DOCSLIB.ORG

Terrible Turk”

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Terrible Turk” Chapter 1 The Return of the “Terrible Turk” It seems that they [the Turks] were made only to murder and destroy. In the history of the Turkish nation you will find nothing but fighting, rob- bery, and murder. Every nation has turbulent times in its past, but along- side them also times that are crowned with the marvelous fruits of quiet effort and beneficial work; our nation, for example, has the age of the Hussites, but also the era of the Fathers of Our Country – the unforget- table Charleses. But in the history of the Turks you would search in vain for even a short period devoted to quiet, useful patriotic work. That is also why the images compiled here, in which only fear and terror and gloomy desolation reign, might seem chilling. Nevertheless, the history of the Turks is important, for the fight that Europe has conducted in its defense against the nations of this race has been waged by Christians alone and by the nations of our monarchy in particular. For this reason, the main consideration is given to the scenes that unfolded either in the countries of the Balkan Peninsula or those of Austria-Hungary. kodym, 18791 There have been few other non-Christian figures in European history that have been the object of such a vast range of visual representations as “the Turk.” From the warrior depicted in medieval and early modern German woodcuts, to the Turk as a symbol of wealth woven into the patterns of Renaissance French carpets, the captive Sultan who appeared on the stages of 18th-century Vene- tian opera houses, not to mention the pipe-smoking Turk on the signboards of coffee shops in many European cities and the harem women pictured in 19th- century Orientalist paintings, images of the Turks have accompanied Euro- peans for centuries. Print materials that in some way dealt with Turkish issues, such as religious treatises, war propaganda, ballads, comic plays, and scholarly essays, displayed a similar heterogeneity of form, tone, and purpose. This chap- ter’s introductory quote, from a book by a secondary school teacher named František Kodym intended for young people, represents just one end of the 1 Frant. Vl. Kodym, Obrazy z dějin Turků dospělejší mládeži (Prague: Nákladem kněhkupectví Mikuláše a Knappa, 1879), 7–8. © JITKA MALEČKOVÁ AND CHARLES UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF ARTS, 2021 | DOI:10.1163/9789004440791_003 Jitka Malečková - 9789004440791 This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-NDDownloaded 4.0 license. from Brill.com09/25/2021 03:54:36PM via free access <UN> The Return of the “Terrible Turk” 27 spectrum, reflecting the situation during the Russo-Turkish war at the time the book was written. Whether they appeared in famous works by Shakespeare, Molière, and Byron, in genuine and fictitious travelogues, or in anonymous pamphlets, Turks were depicted in a variety of ways, both negative and posi- tive, or simply as objects of curiosity and fascination. Different images of “the Turk” were produced in different media, periods, and regions, but the variety was not limitless, and seldom, for instance, were Turks portrayed as readers and workers or as mothers and fathers. Turkish men fought, ruled, tortured their enemies, and made fools of themselves, while the women reclined on sofas and captivated viewers with their exotic beauty. The different ways in which scholars have interpreted Europeans’ views of the Turks reflect Europe’s varied relations with the Ottoman Empire.2 As well as fundamental divisions grounded in different ideological relationships to Orientalism, discussed in the Introduction,3 a focus on a particular period, region, or source produced different perceptions of these relationships. Any attempt to summarize “European” views of the Turks over several centuries more generally is almost necessarily destined to flatten, if not outright distort, the rich variety of viewpoints that existed across time and countries. Aslı Çırakman argues that “multiple, diversified, incoherent and sometimes even paradoxical” images of “the Turk” coexisted in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries,4 and this variety was a response to Ottoman strength, which in Euro peans inspired both fear and interest. In her opinion, it was only with the decline of Ottoman power in the 18th and 19th centuries that a more uni- form image of “the Turk” took shape in Europe, one that focused on the Turks’ character and associated them with slavery and despotism.5 By contrast, other scholars see shared features in the different images that