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WFS 433/533 April 12, 2012 4/11/2012 WFS 433/533 April 12, 2012 I. What is Ribeiroia? II. New County, MN III. History and General information IV. Hosts, Life Cycle, and Malformations V. Research VI. Declines and Future Research Introduction “Ribeiroia ondatrae is a parasite that turns amphibians into monsters and feeds them to birds” 1 4/11/2012 Trematode parasite Phylum- Platyhelminthes Indirect, complex life cycle Class- Trematoda Distinctive esophageal Order- Echinostomida diverticula Family- Psilostomatidae Hermaphroditic Genus- Ribeiroia Known to cause lilibmb SSipecies- onddtatrae, mariiini, malformations in amphibian congolensis species • Subspecies: R.m. guadeloupensis Biology field trip in Le Seur, MN Conversation over causes Summer 1995 Likely to be a result of several 30-40% deformed in Ney pond factors (MN Pollution Control Agency) Habitat alteration + Ribeioria = Widespread reports of Increase in ddfitieformities deformities shocked public 1st linked to amphibian malformations in 1990 (Ruth and Sessions) Confirmed by Johnson et al. 2001 Preserved specimens 1946 Mostly hindlimb abnormalities Supernumerary, usually unilateral but when bilateral, assymmetrical 60 species in 46 states and 4 provinces (Mostly anuran) http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/narcam Different species respond differently to identical R. ondatrae numbers (P. treefrogs vs. W. Toads, Johnson et al. 2001) 2 4/11/2012 But how do we go from this To that First intermediate hosts: Planorbid snails (Rediae) Second intermediate hosts: Amphibians or Fish (CCiercariae) Definitive hosts: Birds or Mammals (Metacercariae) Ribeiroia as a biological control? Biomphalaria glabrata a) Rediae Schistosoma mansoni b) Cercariae c) Metacercariae d) Adult parasite 3 4/11/2012 Disruption of developing and regenerating tissues Sessions and Ruth (1990) Two hypotheses for improper limb development • Mechanical: parasites disturb the arrangement of growing limb cells, leading to abnormal limb formation or even duplication • Chemical: Ribeiroia actively produces a compound that interferes with a retinoid- sensitive signaling pathway, stimulating or inhibiting continued limb growth Maden (1996) Johnson (1999) May occur individually or in concert. Malformation is dependent upon : number of parasites timing of exposure Johnson (2001) Sweet animal planet video Polymely, ectromely, polydactyly, etc. Malformed Hyla regilla and Ambystoma Resin beads (150-200μm) inserted into macrodactylum in Northern California captive Xenopus laevis and Ambystoma mexicanum Adults/juveniles and larval stages collected for analysis Control limb buds Supporting Evidence Substantial limb 1. Visible disruption of hind limb-forming abnormalities region by cysts in young tadpoles 2. Limb abnormalities and presence and Close physical localized concentrations of metacercariae association b/t in two unrelated species of amphibians in beads and the same pond. duplicated limb structures Western toads exposed to different levels of cercariae Control, Light, Intermediate, and Heavy 67% of exposed had malformations. 86% in heavy treatment had malformations Survivorship in all treatment groups decli ned sharpl y with parasite load Survivorship as exposure Freq. of abnorm. as exposure 4 4/11/2012 Not associated with widespread population declines but……. Emergence due to the changing ecology of the habitats of its hosts 1)Highly productive due to run-off and lead to increased algal production increased populations of snail hosts 2) in the number of artificial impoundments and in natural wetlands 3) Other hosts (birds, amphibians) typically found in artificial systems Other factors causing malformations: UV-B radiation, pesticides, nutrient run-off, predators (introduced and natural) Interaction of factors Has potential to be a cause of amphibian declines Kiesecker (2002) Thiemann (2000) Co-evolutionary interactions between R. ondatrae and its hosts Parasite/host/environment interactions Differing species Possibility of increase in geographic prevalence of the parasite Hoppe, D.M. 2000. History of Minnesota frog abnormalities: do recent findings represent a new phenomenon? J. Iowa Acad. Sci. 107: 86-89. Hoppe, D.M. 2004. Linking malformations to amphibian declines: history of malformed anurans in Minnesota and interspecific differences in their occurences. In Declining Amphibians: A United States’ Response to the Global Phenomenon (Lannon, M.J., ed.), University of California Press, Berkeley, California. Johnson P.T.J. et al. 1999. The effect of trematode infection on amphibian limb development and survivorship. Science 284: 802-804. Johnson, P.T.J., and Lunde K.B. 2001 Trematode parasites and amphibian limb malformations in the western U.S.: are they a concern? In Status and conservation of U.S. amphibians. Edited by M.J. Lannoo. University of California Press. Johnson, P.T.J., et al. 2001. Ribeiroia ondatrae (Trematoda:Dignea) infection induces severe limb malformations in western ttdoads (BBfufo boreas). Can. J. Zool . 79: 370-379. Johnson P.T.J., Sutherland, D.R., Kinsella, J.M., and K.B. Lunde. 2004. Review of the Trematode Genus Ribeiroia (Psilostomidae): Ecology, Life History and Pathogenesis with Species Emphasis on the Amphibian Malformation Problem. Advances in Parasitology: 57: 191-253 Kiesecker, J.M. 2002. Synergism between trematode infection and pesticide exposure: A link to amphibian deformities in nature? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99: 9900-9904. Maden, M. 1996. Retinoic acid in development and regeneration. J. Bioscience 21, 299-312 Sessions, S.K. and Ruth, S.B. 1990. Explaination for naturally occuring supernumerary limbs in amphibians. J. Expo. Zool. 254: 38-47. Ouellet, M., Bonin, J. , Rodrigue, J., DesGranges, J.L., Lair, S. 1997. Hindlimb deformities (ectromelia, ectrodactyly) in free living anurans from agricultural habitats. J. Wildl. Dis. 41:37-66 Stopper, G.F. et al. 2002. How trematodes cause limb deformities in amphibians. J. Expo. Zool. 294: 252-263. Sutherland, D.R. 2004. Parasites of North American Anurans. In Declining Amphibians: A United States’ Response to the Global Phenomenon (Lannon, M.J., ed.), University of California Press, Berkeley, California. Thiemann, G.W. and Wassersug, R.J. 2000. Patterns and consequences of behavioural responses to predators and parasites in Rana tadpoles. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 71: 513-528. 5.
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