DOCSLIB.ORG

The Structure of Alkali Silicate Glasses and Melts: a Multi-Spectroscopic Approach

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Structure of Alkali Silicate Glasses and Melts: a Multi-Spectroscopic Approach The structure of alkali silicate glasses and melts: A multi-spectroscopic approach by Cedrick A. O'Shaughnessy A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geology Graduate Department of Earth Sciences University of Toronto c Copyright 2019 by Cedrick A. O'Shaughnessy Abstract The structure of alkali silicate glasses and melts: A multi-spectroscopic approach Cedrick A. O'Shaughnessy Doctor of Philosophy in Geology Graduate Department of Earth Sciences University of Toronto 2019 The structure of alkali silicate glasses and melts is investigated using a multi-spectroscopic approach. Raman spectroscopy is used to characterize the local to intermediate range order within the glasses. We show that the distribution of rings varies as a function of composition, with 3-membered rings gaining importance with increasing alkali content. We apply a newly developed model for the fitting of the high n frequency envelope related to SiO4 symmetric stretch vibrations of Q species. These fits are interpreted using the idea of modifier bound bridging oxygen. The proportions of the different Qn species vary with alkali concentration with Q4 species breaking down to form lower order Qn species with increasing alkali 2 content. The Q peak appears at increasingly higher concentrations of M2O with increasing cation size. This leads us to believe that cations with a higher charge density cluster more readily than cations with a lower charge density. At the ∼20 mol. % composition we see a change in the silicate network, as shown by the absence of a Q4 peak and the proportion of 3-membered rings. The unique behaviour of lithium was investigated using X-ray absorption near-edge structure spec- troscopy. We conducted experiments on a variety of lithium-bearing salts, minerals and glasses (LS: lithium silicate and LMS: lithium alkaline-earth silicate glasses) in order to characterize the lithium bonding environment. The Li K -edge position depends on the electronegativity of the element to which it is bound. The intensity of the first peak varies, depending on the existence of a 2p electron and can be used to evaluate the degree of ionicity of the bond. Crystalline lithium metasilicate has a sharp, strong intensity absorption edge whereas the lithium silicate glasses all have a weak intensity edge feature, similar to that of lithium carbonate. The area of the absorption edge peak increases with the lithium content of the LS glasses. The LMS glasses edge peak changes drastically depending on the alkaline- earth present. The peak area of the LMS glasses decreases with increasing charge density from barium to magnesium. We believe that the presence of Mg leads to more covalent-like Li−O bonds. ii To my loving wife and best friend, Joanna. iii Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been possible without the generosity of the researchers and laboratory facilities where I carried out this research. Daniel Neuville from the Geomaterials laboratory of the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris who hosted me for months during the summer time. Wayne Nesbitt and Michael Bancroft from the University of Western Ontario were so helpful and generous of their time in which we had great discussions. Lucia Zuin and Tom Reiger were fantastic help on all our visits to the Canadian Light Source. My fellow graduate students, Ben, Heidi, Alex, Simon, and many others I thank you for all the help and friendship. From the office to the GSU, it really was a great time! A huge thank you to my family, Mom & Dad, you've always been there to guide me and more importantly, believe in me. Jola