existed of the 2 The relations between individual European rulers and the Ottoman Sultans were influenced by the balance of power in Europe and the aspirations of and rivalries among European states: French kings were keen to collaborate with the Ottomans against the Habsburgs, who were a more important adversary for France than the Ottoman Empire. In Britain, the coun- try’s maritime ambitions made the Ottomans a factor they had to reckon with, while there were economic motives behind Elizabeth I’s well-known ties to the Sultan. For the Habsburgs, the Ottomans were an immediate threat and a rival on the Southeastern borders of their nascent empire, and in the 16th and 17th centuries a threat even to its heartland. 3 On the one hand, depictions of the Ottoman Turks’ violence or their rule as despotic can be interpreted as reflecting reality (see Fichtner, Terror and Toleration, 9–11; for a somewhat dif- ferent view see also Curtis, Orientalism and Islam, 6–7). On the other hand, travel writing on Muslim societies can be interpreted as expressing just a drive for domination (see Kabbani, Europe’s Myths of Orient, 86–112). 4 Çırakman, European Images of Ottoman Empire, 185. 5 Ibid., 184. Jitka Malečková - 9789004440791 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 03:54:36PM via free access <UN> 28 Chapter 1 Turks very early on, or claim that the diverse images continued to exist even in the 18th and 19th centuries.6 Earlier works in particular, such as Norman Daniel’s classic study Islam and the West, maintained that a special Western way of looking at Islam developed in Europe between the 12th and 14th centuries, which viewed Islam as a form of Christian heresy, Muhammad as a false Prophet and schemer, Muslims as violent and lascivious, and their Paradise with its houris as absurd.7 When the Ottomans advanced into Europe, their Empire was increasingly seen as a mili- tary and political as well as a religious threat. There was a strong fear of Otto- man expansion even in England, where the Turks were called “the scourge of God” and “any news of a Christian victory against Islam was a cause for rejoicing.”8 According to Fichtner, the Turks, who gradually came to be seen as synonymous with Muslims, were regarded as idolaters whose religion support- ed indulgence and lasciviousness and encouraged polygamy.9 Anti-Turkish rhetoric was particularly strong in the Habsburg Empire because it expressed the interests of both the state and the church, though this dual concern about the Turkish threat did not prevent more neutral curiosity about or fascination with the Turks from being expressed in writing and visual imagery.10 In short, the early modern picture of “the Turk in Europe” consisted of a variety of im- ages that mirrored diverse circumstances across time and countries and whose unifying features result from the emphasis put on religious difference and mili- tary threat. The 18th century was a transitional period in the development of views about the Turks, and this is perhaps why the interpretations of it differ. Çırakman says that “the image of the Ottomans deteriorated in the eighteenth century” when “one finds the emergence of a stereotypical image of Ottomans as a stagnant, backward and corrupt people, governed by arbitrary regime.”11 Wolff, in contrast, sees the 18th century as an intermezzo in the long tradition of prevailingly negative images of the Turks, and that was what made it possible 6 See Kuran-Burçoğlu, “A Glimpse,” 29–32. 7 Norman Daniel, Islam and the West: The Making of an Image (Oxford: Oneworld Publica- tions, 2009), esp. 302–6. See also Curtis, Orientalism and Islam, 31. 8 Daniel J. Vitkus, “Introduction,” in Three Turk Plays from Early Modern England: Selimus, A Christian Turned Turk, and The Renegado, ed. Daniel J. Vitkus (New York: Columbia Uni- versity Press, 2000), 7. 9 Fichtner, Terror and Toleration, 25. 10 Smith, Images of Islam, 1; Larry Silver, “East is East: Images of the Turkish Nemesis in the Habsburg World,” in The Turk and Islam in the Western Eye, 1450–1750: Visual Imagery be- fore Orientalism, ed. James G. Harper (Farnham: Ashgate, 2011), esp. 208–9. 11 Çırakman, European Images of Ottoman Empire, 1 and 105ff. Jitka Malečková - 9789004440791 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 03:54:36PM via free access <UN> The Return of the “Terrible Turk” 29 for “the Turk” to appear as a character on Europe’s opera stages.12 Kuran- Burçoğlu also considers the imagery of this period less Turkophobic.13 Positive views of the Turks were indeed far from rare even in the 18th century, despite the undeniable impact of the image of the Orient, and specifically the Otto- man Empire, as despotic, a notion that spread and grew stronger throughout Europe during the Enlightenment under the influence of the writings of Mon- tesquieu. In Montesquieu’s rendering, the basic characteristics of Oriental des- potism are rule based on the will and caprice of a single person, arbitrary deci- sions, cruelty, and corruption; its regime serves only the preservation and pleasure of the rulers, in whose hands every type of power is concentrated, while the population is passive.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Parallels and Analogies in the Interwar Architecture in Latvia and Czechoslovakia
