibitory the major inhibitory regulators of cortical network activity (17, neurons is sufficient to cause all the manifestations of Dravet syn- 20). Layer V PV interneurons make synapses on the soma and drome in mice, but the physiological roles of specific subtypes of proximal dendrites of pyramidal neurons (18, 19), where they GABAergic interneurons in the cerebral cortex in this disease are mediate fast and powerful inhibition (21, 22). Selective hetero- unknown. Voltage-clamp studies of dissociated interneurons from zygous deletion of Scn1a in neocortical PV interneurons increases cerebral cortex did not detect a significant effect of the Dravet susceptibility to chemically induced seizures (23), spontaneous syndrome mutation on sodium currents in cell bodies. However, seizures, and premature death (24), indicating that this cell type current-clamp recordings of intact interneurons in layer V of neo- may contribute to Scn1a deficits.
    [Show full text]
  • Practical Informations
    Practical Informations p.1 If you arrive by planeÓ You will probably land at Brussels National Airport (Zaventem) From there, you can reach Namur by train But not directly, you will have to change at Brussels North (Bruxelles Nord/ Brussel Noord) station From the arrival hall of the airport, go downstairs (floor -1) to the railway station where you can buy a ticket for Namur There are, at least, 3 trains per hour; each train serves Brussels North station See the timetables on next page p.2 From the airport to Namur Airport Brussels North h:04 h:18 h:31 h:52 h:48 (h+1):05 Brussels North Namur h:15 (h+1):07 h:45 (h+1):37 Most of the trains to Namur leave Brussels North station at platform 7; but check carefully. Trains leaving Brussels North at :15 have « Namur –Liers/Dinant » as end direction Trains leaving Brussels North at :45 have « Namur-Luxembourg » as end direction p.3 If you arrive by international train W If you travel with Eurostar, TGV or Thalys, you will arrive at Brussel South (Bruxelles Midi/ Brussel Zuid) station There you can take a direct train to Namur Brussels South Namur h:06 (h+1):07 h:36 (h+1):37 Trains leaving Brussels South at :06 have « Namur –Liers/Dinant » as end direction Trains leaving Brussels North at :36 have « Namur-Luxembourg » as end direction p.4 Arriving in Namur p.5 p.6 Going outside the station (from 1 to 2) ¾From the platform, go upstairs (escalator, stairs or lift) to the station p.7 ¾ Leave the station,directioncity center stairs lift escalato p.8 r ¾Go downstairs to the main exit p.9 ¾Exit the station
    [Show full text]
  • Delft University of Technology Report from the 1St Int. Workshop on Education Through Advanced Software Engineering and Artifici
    Delft University of Technology Report from the 1st Int. Workshop on Education through Advanced Software Engineering and Artificial Intelligence (EASEAI ’19) Vanderose, Benoît; Frenay, Benoît; Henry, Julie; Devroey, Xavier DOI 10.1145/3375572.3375579 Publication date 2020 Document Version Submitted manuscript Published in Software Engineering Notes Citation (APA) Vanderose, B., Frenay, B., Henry, J., & Devroey, X. (2020). Report from the 1st Int. Workshop on Education through Advanced Software Engineering and Artificial Intelligence (EASEAI ’19). Software Engineering Notes, 45(1), 25–27. https://doi.org/10.1145/3375572.3375579 Important note To cite this publication, please use the final published version (if applicable). Please check the document version above. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download, forward or distribute the text or part of it, without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license such as Creative Commons. Takedown policy Please contact us and provide details if you believe this document breaches copyrights. We will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. This work is downloaded from Delft University of Technology. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to a maximum of 10. Report from the 1st Int. Workshop on Education through Advanced Software Engineering and Artificial Intelligence (EASEAI ’19) Benoît Vanderose Benoît Frenay Julie Henry Xavier Devroey University of Namur, University of Namur, University of Namur, Delft University of Technology, Namur, Belgium Namur, Belgium Namur, Belgium Delft, The Netherlands [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract putational thinking skills and improve their digital literacy.
