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Elektrownie Start Systemy energii odnawialnych dr hab. inz. Kazimierz Szymocha Program • Wprowadzenie • Potencjal energii slonecznej • Systemy wykorzystania energii slonecznej • Turbiny wiatrowe • Skladowanie energii elektrycznej • Rozwazania koncowe Jednostki 103 -Kilo Moc - Watt Energia - Joule (W x s) lub Wh 106 - Mega - 1 W 1 Wh = 3,600 J =3.6 kJ 109 - Giga 12 - 1 kW (1000 W) 1 kWh (1,000 Wh) = 3.6 MJ 10 -Tera 1015 - Peta - 1 MW (1,000,000 W) 1 MWh (1,000,000 Wh) 1018 - Exa - 1 GW (1,000,000,000 W) 1021 - Zeta - 1 TW (1,000,000,000,000 W) 100 W 100kW 1-10 MW 4x22 MW 1000 MW =1 GW 135 GW Potential systemu B-747 energetycznego Kanady Polska ~40 GW Zapotrzebowanie energetyczne Obiekt Moc, W Zuzycie lub Sprawnosc produkcja energii 1kW=736hp Human ~250W (max 450W) Food 9 MJ/day Metric syst Serce 9W, 0.78 MJ/day Ave continuous, 80W-200W no movement, (2000 kcal) 35.6-48.1MJ (*)10 hours race 990-1,330 W Iron man (8500 to 11,500 kcal) 10h, Straty ciepla3% energii House 5.7 kW 180 GJ/year, 493MJ/day, - Car engine, gasoline 100 kW (73.6 hp) 28 GJ/year, 2.8 MJ/km ~16% (0.45MJ/km) Car Diesel 100 kW 18 GJ/year, 1.8 MJ/km ~30% (0.54MJ/km) Electric car (Tesla 3) 192 kW 0.51 MJ/km ~95% Panel PV (1 m2) AB 200 W 3.4 MJ/m2/day 21% 2 Wind turbine 1 MW – 8 MW Uzalezniona od wiatru 17MJ/m /day*20% Gas power plant ~50 MW ~62% Plane (B 747) 90 MW start,(45MW flight) ~36-40% 4 engines x 22.5 MW 692 GJ/h Classical power plant 500 MW – 2.0 GW 1,800-7,200 GJ/h 35-40% Alberta power system 16.46 GW (3rd largest) Canada power system 135 GW * -- https://www.triathlon.org/images/uploads/jhse_Vol_VI_N_II_Laursen.pdf Zrodla energii na Ziemi 103 -Kilo 106 - Mega 109 - Giga 1012 -Tera 1015 - Peta 1018 - Exa Roczne zapotrzebowanie 1021 - Zeta Swiata w 2018, 858 EJ/y = 238 000 PWh/y Uranium reserves Global energy (2017) demand Energy 162 PWh/y Natural gas reserves Power 25.6 PWh/y Oil reserves Coal reserves Potencjal energii slonecznej na Ziemi Energia sloneczna rocznie 5,400,000 EJ/y = 1,500 EWh/y (1,500 million billion kilowatt-hours per annum?) https://deepresource.wordpress.com/2020/11/ Elektrownia cieplna (Ostroleka 647 MW + 1000 MW ) Elektrownie start *Zdewastowany teren Spaliny, pyl *Lej depresyjny Schemat bloku elektrowni cieplnej CO2, SO2,NOx, *Skladowiska popiolu rtec *Przenikanie do wod gruntowych P=500 MW p=18 MPa, t=540C, mpary=460kg/s, *Emisja trujacych mw=0.91t/MWh (brunatny) substancji Komin Kociol (~650 km rur) Para wytwornica pary wodna Wegiel Generator Turbina elektryczny parowa Filtr spalin Chlodnia kominowa Energia Popiol elektr. Mlyn Woda Czesci mineralne, weglowy metale, rtec, • Moc 858 MW ~900 km rur Kocł Kociol typu…BB240 Kociol BB-1150 370 MW wydajność WMT – 1150 t/h Turbina parowa typu STF-100 wydajność cieplna – 750 Gcal/h Generator 50WT25E-138. ciśnienie pary – 18,6 MPa Sprawnosc 42% temperatura pary świeżej – 540 °C Dyspozycyjnosc >88% ciśnienie pary wtórnej – 4,5 MPa temperatura pary wtórnej – 540 °C Wys kotla 142 m sprawność przy WMT – 88% Remont kotla co 4 lata wysokosc kotla 112 m Kopalnia odkrywkowa Kleszczow i elektrownia Belchatow, 5,100 MW Turow • Emisja CO2 Turow 2007, 1,150 kg/MWh, calkowita ~780t/h • Wydobycie /zuzycie wegla, Turow 12 mln ton/a • Turow odkrywka 2487 hmoc osiągalna wynosi 1498,8 MW • Roczna produkcja energii elektrycznej brutto to 13 144 008 MWh.. • Jednostkowe zuzycie wegla 0.91t/MWh Belchatow , (11x 