    Scientific Journal of Latvia University of Agriculture Landscape Architecture and Art, Volume 10, Number 10 Parallels and Analogies in the Interwar Architecture in Latvia and Czechoslovakia Renāte Čaupale, Riga Technical University, Latvia University of Agriculture Abstract. The interconnections of the interactions between the art and architecture of the Latvian and Czechoslovakian nations are relatively fragmented. However, there is one large European cultural space in which both parallels and analogies can be found, as required by the communicative role of art and architecture. In the 1920s and 1930s, a European architecture that was founded on modern features could be found in the architecture of the new Latvian state. Art Deco aesthetics was one of the operative events of the interwar period. Its expression changed along with the changes occurring during this time period, retaining the decorativeness principles of Art Deco. Art Deco aesthetics encompass several distinct but related design trends, including the following: interpretation of elements of folklore – Ansis Cīrulis in Latvia and Pavel Janák in Czechoslovakia authored masterfully designed interior examples. Regardless of their creative potential after the First Wold War, artists and architects in many new states were drawn into the stream of contemporary trends – the folkloristic style, which became one of the decisive sources of inspiration for demonstrating national self-determination, which, in turn, is typical of all cultures and civilisations and can sometimes be international. An analogous interpretation of folklore brings these processes together, which allows them to be identified as folkloristic Art Deco trends. There are moments when folkloristic Art Deco as a component of Modernism art and architecture of the 1920-30s organically foreshadows the aesthetics of pre-postmodernism; modernization of the classic form, which has been highlighted directly in the period of the leader cult common in new states.
    [Show full text]
  • Martin Luther in His Table Talk Once Said, ―True Theology Is Practical
    LUTHER’S ESCHATOLOGY AND THE TURKS NICHOLAS D. PROKSCH, BETHANY LUTHERAN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 2010 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON MEDIEVAL STUDIES, KALAMAZOO, MI Martin Luther in his Table Talk once said, ―True theology is practical.‖1 For Luther, the doctrines of Scripture existed to show how a Christian should believe and live. Nothing was speculative; nothing was superfluous. By the same token, Luther’s eschatology and interpretation of prophecy were not merely obscure predictions or trivial details, but were determined realities for the end times with practical implications for a Christian’s life and actions. The eschatological role of the Turks likewise established practical consequences for a Christian. Although Luther’s political and pastoral engagement of the Turks are generally separated from his eschatological understanding of their role in history, in fact it seems more likely that the eschatology provided the basis of his political and pastoral advice. From the prophecy of Daniel 7, Luther concluded three determined realities that shaped his entire perspective on the Turks: (1) the Turks would never conquer European Christianity; (2) they would never be conquered by European Christianity; and (3) they would always oppress Christianity militarily. These details taken as a whole gave the Turks a unique role as a temporal scourge in the hand of God to work repentance and to purify the Christian church. Furthermore, the predetermined role of aggressor for the Turks allowed Luther generally to advocate war against the Turks by secular authorities because of its defensive nature. In spite of some outward appearances, Luther’s eschatological perspective of the Turks was not pessimistic but practical in that he used predetermined realities as a basis for advising secular rulers and Christians in general.
