The State of Extraction a Short History of Space And

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The State of Extraction a Short History of Space And The State of Extraction A Short History of Space and Extractive Industries in Tanzania, 1885 – 2019. Von der Fakultat fur Geschichte, Kunst- und Orientwissenschaften der Universitat Leipzig angenommene DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades DOCTOR PHILOSOPHIAE (Dr. phil.) vorgelegt von Kai Roder geboren am 11. Mai 1991 in Bayreuth Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Katja Werthmann Prof. Dr. Ulf Engel Tag der Verteidigung: 7. Januar 2020. Erklarung Hiermit versichere ich, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit ohne unzulassige Hilfe Dritter und ohne Benutzung anderer als der angegebenen Hilfsmittel angefertigt habe; die aus fremden Quellen direkt oder indirekt ubernommenen Gedanken sind als solche kenntlich gemacht. Bei der Auswahl und Auswertung des Materials, bei der Herstellung des Manuskripts sowie bei der sprachlichen Redaktion habe ich die Unterstutzungsleistungen von folgenden Personen erhalten: Harriet Gardner (sprachliche Redaktion). Weitere Personen waren an der geistigen Herstellung der vorliegenden Arbeit nicht beteiligt. Insbesondere habe ich nicht die Hilfe eines Promotionsberaters in Anspruch genommen. Dritte haben von mir weder unmittelbar noch mittelbar geldwerte Leistungen fur Arbeiten erhalten, die im Zusammenhang mit dem Inhalt der vorgelegten Dissertation stehen. Die Arbeit wurde bisher weder im Inland noch im Ausland in gleicher oder ahnlicher Form einer anderen Prufungsbehorde vorgelegt und ist auch noch nicht veroffentlicht worden. 1. Oktober 2019 I Danksagung Ohne die Unterstützung von verschiedenen Seiten wäre die Fertigstellung dieser Dissertation nicht möglich gewesen. An dieser Stelle möchte ich nun meinen Dank dafür zum Ausdruck bringen. Zunächst danke ich meiner Betreuerin, Prof. Dr. Katja Werthmann, die mich in ihr Forschungsprojekt „Goldbergbau und Neuregulierungen (sub)nationaler Raume in Afrika“ im SFB 1199 „Verraumlichungsprozesse unter Globalisierungsbedingungen“ an der Universität Leipzig aufgenommen und somit die Promotion unter ausgesprochen günstigen Rahmenbedingungen und mit weitreichenden Freiheiten ermöglicht hat. Ebenso danke ich auch meinem Zweitbetreuer, Prof. Dr. Ulf Engel, der in Arbeitsgruppen und darüber hinaus eine zusätzliche Perspektive eingebracht hat. Sowohl Katja Werthmann als auch Ulf Engel möchte ich für Unterstützung, Anleitung, Rat und die zahlreichen Gespräche danken, welche wir während der letzten drei Jahre geführt haben. Dank gebührt weiterhin meiner Projektkollegin Diana Ayeh sowie den SFB-Kolleg*innen, insbesondere Geert Castryck, Katharina Döring, Jens Herpolsheimer, Frank Meyer, Matthias Middell und Ute Rietdorf für anregende Debatten, Hilfestellungen und Austausch. Gleiches gilt für Harriet Gardner, Eric Burton, Constantin Katsakioris, Dieter Neubert, Thabit Jacob, und vielen weiteren, die hier nicht alle namentlich erwähnt werden können. Auch meinen Interviewpartnern und Forschungskontakten danke ich herzlich für ihre Zusammenarbeit und Informationsbereitschaft, ohne welche diese Arbeit nicht möglich gewesen wäre. Zuletzt, und doch am allermeisten, danke ich meiner Familie, die mir den Weg bis hierhin ermöglicht hat und mir stets sicherer Rückhalt war. Ganz besonderen Dank möchte ich jedoch meiner Freundin Christina aussprechen, die sich während der Promotionszeit als Krisenbewältigerin, emotionale Lastenträgerin und allzeit stabiler Rückhalt unersetzlich gemacht hat. An euch alle nochmals, vielen Dank aus tiefstem Herzen! II Zusammenfassung Kapitalistische Produktionsweisen dominieren die industrielle Ressourcenförderung weltweit. Trotz immenser Produktionsmengen und teils langjährigen Bergbauaktivitäten haben nur wenige Staaten des globalen Südens von der Rohstoffausbeutung profitiert. Hoffnungen auf höhere Einnahmen durch die steigenden Rohstoffpreise nach der Weltwirtschaftskrise 2007/08 wurden jedoch weitgehend enttäuscht. Der Anstieg von Ressourcennationalismus in Produzentenländern in Lateinamerika, Asien und Afrika war die Folge. In Tansania ist seit 2017 eine deutliche Intensivierung dieser Tendenzen zu beobachten. Diese Dissertation geht anhand des Fallbeispiels Tansania der Frage nach, wie sich Prozesse und Strukturen durch kapitalistische Expansion im Kontext des Bergbaus historisch entwickelt und beständig globalwirtschaftlichen Einfluss entfaltet haben. Sie zielt dabei darauf ab, grundlegende Mechanismen zu identifizieren und deren historischen Wandel nachzuvollziehen. Am Beispiel der Geschichte des mechanisierten und industriellen Bergbaus in Tansania, beginnend mit der deutschen Kolonialisierung um 1885, werden dominante Verräumlichungsprozesse und -Praktiken sowie deren Manifestationen nachgezeichnet. Dabei steht der Einfluss unterschiedlicher politischer Regime