i Mariusz, dziekuje bardzo! Joanna, countless times you have been there to help me get through this. I cannot express how grateful I am to you for your never ending support. I love you so very much! We did it! Finally, to Grant Henderson, who gave me all of these opportunities, and pushed me to keep plugging away. From your gentle encouragements to your more forceful ones, I truly appreciate all the help and advice you've given me. Thanks a lot Mr. Sunshine! Sincerely, thank you all. iv Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Structural models of silicate glasses...............................1 1.1.1 Continuous Random Network (CRN) model......................2 1.1.2 Modified Random Network (MRN) Model.......................3 1.1.3 Central-force network models..............................3 1.1.4 Phase separation.....................................4 1.2 Raman spectroscopy.......................................5 1.2.1 The Raman spectra of silicate glasses.........................5 1.3 X-ray absorption spectroscopy..................................8 1.3.1 XANES of silicate glasses................................9 1.4 Contribution of this thesis.................................... 10 2 Structure-property relations of caesium silicate glasses from room temperature to 1400 K: implications from density and Raman spectroscopy 11 2.1 Introduction............................................ 12 2.2 Methods.............................................. 14 2.2.1 Glass synthesis...................................... 14 2.2.2 Raman spectroscopy................................... 15 2.3 Results............................................... 16 2.3.1 Room temperature Raman spectroscopy........................ 16 2.3.2 High-temperature Raman spectroscopy........................ 18 2.4 Discussion............................................. 19 2.4.1 The Boson peak..................................... 19 2.4.2 The D1 and D2 bands: 495 and 606 cm−1 ....................... 20 2.4.3 The C peak (770 cm−1)................................. 22 2.4.4 The high frequency region (850-1250 cm−1)...................... 24 2.4.5 Insights from high-temperature Raman spectra.................... 29 2.5 Conclusions............................................ 32 3 The structure of high-silica alkali silicate glasses: Revisited 34 3.1 Introduction............................................ 35 3.2 Methods.............................................. 41 3.2.1 Glass synthesis...................................... 42 3.2.2 Raman spectroscopy................................... 42 v Experimental measurements............................... 42 The fitting of Raman spectra.............................. 42 3.3 Results............................................... 44 3.3.1 Density and molar volume of alkali silicate glasses.................. 44 3.3.2 Raman spectra of alkali silicate glasses......................... 45 The behaviour of the D1 and D2 bands (495 and 600 cm−1)............. 45 The symmetric stretch region (Qn species: 850-1300 cm−1)............. 45 3.4 Discussion............................................. 52 3.4.1 The D1 and D2 bands (495 and 600 cm−1)...................... 52 The relative intensity of the D1-D2 bands in alkali silicate glasses.......... 52 The splitting of the D1-D2 bands in alkali silicate glasses.............. 54 Implications from Percolation theory.......................... 54 3.4.2 The high frequency peak (800-1300 cm−1)....................... 61 The polarizability of Q4 species............................. 61 The asymmetry of the Q3 band............................. 61 The appearance and increase of Q2 species: implications for the silicate glass network 62 3.5 Conclusions............................................ 63 3.5.1 Defect bands and their behaviour............................ 