    [Show full text]
  • THE MYTH of 'TERRIBLE TURK' and 'LUSTFUL TURK' Nevs
    THE WESTERN IMAGE OF TURKS FROM THE MIDDLE AGES TO THE 21ST CENTURY: THE MYTH OF ‘TERRIBLE TURK’ AND ‘LUSTFUL TURK’ Nevsal Olcen Tiryakioglu A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of Nottingham Trent University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2015 Copyright Statement This work is the intellectual property of the author. You may copy up to 5% of this work for private study, or personal, non-commercial research. Any re-use of the information contained within this document should be fully referenced, quoting the author, title, university, degree level and pagination. Queries or requests for any other use, or if a more substantial copy is required, should be directed in the owner(s) of the Intellectual Property Rights. i Abstract The Western image of Turks is identified with two distinctive stereotypes: ‘Terrible Turk’ and ‘Lustful Turk.’ These stereotypical images are deeply rooted in the history of the Ottoman Empire and its encounters with Christian Europe. Because of their fear of being dominated by Islam, European Christians defined the Turks as the wicked ‘Other’ against their perfect ‘Self.’ Since the beginning of Crusades, the Western image of Turks is associated with cruelty, barbarity, murderousness, immorality, and sexual perversion. These characteristics still appear in cinematic representations of Turks. In Western films such as Lawrence of Arabia and Midnight Express, the portrayals of Turks echo the stereotypes of ‘terrible Turk’ and ‘lustful Turk.’ This thesis argues that these stereotypes have transformed into a myth and continued to exist uniformly in Western contemporary cinema. The thesis attempts to ascertain the uniformity and consistency of the cinematic image of Turks and determine the associations between this image and the myths of ‘terrible Turk’ and ‘lustful Turk.’ To achieve this goal, this thesis examines the trajectory of the Turkish image in Western discourse between the 11th and 21st centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Turkish People
    June IJPSS Volume 2, Issue 6 ISSN: 2249-5894 2012 _________________________________________________________ History of the Turkish people Vahid Rashidvash* __________________________________________________________ Abstract The Turkish people also known as "Turks" (Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a first language. In the Republic of Turkey, an early history text provided the definition of being a Turk as "any individual within the Republic of Turkey, whatever his faith who speaks Turkish, grows up with Turkish culture and adopts the Turkish ideal is a Turk." Today the word is primarily used for the inhabitants of Turkey, but may also refer to the members of sizeable Turkish-speaking populations of the former lands of the Ottoman Empire and large Turkish communities which been established in Europe (particularly in Germany, France, and the Netherlands), as well as North America, and Australia. Key words: Turkish people. History. Culture. Language. Genetic. Racial characteristics of Turkish people. * Department of Iranian Studies, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Republic of Armeni. A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 118 June IJPSS Volume 2, Issue 6 ISSN: 2249-5894 2012 _________________________________________________________ 1. Introduction The Turks (Turkish people), whose name was first used in history in the 6th century by the Chinese, are a society whose language belongs to the Turkic language family (which in turn some classify as a subbranch of Altaic linguistic family.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    introduction Writing a Postwar History The biggest victim of the Stalinization of architecture was housing. [Karel] Teige would have recoiled in horror at the endless drab rows of prefabricated boxes of mass housing proliferating around all the major cities of Czechoslo- vakia. Here was the exact antithesis of his utopia of collective dwelling, resem- bling more the housing barracks of capitalist rent exploitation and greed than the joyful housing developments of a new socialist paradise. The result was one of the most depressing collections of banality in the history of Czech architecture, one that still mars the architectural landscape of this small coun- try and will be difficult—if not impossible—to erase from its map for decades, if not centuries. Eric Dluhosch, 2002 Few building types are as vilified as the socialist housing block. Built by the thousands in Eastern Europe in the decades after World War II, the apartment buildings of the planned economy are notorious for problems such as faulty construction methods, lack of space, nonexistent landscaping, long-term maintenance lapses, and general ugliness. The typical narrative of the con- struction and perceived failure of these blocks, the most iconic of which was the structural panel building (panelový dům or panelák, for short, in Czech), places the blame with a Soviet-imposed system of building that was forced upon the unwilling countries of Eastern Europe after the Communists came to power.1 This shift not only brought neoclassicism and historicism to the region but also ended the idealistic era of avant-garde modernism, which dis- appeared with the arrival of fascism in many European countries but sur- vived in Czechoslovakia through World War II.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Turks and Europe by Gaston Gaillard London: Thomas Murby & Co