und ökonomischer Konstellationen auf jene Dynamiken im Zentrum der Betrachtung. Die Analyse der Geschichte des Bergbaus in Tansania, als eine Geschichte der Extraversion, unterteilt sich in vier Perioden: die deutsche Kolonialzeit und britische Mandatsverwaltung (1885- 1961), Sozialismus (1961-1985), Liberalisierung (1985-2015), sowie intensiviertem Ressourcennationalismus und staatlicher Interventionen unter Präsident Magufuli (seit 2015). Somit nimmt sich diese Arbeit bestehender Forschungslücken im kolonialen Bergbau sowie aktueller Entwicklungen in Tansania an. Sie proklamiert gleichzeitig die historische Existenz und Belegbarkeit extraktiver Enklaven als Kernbestandteil kapitalistischer Rohstoffförderung bis heute und die Übertragbarkeit fundamentaler Verräumlichungsprozesse über das Fallbeispiel Tansania hinaus, die zu einem erneuerten Verständnis extraktiver Raumformate und Raumordnungen beitragen. III Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Extraction and space 20 2.1 Mining, space and some theoretical considerations 20 2.2 Spatial formats of extraction? 24 2.3 A history of space in Tanzania’s extractive sector 34 3. Capitalist frontiers and extractive enclaves in colonial Tanzania, 1885-1961 41 3.1. From ‘Platz an der Sonne’ to African El Dorado? – The mineral economy in German East Africa 45 3.2. Mining in British Tanganyika 70 3.3. Conclusion 81 4. To mine or not to mine – The Tanzanian mineral economy after independence and under ujamaa, 1961-1985 83 4.1. Dependence after independence. 83 4.2. The Arusha Declaration, the developmental state and mining under socialism 89 4.3. The nation-state, territory and the mining economy in post-independence Tanzania. 102 4.4. Crisis, the end of the socialist experiment and the return to old patterns. 104 4.5 Conclusion. 110 IV 5. “Foreignization”, liberalization and commodity frontiers, 1985 to 2015 112 5.1 Structural adjustment and early liberalisation. 112 5.2 Mining frontiers, extractive enclaves and colonial continuities. 121 5.3 Late liberalisation, reforms and emerging resource nationalism. 123 5.4 Conclusion. 131 6. Tearing down fences, building walls – Tanzania’s neo-extractivist turn under Magufuli 133 6.1 The “Bulldozer” president. 133 6.2 Tanzania’s ‘economic war’ in the mining sector. 140 6.3 Resource nationalism, neo-extractivism and the nation state in a globalized mining economy. 154 6.4 Conclusion. 164 7. Conclusion - The state of extraction 166 8. Bibliography 173 8.1 Primary Sources 173 8.2 Secondary Sources 185 V List of Figures 1. Administrative districts and centres in German East Africa 46 2. Demarcation sign of a mining field claimed by C. Pfeiffer 51 3. Mining pit with African diggers and European overseer 54 4. Railways in German East Africa 58 5. Construction of a crusher at an industrial mine 64 6. Facilities of a mechanised mine, German East Africa 66 7. Mineral production value, 1926-1970 74 8. Transport infrastructure in Tanganyika, 1934 77 9. Map of mines in Tanzania, 1970 87 10. Tables of Mineral Sales 1970-1984 (Quantity and Value) 100 11. Magufuli, the “Bulldozer” 134 12. Cartoon, Acacia and Magufuli 142 13. Building walls 162 VI Kai Roder ~ The State of Extraction 1. Introduction Capitalist modes of production have fundamentally shaped the world we live in, its (inter)dependencies, hierarchies and dynamics. The structures and mechanisms established in effect of a global capitalist economy have displayed strong resilience to challenges. This becomes particularly striking in the case of resource exploitation in the global south where such attempts have oftentimes achieved only little or no success. Looking at such efforts nevertheless does help to reveal the struggle of states and other actors in coping with the global condition, global capitalisms and their spatial implications. Based on the case of Tanzania, will look at the development of capitalist modes of extraction and their spatial organization, their establishment as well as their transition over time. On June 12 2017, the Tanzanian President John Pombe Magufuli declared ‘economic war’. The adversary targeted in this war was, however, not another state, although trade wars at this point in time are nothing unusual, but a London-based mining company that was operating in the country for almost two decades. By resorting to accusations of exploitation and betrayal, misconduct and tax evasion, the government tried to achieve what the reforms in the mining sector, passed in the aftermath of the economic crisis of 2007/08, had failed to due to sluggish and insufficient implementation. This quest to increase government revenue from the mining sector was accompanied by a populist and nationalist rhetoric. The consequences of the economic crisis, namely rising prices for minerals and agricultural products attracted the attention of the financial markets and the
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