63 3.5.2 Q4 band properties.................................... 63 3.5.3 The Q3 band asymmetry: M−BO interactions & Qn;ijkl clustering......... 63 3.5.4 Q2 species and the clustering of alkalis in silicate glasses............... 63 3.5.5 Implications for the structural model of alkali silicate glasses............ 64 3.6 Acknowledgments......................................... 64 4 A Li K -edge XANES study of salts and minerals 76 4.1 Introduction............................................ 77 4.2 Methods.............................................. 78 4.2.1 Mineral samples..................................... 78 4.2.2 X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES) Spectroscopy........... 78 4.3 Results............................................... 80 4.3.1 Lithium salts and metasilicate............................. 81 Lithium chloride (LiCl)................................. 81 Lithium sulphate (Li2SO4)............................... 81 Lithium metasilicate (Li2SiO3)............................. 82 Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3).............................. 82 4.3.2 Lithium aluminosilicates minerals (LAS)........................ 83 Eucryptite (LiAlSiO4).................................. 83 Spodumene (LiAlSi2O6)................................. 83 Petalite (LiAlSi4O10)................................... 85 4.3.3 Lithium phosphates (PO4)............................... 85 Montebrasite (LiAl(PO4)(OH))............................. 85 2+ Lithiophilite (LiMn PO4)............................... 85 4.3.4 Complex lithium-bearing silicates: phyllosilicates and cyclosilicates......... 86 Elbaite (Na(Li;Al)3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)(OH)3(OH)).................. 87 vi Lepidolite (KLi2Al · (Si4O10)(F;OH)2)......................... 88 2+ Zinnwaldite (KLiFe Al(AlSi3O10)(F;OH)2)...................... 88 2+ 2+ Neptunite (LiNa2K(Fe ;Mn )2Ti2(Si8O24))..................... 88 4.4 Discussion............................................. 89 4.4.1 Lithium salts and metasilicate............................. 89 4.4.2 Bond length distortion in lithium aluminosilicate minerals.............. 90 4.4.3 Complex silicates....................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Standardal /Z<-Z
    Hamilton Ui StandardAl HANL1r0N STNTVI) Bi;.TVGircr1h VP0FT SVHCA, 5712 1 0 L 'K-KY-o LaIUI P~FrcX.-19F TEST2 ?i0&at CONrxyhCT NO. TIAS 9-8159 NASA Aid!,zj.. SACECAFT CF.CErR ,_eb-r 1970 Prepared Byi/kA / 70 L.A. Wilis, axrer.mwtal Enineer Pae Aproved ByA1"" /Z<-Z -;' W. A. Blezhcr0 Chiet Pa tc Advanced -nginee.rin­ ONUMBE) AHRU) U NASA CR OR ?MX OR AD NUMBER) (CATEGORY) Hamilton L Standard cnisni _ This report contairs test results defining the operating chsractcristics of lithin peroxide to the extcnt required to quantify system level ponalties. The effects of chemical caulysts, bed cooling, che.,ical Panufacturing tech­ uiques, opera ing conditions, and cheaica) handling jroc Curea are evaluated. ii! StandardHamilton i5U TAlBLE OF CO_&E!PS Section me No. 1.0 SUMM4ARY 1 2 .0 INTRODUCTION 3 3.0 PROGRAM DEFINITION 3.1 Program Objectives 4 3.2 Test Objectives 4 3.3 Program Description 5 3.4 Test Conitions T 3.5 Test Facility 7 3.6 - Test Hardware 12 3.7 Planned Test Sequence 18 3.8 Test.Results 21 ho TEST DATA PRESENTATION 22 4.1 Performance Data 22 4.2 Chemical Analysis Data 1o6 5.0 PERFOrd4ICE ANALYSIS 109 5.1 Catalyst Evaluation 109 5.2 Bed Cooling Evaluation 134 5.3 Procedural Test Evaluation 0h5 5.4 Off Design Test Evaluation 153 5.5 End Item Canister Evaluation 157 5.6 Li 2O2 System Penalty Evaluation 163 6.0 RECOM ENDED FUTURE EFFORT 165 7.0 APPENDIX 167 7.1 Specification for Lithium Peroxide 167 Manufacturing 7.2 Specification for Lithium Peroxide Storage a68 7.3 Specification for Lithium Peroxide 170 Cartridge Loading iv Standard 5712 LIST OP TABLFS Table No.