    THE TURKS AND EUROPE BY GASTON GAILLARD LONDON: THOMAS MURBY & CO. 1 FLEET LANE, E.C. 1921 1 vi CONTENTS PAGES VI. THE TREATY WITH TURKEY: Mustafa Kemal’s Protest—Protests of Ahmed Riza and Galib Kemaly— Protest of the Indian Caliphate Delegation—Survey of the Treaty—The Turkish Press and the Treaty—Jafar Tayar at Adrianople—Operations of the Government Forces against the Nationalists—French Armistice in Cilicia—Mustafa Kemal’s Operations—Greek Operations in Asia Minor— The Ottoman Delegation’s Observations at the Peace Conference—The Allies’ Answer—Greek Operations in Thrace—The Ottoman Government decides to sign the Treaty—Italo-Greek Incident, and Protests of Armenia, Yugo-Slavia, and King Hussein—Signature of the Treaty – 169—271 VII. THE DISMEMBERMENT OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: 1. The Turco-Armenian Question - 274—304 2. The Pan-Turanian and Pan-Arabian Movements: Origin of Pan-Turanism—The Turks and the Arabs—The Hejaz—The Emir Feisal—The Question of Syria—French Operations in Syria— Restoration of Greater Lebanon—The Arabian World and the Caliphate—The Part played by Islam - 304—356 VIII. THE MOSLEMS OF THE FORMER RUSSIAN EMPIRE AND TURKEY: The Republic of Northern Caucasus—Georgia and Azerbaïjan—The Bolshevists in the Republics of Caucasus and of the Transcaspian Isthmus—Armenians and Moslems - 357—369 IX. TURKEY AND THE SLAVS: Slavs versus Turks—Constantinople and Russia - 370—408 2 THE TURKS AND EUROPE I THE TURKS The peoples who speak the various Turkish dialects and who bear the generic name of Turcomans, or Turco-Tatars, are distributed over huge territories occupying nearly half of Asia and an important part of Eastern Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Jury Citation This Is the Inaugural Year of the Czech Architecture Awards
    Jury citation This is the inaugural year of the Czech Architecture Awards, introduced by the Czech Chamber of Architects. Over 400 projects completed within the last five years from nearly every region of the Czech Republic were submitted, ranging from private houses to offices, public projects to cultural buildings, and education programmes to regeneration projects, all of which have been reviewed by a specially assembled Jury of architects and designers. This is a brave and forward thinking programme which aims to bring to the public theatre a critical debate focused on the demand for excellence within the construction industry. Even braver is that the Jury for this special prize has been assembled from an international stage of many European states; Holland, Germany, Slovakia, Belgium, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and Spain, in turn opening the debate to a wider international audience beyond the borders of the host country. It is of particular note however, that through an extensive judging process resulting with a shortlist of eight finalists including unanimous winner, non of the projects featured were built within the capital city, Prague. This suggests a broad depth of architectural endeavour for this country with an ambition to build high quality work but also raises worrying trends for a city which sees an intensity of many contemporary urban issues. As part of a three day trip, the Jury travelled the length and breadth of the Czech Republic to interrogate the architects and owners of projects for historical centres, projects in landscape settings, projects for domestic clients, regeneration and renovation projects. However it is also worrying to note an absence of meaningful projects managing the wider social concerns of mass housing or schools within urban settings.
    [Show full text]
  • The Armenians
    THE ARMENIANS By C.F. DIXON-JOHNSON “Whosoever does wrong to a Christian or a Jew shall find me his accuser on the day of judgment.” (EL KORAN) Printed and Published by GEO TOULMIN & SONS, LTD. Northgate, Blackburn. 1916 Preface The following pages were first read as a paper before the “Société d’Etudes Ethnographiques.” They have since been amplified and are now being published at the request of a number of friends, who believe that the public should have an opportunity of judging whether or not “the Armenian Question” has another side than that which has been recently so assiduously promulgated throughout the Western World. Though the championship of Greek, Bulgarian and other similar “Christian, civilized methods of fighting,” as contrasted with “Moslem atrocities” in the Balkans and Asia Minor, has been so strenuously undertaken by Lord Bryce and others, the more recent developments in the Near East may perhaps already have opened the eyes of a great many thinking people to the realization that, in sacrificing the traditional friendship of the Turk to all this more or less sectarian clamor, British diplomacy has really done nothing better than to exchange the solid and advantageous reality for a most elusive and unreliable, if not positively dangerous, set of shadows. It seems illogical that the same party which recalled the officials (and among them our present War Minister) appointed by Lord Beaconsfield to assist the Turkish Government in reforming their administration and collecting the revenue in Asia Minor, and which on the advent of the Young Turks refused to lend British Administrators to whom ample and plenary powers were assured, should now, in its eagerness to vilify the Turk, lose sight of their own mistakes which have led in the main to the conditions of which it complains, and should so utterly condemn its own former policy.
