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Overture and Other Works for Harpsichord J.S. BACH ‘Italian’ Concerto • ‘French’ Overture and Other Works for Harpsichord Steven Devine CHANDOS early music harpsichord Johann Sebastian Bach, Cöthen, c.1720 Bach, Cöthen, Sebastian Johann Portrait (oil on canvas) by Johann Jakob Ihle (1702 – 1774) © The Granger Collection / Lebrecht Music & Arts Photo Library Johann Sebastian Bach (1685 – 1750) Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue, BWV 903 12:09 in D minor • in d-Moll • en ré mineur 1 Fantasia 6:22 2 Fuga 5:48 Aria variata ‘alla maniera italiana’, BWV 989 14:38 in A minor • in a-Moll • en la mineur 3 [Aria] – 1:58 4 Variazione I (Largo) – 1:11 5 Variazione II – 1:14 6 Variazione III – 1:14 7 Variazione IV (Allegro) – 1:20 8 Variazione V (Un poco Allegro) – 1:04 9 Variazione VI (Andante) – 1:17 10 Variazione VII (Allegro) – 0:55 11 Variazione VIII (Allegro) – 0:57 12 Variazione IX – 1:05 13 Variazione X 2:17 3 14 Fantasia, BWV 906 5:02 in C minor • in c-Moll • en ut mineur Concerto nach italiänischem Gusto, BWV 971 13:06 in F major • in F-Dur • en fa majeur (Concerto after the Italian Taste) Part 1 of Clavier-Übung II 15 [ ] 4:17 16 Andante 4:23 17 Presto 4:24 Ouvertüre nach französischer Art, BWV 831 27:00 in B minor • in h-Moll • en si mineur Partita (Overture after the French Manner) Part 2 of Clavier-Übung II 18 Ouverture 7:46 19 Courante 1:59 20 Gavotte I – Gavotte II – Gavotte I da capo 2:53 4 21 Passepied I – Passepied II – Passepied I da capo 2:22 22 Sarabande 3:30 23 Bourrée I – Bourrée II – Bourrée I da capo 2:36 24 Gigue 2:35 25 Écho 3:14 TT 71:58 Steven Devine harpsichord harpsichord double-manual by Colin Booth, Mount Pleasant (Somerset) 2000, after single-manual by Johann Christof Fleischer, Hamburg 1710 Harpsichord tuned and maintained by Edmund Pickering Temperament: based on Werkmeister III Pitch: A = 415 Hz 5 Bach: Works for Harpsichord J.S. Bach and the keyboard make his music stand out to the modern player It may be that many a famous man and listener. has accomplished much in polyphony Among the many remarkable features upon this instrument; is he therefore of his works for solo harpsichord is his use just as skilful, in both hands and feet of established formal structures, accepted just as skilful as Bach was? This doubt harmonic language, and the most up-to-date will not be considered unfounded by musical mode of expression in a synthesis that anyone who ever had the pleasure of is unmatched by any of his contemporaries. hearing both him and others and is not carried away by prejudice. And Aria variata ‘alla maniera italiana’ in anyone who looks at his organ and A minor, BWV 989 clavier pieces, which, as is generally The earliest work on this recording is theAria known, Bach himself performed with variata ‘alla maniera italiana’ (Aria Varied the greatest perfection, will also not in the Italian Manner), BWV 989. Probably find much to object to in the sentence dating from Bach’s time in Weimar – paper above. How strange, how new, how evidence suggests a date of composition expressive, how beautiful were his around 1708 – the work, with the exception ideas in improvising! How perfectly he of the ‘Goldberg’ Variations (CHAN 0780), is realised them! the only composition in which Bach used the The obituary of Johann Sebastian Bach variation form. This idea – that of a harmonic (1685 – 1750), quoted above, was written progression or melodic pattern introduced by his second son, Carl Philipp Emanuel and then played again a number of times in (1714 – 1788), and Johann Friedrich Agricola increasingly elaborate, differing ways – was (1720 – 1774). It gives some insight into the very popular among Bach’s forbears and reception of his keyboard playing and his contemporaries, including Dietrich Buxtehude music and also hints at the characteristics that (c. 1637 – 1707), Georg Böhm (1661 – 1733), 6 and Johann Pachelbel (1653 – 1706). They and harpsichords at this time. As no such have left us many examples of variations on device was available for this recording, these a wide variety of themes, from the standard ‘impossible’ chords were re-distributed in ‘Bergamasca’ and ‘Romanesca’ progressions such a way as to preserve the harmony and to entirely original ariae. Bach’s work is texture as best as possible. surprisingly sophisticated in its use of virtuosic figuration and unexpected harmony Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue in D minor, and it is the latter that drives the emotional BWV 903 content: the dramatic change of chord before Harmonic invention and innovation also the final phrase of Variation X, for example, lie behind the structure and drama of the adds pathos to the closing of the work. Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue, BWV 903. There are a number of versions of this work A number of sources for this Fantasia, which and the earliest appears in the Andreas Bach is a mixture of virtuoso improvisation-like Book, an important manuscript collection figuration and imploring recitative, present it including many early keyboard works by alone, without the companion fugue. This may Bach, several in his own hand, compiled indicate that the two were conceived separately. by his eldest brother and only keyboard However, the fugue itself, a tour de force of teacher, Johann Christoph (1671 – 1721); unrelenting minor-key episodes, finishing the collection passed into the hands of with unprecedented left-hand double octaves, Johann Andreas Bach, son of Johann provides a fitting complement after the rather Christoph, hence its traditional name. It wistful ending of the Fantasia. is the only source to contain ten variations The large number of manuscript editions (the climactic Variation IX, all continuous of this remarkable work appearing after Bach’s semiquaver motion, is missing from other death and through the nineteenth century sources). Interestingly, the work regularly (the work often modified to align with calls for left-hand stretches unplayable on the contemporary aesthetics) gives a clue to the normal keyboard. It is possible that the Aria work’s enduring popularity. An early version variata was conceived on a harpsichord with of the Fantasia, with simplified figuration ‘pull-down’ pedals for the lowest octave – a at the outset, shares many features with the system very much in use on Italian organs early version of the cadenza to Bach’s Fifth 7 Brandenburg Concerto, which has led a (Keyboard Exercise) contains the six Partite number of musicologists to speculate about the which were originally published separately, shared origins of these two works, at Cöthen in between 1726 and 1731. The composer had, the 1720s. from the outset, designed the set to contain seven such pieces – this is announced on the Fantasia in C minor, BWV 906 title page of the fifth – and the key scheme The Fantasia in C minor, BWV 906 (here of the Partite (B flat major – C minor – recorded without the forty-eight-bar fragment A minor – D major – G major – E minor) of fugue present in the earliest source) is imply that this ‘missing’ seventh would a taut and concentrated piece. The most probably have been in F major. It is possible visually startling feature is the frequent use of that the first movement of theConcerto hand-crossing. Although hand-crossing occurs nach italiänischem Gusto (Concerto after often in the music of Domenico Scarlatti the Italian Taste), BWV 971 was originally (1685 – 1757) and also appears in music by written as the opening to this seventh Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683 – 1764) published Partita. in 1724, it rarely occurs in Bach’s output. The In addition to the ‘Italian’ Concerto, the musical material, including fast switches from second part of the Clavier-Übung, published triplet semiquavers to duplet semiquavers in in 1735, contains only one other work, a metre that does not allow for any unequal the large-scale suite that Bach designated interpretation, is very dense and ideas are rarely Ouvertüre nach französischer Art (Overture developed extensively. In fact, superficially in after the French Manner), BWV 831. The binary form, the Fantasia adopts something ‘subject matter’ of the two works was not a more like a simple sonata form: short twisting coincidence; the European musical world was chromatic developments lead to a triumphant caught up in the so-called rivalries between return of the opening music before an equally the abstract sprezzatura of the Italian baroque chromatic coda brings the piece to a close. and le bon goût of the French baroque dance forms. However, many composers from Concerto nach italiänischem Gusto, this period, irrespective of their country of BWV 971 origin, used a synthesis of these elements to The first part of Bach’sClavier-Übung create what François Couperin (1668 – 1733; 8 ironically today seen as the quintessential in Weimar. Superficially the three-movement French composer) described as ‘la perfection structure and ritornello form of the outer de la musique’. In 1739, Johann Adolph movements give the impression of a virtuoso Scheibe (1708 – 1776), often critical of the concerto for a solo treble instrument. music of Bach (once describing his music as However, the idiomatic keyboard writing, ‘turgid and confused’), wrote: particularly in the exquisitely ornamented pre-eminent among works known slow movement, coupled with the unusually through published prints is a clavier precise piano and forte instructions, clearly concerto of which the author is the shows that Bach conceived the concerto famous Bach in Leipzig... Since this as a virtuoso keyboard piece. A number piece is arranged in the best fashion for of commentators have drawn attention to this kind of work, I believe that it will the many features of the piece that reflect doubtless be familiar to all composers the newer fashions in music: the repeated and experienced clavier players, as well left-hand notes in the accompaniment and as to amateurs of the clavier and music the straightforward harmonic structure, in general.
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