380 MW) + 858 MW • Moc 5,102 MW, Emisja CO2=37 mln t (2015) • Emituje rocznie około 34,000 ton tlenku azotu oraz 75 tys ton tlenków siarki • Prod. energii =27.3 TWh, (20% zapotrzebowania Ploski), • Wegiel brunatny, blok 1000 MW spala 1 t/s (3,600 t/h) 42 mln t/a wegla Elektrownia 25 km 125 km2 - Elekyrownia PV ~120MW/km2 x 125 km2 = 15 GW Asump 5MW x $725mln/MW = US$ 3,625 mln lub 14,500 mln zl Belchatow Belchatow Kopalnia ~125 km2 Fort McMurry Tar sands mine ~210 km2 Problem elektrowni weglowych 42% elektrowni węglowych na świecie przynosi straty. Polska Grupa Energetyczna (PGE) dopłaca $4 do każdej wyprodukowanej MWh - wynika z raportu "Carbon Tracker". Finansowy think thank „Carbon Tracker” przeprowadził analizę rentowności 6,685 elektrowni węglowych na całym świecie, które stanowią 95% wszystkich mocy produkcyjnych. Opublikowany niedawno raport IPCC podkreśla, że aby ograniczyć globalne ocieplenie do 1,5 st. C, należy do 2030 r. zamknąć co najmniej 59 %. elektrowni węglowych ICPP-The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change Elektrownie weglowe odchodza do przeszlosci Sytuacja w Polsce • Proby utrzymania uzycia wegla opoznianie wprowadzenia energii odnawialnych • Rezygnacja (wymuszona) z budowy nowego bloku (1000 MW) w Ostrolece • Jedną z barier dla zmian jest nieuzasadniony upór resortu energii, który wstrzymał rozwój energetyki wiatrowej, a ogromne środki nadal pompuje w węgiel. – Projekt PEP2040 spotkał się z krytyką ekspertów, przedsiębiorców, a nawet części rządu. Bankructwo scenariusza węglowego jest nieuniknione, staje się on dla rządzących coraz bardziej problematyczny. • Niedająca się wytłumaczyć koncentracja rządu na węglu martwi coraz bardziej. Import tego surowca znacznie w ubiegłym roku wzrósł, a 78%. dostaw pochodziło z Rosji. Alberta, 2018 Fig 1. Hydrocarbons Production Fig 2. Electricity Generation by Fuel Type https://www.cer-rec.gc.ca/en/data-analysis/energy-markets/provincial-territorial-energy-profiles/provincial-territorial-energy-profiles-canada.html Canada, 2018 Fig 1. Hydrocarbons Production Fig 2. Electricity Generation by Fuel Type UDZIAL ENERGII ODNAWIALNYCH W zaspokajaniu potrzeb energetycznych W energię odnawialną inwestują koncerny naftowe. Wiatr przegania atom Kraj % energii odnawialnej OZE Portugalia 104 US 11 GB 30 Niemcy 36 Kanada 2018 61% hydro, 15% wind, sol<1% Polska – wprowadzono nawe, dyskryminujace turbiny wiatrowe w stosunku do innych elektrowni, Polska 6 (podatek nawet od zasady opodatkowania (od smigiel turbin) fundamentow, wiez, a nawet turbin i smigiel World energy consumption 8% The world’s electricity generation 2019 Energy consumption, 2018 – 828 EJ Global energy demand rose by 2.3% in 2018, its fastest pace in the last decade. Renewables were a major contributor to this power generation expansion, accounting for nearly half of electricity demand growth. China remains the leader in renewables, both for wind and solar, followed by Europe and the United States. Total Energy Electricity Renewables https://yearbook.enerdata.net/electricity/electricity-domestic-consumption-data.html Where does Alberta's power come from? Installed generation as of March 2019 https://www.aeso.ca/aeso/electricity-in-alberta/ * Alberta's coal fleet is the largest in Canada and has a total capacity of 6.14 GW. Mar 12, 2019 * In Combined cycle plant the waste heat from the gas turbine is routed to the nearby steam turbine, which generates