    [Show full text]
  • Turkey's Role in the Western Balkans
    SWP Research Paper Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Alida Vračić Turkey’s Role in the Western Balkans RP 11 December 2016 Berlin All rights reserved. © Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 2016 SWP Research Papers are peer reviewed by senior researchers and the execu- tive board of the Institute. They reflect the views of the author(s). SWP Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Ludwigkirchplatz 3­4 10719 Berlin Germany Phone +49 30 880 07-0 Fax +49 30 880 07-200 www.swp-berlin.org [email protected] ISSN 1863-1053 This research and its publi- cation have been enabled by the generous support of Stiftung Mercator, Essen. Table of Contents 5 Issues and Conclusions 7 Turkey’s Comeback in the Balkans 12 Turkey’s Economy and Non-state Actors in the Western Balkans 15 Turkish Military in the Balkans 18 Countries of Particular Interest to Turkey 18 Bosnia and Herzegovina 22 Kosovo 24 Macedonia 27 Can Old Animosities Die? Serbia-Turkey Relations 30 Turkey’s Activism as Seen from the Balkans 32 Western Balkans – EU’s Forgotten Post? 33 Outlook 34 Abbreviations Alida Vračić is IPC-Stiftung Mercator Fellow 2015/2016 at SWP Issues and Conclusions Turkey’s Role in the Western Balkans For the past two decades, Turkey has been rediscover- ing the Balkans. The end of the Cold War and the dis- solution of the former Yugoslavia in the 1990s and the subsequent violence were decisive points in Turkish foreign policy. New openings toward southeast Europe and the creation of new states greatly transformed the foreign policy strategies of Turkey, which was aiming for far-reaching political impact.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ottoman Policy Towards Non-Muslim Communities and Their Status in the Ottoman Empire During the 15Th & 16Th Centuries: Interaction of Civilizations Mughul, M
    2137 THE OTTOMAN POLICY TOWARDS NON-MUSLIM COMMUNITIES AND THEIR STATUS IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE DURING THE 15TH & 16TH CENTURIES: INTERACTION OF CIVILIZATIONS MUGHUL, M. Yakub* PAKİSTAN/PAKISTAN/ПАКИСТАН ABSTRACT This paper focuses on Ottomans liberal policy and tolerance towards the non- Muslims and other religious communities during 15th, 16th century. In particular, it explores the key role of Sultan Mohammad-II in consolidating and harmonizing different cultures and religions across Europe and Asia. The paper also addresses the Islamic attitude towards inter-religious relations, which was at that time quite unknown in rest of Europe, where they were burning its heretics at the stake, whereas races and religions coexisted under the Ottoman rule. It will highlight how the advent of Ottoman Rule in Eastern Europe brought the Muslim and European Civilizations face to face, which ultimately created an interaction among them. Finally, it will describe the image of the millet system introduced during this period, which brought all non-Muslim communities within the Turkish commonwealth, and allowed them to govern itself by its own laws and live in peace in the Ottoman Empire. Key Words: Ottoman, policy, Empire, Constantinople, Turkish, history. INTRODUCTION The Ottoman Empire1 would be defined as a mosaic of different cultures and religions, which provided peace and harmony among members of society without distinction between Muslim and non-Muslim, race, and color. The story of Ottoman history involves not only the Ottoman dynasty but the many peoples who ruled the Empire and were ruled by it: Turks, Arabs, Serbs, Greeks, Armenians, Jews, Bulgarians, Hungarians, Albanians, North Africans and others.