    [Show full text]
  • Transport of Dangerous Goods
    ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.16 (Vol.I) Recommendations on the TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS Model Regulations Volume I Sixteenth revised edition UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2009 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.16 (Vol.I) Copyright © United Nations, 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may, for sales purposes, be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the United Nations. UNITED NATIONS Sales No. E.09.VIII.2 ISBN 978-92-1-139136-7 (complete set of two volumes) ISSN 1014-5753 Volumes I and II not to be sold separately FOREWORD The Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods are addressed to governments and to the international organizations concerned with safety in the transport of dangerous goods. The first version, prepared by the United Nations Economic and Social Council's Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, was published in 1956 (ST/ECA/43-E/CN.2/170). In response to developments in technology and the changing needs of users, they have been regularly amended and updated at succeeding sessions of the Committee of Experts pursuant to Resolution 645 G (XXIII) of 26 April 1957 of the Economic and Social Council and subsequent resolutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Extraction of Lithium with Functionalized Lithium Ion-Sieves
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308339816 Extraction of lithium with functionalized lithium ion-sieves Article in Progress in Materials Science · September 2016 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2016.09.004 CITATIONS READS 0 77 8 authors, including: Khaled Gasem Kaiying Wang University of Wyoming University of Wyoming 240 PUBLICATIONS 2,312 CITATIONS 1 PUBLICATION 0 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Maohong Fan Univ. Wyoming and Georgia Tech 325 PUBLICATIONS 6,254 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Mercury Removal View project Chemical-Looping Based CH4 Reforming View project All content following this page was uploaded by Kaiying Wang on 24 October 2016. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue are added to the original document and are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. Progress in Materials Science 84 (2016) 276–313 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Progress in Materials Science journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pmatsci Extraction of lithium with functionalized lithium ion-sieves Xin Xu a,b, Yongmei Chen a, Pingyu Wan a, Khaled Gasem b, Kaiying Wang a,b, Ting He c, ⇑ Hertanto Adidharma b, Maohong Fan b,d,e, a National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China b Department of Chemical and Petroleum
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent Office Patented May 26, 964 1
    3,134,646 United States Patent Office Patented May 26, 964 1. 2 3,134,646 anhydrous lithium peroxide. The rapid drying step PREPARATION 6Fiff UM PEROXIDE. serves not only to effect the removal of water added Ricardo O. Bach, Gastonia, N.C., assignor to Lithium through the water solutions of the reactants and, addi Corporation of America, inc., New York, N.Y., a cor tionally, formed in the course of the reaction, but serves, poration of Minnesota also, and quite surprisingly, to bring about the important No Drawing, Filed Jan. 5, 1962, Set. No. 166,395 function of effecting rapid transfer of the active oxygen 10 Claims. (CI. 23-184) of the hydrogen peroxide to the lithium hydroxide to consummate formation of the desired lithium peroxide. This invention relates to an improved method of pro The lithium hydroxide (which term also includes ducing substantially anhydrous lithium peroxide, and to O lithium hydroxide hydrates such as lithium hydroxide the product produced thereby. monohydrate) is most advantageously used in the form Methods for the production of substantially anhydrous of a strong to substantially saturated aqueous solution, lithium peroxide have long been known in the art. More for instance, from about 8 or 10 to 12% concentration. recently, improvements in such methods have been pro In those instances where the resulting lithium hydroxide posed as disclosed, for instance, in U.S. Patents Nos. 5 solutions contain insoluble impurities as, for instance, 2,448,485 and 2,962,358. However, each of the methods lithium carbonate, it is desirable to filter the solutions disclosed in these patents has certain significant disad to remove said impurities so as to bring about greater vantages, particularly from an economic standpoint, purity of the final substantially anhydrous lithium which make their utilization in commercial operations peroxide.
    [Show full text]
  • Design Guidelines for Carbon Dioxide Scrubbers I
    "NCSCTECH MAN 4110-1-83 I (REVISION A) S00 TECHNICAL MANUAL tow DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR CARBON DIOXIDE SCRUBBERS I MAY 1983 REVISED JULY 1985 Prepared by M. L. NUCKOLS, A. PURER, G. A. DEASON I OF * Approved for public release; , J 1"73 distribution unlimited NAVAL COASTAL SYSTEMS CENTER PANAMA CITY, FLORIDA 32407 85. .U 15 (O SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF TNIS PAGE (When Data Entered) R O DOCULMENTATIONkB PAGE READ INSTRUCTIONS REPORT DOCUMENTATION~ PAGE BEFORE COMPLETING FORM 1. REPORT NUMBER 2a. GOVT AQCMCSION N (.SAECIP F.NTTSChALOG NUMBER "NCSC TECHMAN 4110-1-83 (Rev A) A, -NI ' 4. TITLE (and Subtitle) S. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED "Design Guidelines for Carbon Dioxide Scrubbers '" 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT N UMBER A' 7. AUTHOR(&) 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(S) M. L. Nuckols, A. Purer, and G. A. Deason 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT. TASK AREA 6t WORK UNIT NUMBERS Naval Coastal PanaaLSystems 3407Project CenterCty, S0394, Task Area Panama City, FL 32407210,WrUnt2 22102, Work Unit 02 II. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRE1S t2. REPORT 3ATE May 1983 Rev. July 1985 13, NUMBER OF PAGES 69 14- MONI TORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(if different from Controtling Office) 15. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report) UNCLASSIFIED ISa. OECL ASSI FICATION/DOWNGRADING _ __N•AEOULE 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of thia Repott) Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered In Block 20, If different from Report) IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES II. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side If noceassry and Identify by block number) Carbon Dioxide; Scrubbers; Absorption; Design; Life Support; Pressure; "Swimmer Diver; Environmental Effects; Diving., 20.