extra power. (efficiency 64%, simple cycle 34%. Electricity Capacity and Primary Fuel Sources Map, Canada Provincial and Territorial Energy Profiles – Canada Solar Energy Systems Solar Power Plants Quarzazate, Morocco 2019 Ouarzazate nicknamed The door of the desert, is a city and capital of Ouarzazate Province in Drâa-Tafilalet, south-central region of Morocco. Image: Kasbah Taourirt in Ouarzazate 2011 “Berberowie” z Edmonton, 2019 W ktora strone? W strone slonca! “Fantom”na niebie Solar power plant Noor 3 Noor 2 550 ha 680 ha 150 MW 200 MW Noor 1 450 ha 160 MW 2.5 km 7 km Noor 4 72MW Elektrownia Sloneczna 582MW Quarzazate, Maroko 2019 Power Plants Power Annual net Output Noor 1 - 160 MW 370 GWh/y Noor 2 - 200 MW 600 GWh/y Noor 3 - 150 MW 500 GWh/y Noor 4 - 72 MW PV Total 582 MW Zaspokojenie potrzeb energetycznych dla ponad 3 mln ludzi Rodzaje systemow slonecznych 1. Systemy ze zwierciadlami skupiajacymi promieniowanie sloneczne (Concentrating solar power (CSP)) a) Elektrownie sloneczne ze zwierciadlami parabolicznymi b) Elektrownie sloneczne ze zwierciadlami skupiajacymi . promieniowanie na wiezy cieplnej/wytwornicy pary 2. Elektrownie fotowoltaiczne PV The plant cost $3.9 bln US (much of it a gift from hard-pressed Noor1 160 MW European taxpayers diverted by guilty CO2-obsessed European liberals), (Swiatlo) it produces 370 GWh/year (Investm. Cost $24 mln/MW) Thermal Power Plant Parabolic Trough Solar Thermal Collector (Kolektory paraboliczne) Heat transfer fluid (usually thermal oil) runs through the tube to absorb the radiant energy. This increases the temperature of the fluid to some 400 °C.[7] The heat transfer fluid is then used to generate high pressure water steam used for a standard turbine powering an electrical generator. The process is economical and thermal efficiency ranges 60-80%. Using the desert's solar thermal energy, the facility generates steam in steam generators, which expands through a steam turbine making a generator to produce electrical energy from twin, independently operable solar fields, each feeding a 125 MW power island. Generation is provided 100% from sun, no supplement from fossil-based energy sources. Parabolic trough at a plant near Harper Lake, California Elektrownie sloneczne z Naslonecznienie 3,000 godzin zwierciadlami parabolicznymi rocznie (Parabolic Trough) Ciecz obiegowa odprowadzajaca cieplo W kolektorach skupiających promienie słoneczne są odbijane w kierunku absorbera, będącego jednocześnie wymiennikiem ciepła. Aby utrzymać wysoką sprawność przez cały dzień, kolektor musi poruszać się zgodnie z pozornym ruchem słońca, The cleaner design uses wet cooling and the need to regularly clean the reflectors means that the water use is high – 1.7 million m3 per year or 4.6 liters per kWh.[11] Water usage is more than double the water usage of a wet cooled coal power station Noor 1 Plant – 150 MW, Heat Storage 3.5 hr Chodnica wentylatorowa Kondensator pary Kolectory sloneczne Zasobniki ciepla - 3 hr Generator elektryczny Wytwornica pary Turbina parowa Noor 2 Plant– 200 MW, Noor 2 Plant– 200 MW, Heat Storage 7.5 hr Heat storage tank – 7.5 hr https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Ouarzazate Solar Power Station Noor 3 150 MW, Heat Storage 8 hr Surface of the solar radiation collecting system is 5.5 km2 At 150 MW Noor III is now the most powerful CSP tower unit built.
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