    [Show full text]
  • 2009 Druh Dokumentu: XPCA Voľby: Číslovanie Kategórií Publ.Činno
    Zoznam publikačnej činnosti a ohlasov Roky vykazovania: 2009 Druh dokumentu: XPCA Voľby: číslovanie kategórií publ.činnosti, zoradiť do skupín KPČ, zobrazenie systémového čísla záznamu, odsadenie celého záznamu doprava; Štatistika: kategória publikačnej činnosti, kategória ohlasov; Triedenie: skupina kategórie publikačnej činnosti, kategória publikačnej činnosti, meno prvého autora; Zobrazovací formát: HSO - modifikácia STN ISO 690 s ohlasmi - všetci autori Skupina A1 - Knižné publikácie charakteru vedeckej monografie (AAA,AAB, ABA, ABB) AAA Vedecké monografie vydané v zahraničných vydavateľstvách AAA01 0027910 KOLESÁR, Zdeno. Kapitoly z dějin designu. II. vydanie, doplnené a revidované. Praha, Česká republika : Vysoká škola uměleckoprůmyslová, 2009. 178 s. [9 AH]. Dostupné na internete: <http://www. vsup.cz/>. ISBN 978-80-86863-28-3. AAB Vedecké monografie vydané v domácich vydavateľstvách AAB01 0029875 RUSINA, Ivan. 59 60 61 : Vysoká škola výtvarných umení v Bratislave 1949-2009 : Academy of fine arts and design 1949-2009. 1. vyd. Bratislava, 2009 ; Bratislava : Vysoká škola výtvarných umení. 299 s. [10 AH]. Dostupné na internete: <http://www.vsvu.sk>. ISBN 978-80-89259-25-0. ABB Štúdie v časopisoch a zborníkoch charakteru vedeckej monografie vydané v domácich vydavateľstvách ABB01 0030081 JABLONSKÁ, Beata. Jednotlivci v príbehu postmoderných dejín. In Osemdesiate: Postmoderna v slovenskom výtvarnom umení 1985-1992. - Bratislava, Slovensko : SNG, 2009. ISBN 978-80-8059-140-3, s. 22-109, [4 AH]. Dostupné na internete: <http://www.sng.sk>. Skupina A2 - Ostatné knižné publikácie (ACA, ACB, BAA, BAB, BCB, BCI, EAI, CAA, CAB, EAJ, FAI) BCB Učebnice pre základné a stredné školy BCB01 0029623 ČARNÝ, Ladislav - FERLIKOVÁ, Klára - PONDELÍKOVÁ, Renáta - ČARNÁ, Daniela. Výtvarná výchova : 5. ročník základných škôl. Aut.
    [Show full text]
  • Czech Republic Today
    Rich in History 1 2 Magic Crossroads Whenever European nations were set in motion, they met in a rather small area called the Czech Republic today. Since the early Middle Ages, this area was crossed by long trade routes from the severe North to the sunny South; at the beginning of the first millennium, Christianity emerged from the West, and at its end communism arrived from the East. For six hundred years, the country was an independent Czech kingdom, for three hundred years, it belonged among Austro-Hungarian Empire lands, and since 1918 it has been a republic. In the 14th century, under the Bohemian and German King and Roman Emperor Charles IV, as well as in the 16th century under the Emperor Rudolf II, the country enjoyed a favourable position in European history and also played a great role internationally in the arts and in social affairs. In 1989, the whole world admired the Czechoslovak “velvet revolution” lead by charismatic dramatist Václav Havel, which put an end to socialist experimentation. Numerous famous architects, who built Romanesque churches in Germany but were no longer commissioned to build in their home countries due to the coming Gothic period, succeeded there; at the same time, the French type of Gothic architecture took root in Bohemia. A number of Italian Renaissance or Baroque architects, painters and sculptors, who crossed the Alps to find new opportunity for creating master works and look for well-paid jobs, were hired by members of Czech nobility and clergy; astonished by the mastery of Czech builders and craftsmen with whom they cooperated, they created wonderful castles and breathtaking Catholic churches.
    [Show full text]