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MRI Guided Brain Stimulation Without the Use of a Neuronavigation System Hindawi Publishing Corporation BioMed Research International Volume 2015, Article ID 647510, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/647510 Research Article MRI Guided Brain Stimulation without the Use of a Neuronavigation System Ehsan Vaghefi,1 Peng Cai,2 Fang Fang,2 Winston D. Byblow,3 Cathy M. Stinear,4 and Benjamin Thompson1,5 1 Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Building 502, Level 4, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand 2 Department of Psychology, Peking University, Haidian Road, Haidian, Beijing 100871, China 3 Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland 1023, New Zealand 4 Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland 1023, New Zealand 5 SchoolofOptometryandVisionScience,UniversityofWaterloo,200ColumbiaStreetW,Waterloo,ON,CanadaN2L3G1 Correspondence should be addressed to Ehsan Vaghefi; [email protected] Received 23 June 2014; Revised 13 August 2014; Accepted 9 September 2014 Academic Editor: Zhengchao Dong Copyright © 2015 Ehsan Vaghefi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. A key issue in the field of noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) is the accurate localization of scalp positions that correspond to targeted cortical areas. The current gold standard is to combine structural and functional brain imaging with a commercially available “neuronavigation” system. However, neuronavigation systems are not commonplace outside of specialized research environments. Here we describe a technique that allows for the use of participant-specific functional and structural MRI data to guide NIBS without a neuronavigation system. Surface mesh representations of the head were generated using Brain Voyager and vectors linking key anatomical landmarks were drawn on the mesh. Our technique was then used to calculate the precise distances on the scalp corresponding to these vectors. These calculations were verified using actual measurements of the head and the technique was used to identify a scalp position corresponding to a brain area localized using functional MRI. 1. Introduction Studies involving the use of NIBS begin by selecting a target brain area for stimulation. This process is typically Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques such as informed by evidence from brain imaging, animal neuro- repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and physiology, or studies involving neurological patients. Subse- transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) allow for the quent steps include the selection of appropriate stimulation temporary modulation of neural activity within the human parameters and ensuring that the stimulation is delivered brain. rTMS involves the induction of weak electrical currents to the correct brain area. This latter point is particularly within targeted regions of the cortex via brief, time-varying important as the stimulation effects are most pronounced in magnetic fields produced with a hand-held coil1 [ ]. tDCS close proximity to the rTMS coil and tDCS electrodes [5]. employs head-mounted electrodes, which allow for a weak Therefore, accurate, participant-specific localization of stim- direct current to interact with the underlying cortex [2]. NIBS ulation sites on the scalp is required for optimal stimulation canbeusedtoinvestigatetheroleofindividualbrainareas [6]. in specific cognitive, behavioral, or perceptual processes1 [ ]. Anumberofapproachescanbeusedtoidentifythe In addition, these techniques are being investigated from a correct scalp position for stimulation. Single pulse TMS can clinical perspective and current evidence suggests that NIBS be used to activate specific regions of the primary motor may be applicable to the treatment of multiple neurological cortex resulting in motor evoked potentials (MEPs) within and psychiatric disorders [3, 4]. the corresponding peripheral muscle [7]. The scalp location 2 BioMed Research International that evokes the strongest MEP can then be used as the head measurements anchored to anatomical landmarks. We location for rTMS or tDCS. A comparable technique also report comparisons between measurements made using our exists for the visual cortex whereby single pulse TMS of techniqueandactualheadmeasurements.Wealsogivean the occipital pole can be used to evoke the percept of a example of how the technique can be used in combination phosphene [8]. The scalp location that induces the most with fMRI to localize a stimulation site for visual area V5 in a robust phosphene or a phosphene in a specific visual field single subject. Visual area V5 was chosen for this example as location can be used for