    [Show full text]
  • Zllniit?Dstates Patent' ”
    , 2,962,358 zllniit?dstates Patent‘ ” ICC. Patented Nov. 29,1969 7 l . , r 2 . percent recovery of the theoretical amount of lithium peroxide available-can be obtained. 2,96%“ The drying may bedone underatmosphen'c pressure at 1 METHOD on MAKING LITHIUM PERoxmE suitable temperatures to keep decomposition of the lithium IN METHANOL peroxide at a ' ‘Ethyl alcohol can be used, as well as methanol, and Henry H. Strater, May?eld Heights, Ohio, assignor to commercial strength alcohols are satisfactory. The re 8: Chemicals, Willoughby, Ohio, a corporation action of the invention will occur at room tempera 0 o ture. No Drawing. Filed June 2, 1958, Ser. No. 738,959 10 Should it be desired to recover the lithium present in the end ?ltrate material, the ?ltrate can be heated to 4 Claims. (Cl. 23-184) distill the alcohol therein which can be recovered for further use. The water present also is evaporated o? and the residue material will have been partially con The present invention relates to a method of preparing 15 verted from lithium peroxide over to lithium hydroxide. lithium' peroxide, and particularly relates to the prepara Such end product can be puri?ed in any conventional tion of such material in an alcohol reacting medium. manner and be again used in the practice of the process, Heretofore there have been some methods proposed or it can be used for other purposes, as desired. for the production of lithium peroxide, vbut none of such The reaction conditions are readily controllable by methods have been completely satisfactory for low cost 20 the process described, as the hydrogen peroxide is slowly eifective production of lithium peroxide, so far as I am added to the reacting materials and no excessive tem aware.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Lithium Sources—Industrial Use and Future in the Electric Vehicle Industry: a Review
    resources Review Global Lithium Sources—Industrial Use and Future in the Electric Vehicle Industry: A Review Laurence Kavanagh * , Jerome Keohane, Guiomar Garcia Cabellos, Andrew Lloyd and John Cleary EnviroCORE, Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Kilkenny, Road, Co., R93-V960 Carlow, Ireland; [email protected] (J.K.); [email protected] (G.G.C.); [email protected] (A.L.); [email protected] (J.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 July 2018; Accepted: 11 September 2018; Published: 17 September 2018 Abstract: Lithium is a key component in green energy storage technologies and is rapidly becoming a metal of crucial importance to the European Union. The different industrial uses of lithium are discussed in this review along with a compilation of the locations of the main geological sources of lithium. An emphasis is placed on lithium’s use in lithium ion batteries and their use in the electric vehicle industry. The electric vehicle market is driving new demand for lithium resources. The expected scale-up in this sector will put pressure on current lithium supplies. The European Union has a burgeoning demand for lithium and is the second largest consumer of lithium resources. Currently, only 1–2% of worldwide lithium is produced in the European Union (Portugal). There are several lithium mineralisations scattered across Europe, the majority of which are currently undergoing mining feasibility studies. The increasing cost of lithium is driving a new global mining boom and should see many of Europe’s mineralisation’s becoming economic. The information given in this paper is a source of contextual information that can be used to support the European Union’s drive towards a low carbon economy and to develop the field of research.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis of Lithium Peroxide from Hydrogen Peroxide and Lithium Hydroxide in Aqueous-Organic Medium: Wasteless Technology