    [Show full text]
  • Or Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide-Containing Cells Among Gabaergic Cell Subtypes in Rat Frontal Cortex
    The Journal of Neuroscience, April 15, 1996, 76(8):2701-2715 Physiological and Morphological Identification of Somatostatin- or Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide-Containing Cells among GABAergic Cell Subtypes in Rat Frontal Cortex Yasuo Kawaguchi and Yoshiyuki Kubota Labora tory for Neural Circuits, Bio- Mimetic Control Research Center, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (R/KEN), Nagoya 456, Japan Physiological and morphological characteristics of GABAer- in deep layers). Some of the Martinotti cells in layer V also gic nonpyramidal cells in frontal cortex of young rats identi- contained calbindin Dpak. VIP cells included neurons the fied immunohistochemically as containing somatostatin or main descending axons of which had more descending than vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were studied in vitro ascending collaterals (bipolar cells and double bouquet by whole-cell recording and biocytin injection. We have cells). Two other morphological forms of the VIP cells were found that most somatostatin- or VIP-containing neurons those with short descending axons with collaterals bearing were different from two other types of GABAergic cells, the multiple boutons on other cell bodies (small basket cells) or parvalbumin-containing fast-spiking cells and the late- with short ascending main axons with collaterals forming spiking cells (neurogliaform cells). In response to injected arcades (arcade cells). Some of these neurons also con- currents, somatostatin- or VIP-containing nonpyramidal cells tained calretinin. From these results, it appears that the showed either bursts of a few spikes on a slow-depolarizing GABAergic neurons controlling circuits in the neocortical hump, burst-spiking nonpyramidal cells, or single spikes only layers may be characterized further based on whether they on depolarization, regular-spiking nonpyramidal cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Layer VI in Cat Primary Auditory Cortex: Golgi Study and Sublaminar Origins of Projection Neurons
    THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 404:332–358 (1999) Layer VI in Cat Primary Auditory Cortex: Golgi Study and Sublaminar Origins of Projection Neurons JORGE J. PRIETO1* AND JEFFERY A. WINER2 1Department of Histology, Institute of Neurosciences, University Miguel Herna´ ndez, 03550 San Juan, Alicante, Spain 2Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720–3200 ABSTRACT The organization of layer VI in cat primary auditory cortex (AI) was studied in mature specimens. Golgi-impregnated neurons were classified on the basis of their dendritic and somatic form. Ipsilateral and contralateral projection neurons and the corticogeniculate cells of origin were labeled with retrograde tracers and their profiles were compared with the results from Golgi studies. Layer VI was divided into a superficial half (layer VIa) with many pyramidal neurons and a deeper part (layer VIb) that is dominated by horizontal cells. Nine types of neuron were identified; four classes had subvarieties. Classical pyramidal cells and star, fusiform, tangential, and inverted pyramidal cells occur. Nonpyramidal neurons were Martinotti, multipolar stellate, bipolar, and horizontal cells. This variety of neurons distin- guished layer VI from other AI layers. Pyramidal neuron dendrites contributed to the vertical, modular organization in AI, although their apical processes did not project beyond layer IV. Their axons had vertical, intrinsic processes as well as corticofugal branches. Horizontal cell dendrites extended laterally up to 700 µm and could integrate thalamic input across wide expanses of the tonotopic domain. Connectional experiments confirmed the sublaminar arrangement seen in Nissl material. Commissural cells were concentrated in layer VIa, whereas corticocortical neurons were more numerous in layer VIb.
    [Show full text]
  • Lateral Inhibition by Martinotti Interneurons Is Facilitated by Cholinergic Inputs in Human and Mouse Neocortex
    ARTICLE DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06628-w OPEN Lateral inhibition by Martinotti interneurons is facilitated by cholinergic inputs in human and mouse neocortex Joshua Obermayer1, Tim S. Heistek1, Amber Kerkhofs1, Natalia A. Goriounova 1, Tim Kroon1,3, Johannes C. Baayen2, Sander Idema2, Guilherme Testa-Silva1,4, Jonathan J. Couey1,5 & Huibert D. Mansvelder 1 1234567890():,; A variety of inhibitory pathways encompassing different interneuron types shape activity of neocortical pyramidal neurons. While basket cells (BCs) mediate fast lateral inhibition between pyramidal neurons, Somatostatin-positive Martinotti cells (MCs) mediate a delayed form of lateral inhibition. Neocortical circuits are under control of acetylcholine, which is crucial for cortical function and cognition. Acetylcholine modulates MC firing, however, precisely how cholinergic inputs affect cortical lateral inhibition is not known. Here, we find that cholinergic inputs selectively augment and speed up lateral inhibition between pyramidal neurons mediated by MCs, but not by BCs. Optogenetically activated cholinergic inputs depolarize MCs through activation of ß2 subunit-containing nicotinic AChRs, not muscarinic AChRs, without affecting glutamatergic inputs to MCs. We find that these mechanisms are conserved in human neocortex. Cholinergic inputs thus enable cortical pyramidal neurons to recruit more MCs, and can thereby dynamically highlight specific circuit motifs, favoring MC- mediated pathways over BC-mediated pathways. 1 Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands. 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands. 3Present address: MRC Centre-Developmental Neurobiology, King’s college London, London WC2R 2LS, UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Grand Casino De Namur More Than Just a Casino
    GRAND CASINO DE NAMUR MORE THAN JUST A CASINO FIRST VISIT? €75 * OFFERED Roulette, Blackjack, Slot machines, Poker, Sports betting, Restaurant, Hotel & Bar. WWW.CASINODENAMUR.BE *Coupons with advantages for a value of € 75. Present this coupon in the Grand Casino de Namur with your first visit. One coupon per person. Valid up until 31 December 2018. Avenue Baron de Moreau B-5000 Namur +32 (0) 81 22 30 21 – Identity card mandatory C.off_170915_GCDN Visit Namur 2018.indd 1 04-10-17 11:50:29 GRAND CASINO DE NAMUR MORE THAN JUST A CASINO FIRST VISIT? * WELCOME TO NAMUR! ‘2019, ALONG THE WATER’ You have chosen to visit our beautiful city and you will not regret it! €75 Nestling at the confluent of the Sambre and the Meuse rivers, the Capital of Wallonia invites you to come and explore, stroll around, relax or enjoy an adventure! You are sure to be OFFERED captivated by its generosity, its gastronomy and its rich heritage. Along its rivers and watercourses, Namur is revealed and beckons… In this brochure, we offer you the best to be experienced without limits, from the most conventional to the unusual. In Namur, everything is possible! Would you like to see a superb view over the majestic Citadel? Come and admire it from our rivers thanks to a wide range of activities: cruises, boats that do not require a licence, stand- up paddles or, for the more daring, a blob-jump! Be sure to make the most of your stay by savouring a delicious meal or sipping a drink at the edge of - or even on - the water! At the end of the day, enjoy a pleasant yet unusual night on board one of our comfortably equipped barges.
    [Show full text]