visual cortex stimulation. A similar it can be readily localized using fMRI and the correspond- technique can be used for motion sensitive, extra-striate ing scalp position cannot be identified based on a single visualareaV5wherebyTMScanbeusedtoinducemoving anatomical landmark. Therefore, a number of measurements phosphenes [9]. It has been shown that this technique is are required to triangulate the correct scalp location for in good agreement with localization of V5 using functional stimulation. A MATLAB package is also provided, which magnetic resonance imaging [10]. However, it is not possible allows the use of our technique in conjunction with the to use this approach outside of the motor and visual cortices commercially available Brain Voyager software package or because most brain regions do not produce acute neurophysi- any other software platform that supports the morphing of ological or perceptual effects in response to single pulse TMS. meshes to MRI data. An alternative technique for identifying participant- specific stimulation sites on the scalp is the 10–20-electrode system, which was originally designed for positioning EEG 2. Methods electrodes [11]. This approach defines a grid of positions on 2.1. Participants. Six healthy adult participants (5 male and the scalp that are separated by 10% or 20% of the distance 1 female, mean age 32 years) provided written informed between anatomical landmarks such as the nasion and the consent and took part in this study. fMRI data were collected inion. This approach has been used successfully in a large from one participant to provide a participant-specific exam- number of brain stimulation studies; however, the mapping of pleofhowourtechniquecanbeusedincombinationwitha particular 10–20 system locations to specific brain areas can functional localizer. All study procedures were approved by vary across participants [12]. the institutional ethics review board and were in accordance Another alternative is to use structural and functional with the Declaration of Helsinki. brain imaging techniques to localize specific brain areas in individuals with millimetre resolution. A number of frameless stereotactic navigation systems exist for real-time 2.2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. MRI data were acquired coregistration of a participant to their own MRI images. Tools using a 3.0 Tesla Philips Achieva scanner equipped with such as a “pointer” or a TMS coil can also be registered an 8-channel head coil. A T1-weighted 3D turbo field-echo 3 within the volume. These systems typically involve ultra- anatomical volume (1000 ms inverted prepulse, 1×1×1mm sound devices or infrared cameras and a number of reference voxel resolution, 180 sagittal slices, 2.7 ms TE, 5.9 ms TR, and ∘ targets mounted on the head and NIBS apparatus. When used 8 flip angle) was acquired for each participant. For functional in combination with structural and functional MRI images localization of V5, four functional scans were conducted ∗ these “neuronavigation” systems allow for precise identifica- using a T2 -weighted gradient echo, EPI sequence (TR = 2 s, ∘ tion of the scalp position corresponding to a particular brain TE = 30 ms, and flip angle = 65 ) to acquire 160 volumes area [13]. constructed from 39 axial slices covering the whole brain The combination of brain imaging and a neuronavigation at voxel resolution of 3×3×3mm. During the functional system is the current gold standard in the field of NIBS scanstheparticipantviewedstaticanddynamicradialgrating ∘ ∘ [14] and may improve the results of NIBS-based therapeutic stimuli (10 × 20 , 0.4 cycles per degree, 3% contrast, and interventions [15–20]; however, there are some disadvan- 9 Hz temporal frequency when moving) presented on a mean 2 tages.Theseincludedifficultyinusingthesesystemsfor luminance background (5 cd/m )[24]. Dynamic gratings studies of posterior brain areas that can fall outside of the were presented in 20-second blocks separated by 20-second neuronavigation system’s field of view and, most importantly, blocks of stationary gratings. There were 6 dynamic blocks the high cost of these systems, which can exceed $50,000. per scan. During each dynamic block the participant fixated Techniques have been described that allow NIBS to be centrally and performed a task whereby they judged the targeted using generic MRI datasets [21]orwhenstructural relative speed of two grating movements, one centripetal but not functional MRI data are available for individual and one centrifugal. Each movement lasted 250 ms with an participants [22]. Furthermore, techniques for identifying interstimulus interval of 50 ms and a behavioural response optimal scalp locations for stimulation based on
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