    MATEC Web of Conferences 96, 00004 (2017) DOI: 10.1051/ matecconf/20179600004 REE-2016 Synthesis of Lithium Peroxide from Hydrogen Peroxide and Lithium Hydroxide in Aqueous-Organic Medium: Wasteless Technology Roman Nefedov* and Yury Ferapontov Tambov State Technical University, Tambov, Russia Abstract. Lithium is a rare element, and widely used in manufacturing, electronics, medicine, and etc. One of the important lithium compounds is lithium peroxide. It is a component of regenerating products to protect the human respiratory system from damaging factors of chemical and biological nature. This paper describes the methods of obtaining the lithium peroxide. All industrial techniques for the synthesis of lithium peroxide are presented. A critical assessment of these techniques is given. A new wasteless synthesis technology of lithium peroxide from Hydrogen Peroxide and Lithium Hydroxide in Aqueous-Organic Medium is presented. This technology allows obtaining the pure product containing Li2O2 up to 94 %. The possibility of the solvent regeneration by the anhydrous lithium hydroxide has been shown. The yield of the lithium – 98 % and a significant reduction in solvent consumption per unit of finished product has been obtained. 1 Introduction The use of ethanol is not a prerequisite for obtaining lithium peroxide, although it is beneficial in terms of that The inorganic peroxide compounds based on rare, lithium peroxide contained in it unlike other organic radioactive, and especially alkali metals have a wide substances practically insoluble (dissolved in methanol range of industrial applications (e.g., energy storage and about 3.5 g/L Li2O2. Ethanol can be replaced by other oxygen source, etc.) [1, 2]. organic solvents (methanol, pyridine, propanol, kenotic An identifying characteristic of inorganic peroxide and others [12, 14]).
    [Show full text]
  • Fabrication of Glass Ceramic Fibres for High Temperature Applications
    Fabrication of Glass Ceramic Fibres for High Temperature Applications by Zurina Shamsudin A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2013 Department of Mechanical Engineering Supervisor : Prof. Alma Hodzic 1 Abstract MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 (MAS) and LiO2-Al2O3-SiO2 (LAS) glass ceramic systems is a material which is reported to have very good mechanical properties and thermal stability. These properties are suitable not only for replacing the conventional materials but also embark new fields which can satisfy the technical demands especially in aerospace applications. However, this work is primarily focusing on the fabrication of glass ceramic matrix composites. Since these glass ceramics are reported to have good thermo-mechanical properties, the study embarked upon the fundamentals of processing of MAS and LAS glass ceramic fibres, in order to open a new avenue for advanced glass fibre composites in high temperature applications. The present work aims to develop fundamental information for fabrication of MAS and LAS glass ceramic fibres and development of the glass ceramic fibre reinforced polymer (GCFRP) composite. The thesis gradually evolves in the direction of this goal by developing suitable bulk glass ceramics, glass ceramic fibres and glass ceramic fibre reinforced polymer composites. In the first part, the bulk MAS and LAS glass ceramics were prepared using melting and casting process. This was followed by controlled heat treatments at different temperatures. The crystallisation behavior of both glass ceramics showed that the temperature increase enhanced the rigidity of the glass structure, thereby superior and reliable properties such as density, nanohardness and reduced Young's modulus were successfully derived in the MAS and LAS system prepared at different annealing and subsequent heat-treatment regimes.
    [Show full text]
  • High Purity Inorganics
    High Purity Inorganics www.alfa.com INCLUDING: • Puratronic® High Purity Inorganics • Ultra Dry Anhydrous Materials • REacton® Rare Earth Products www.alfa.com Where Science Meets Service High Purity Inorganics from Alfa Aesar Known worldwide as a leading manufacturer of high purity inorganic compounds, Alfa Aesar produces thousands of distinct materials to exacting standards for research, development and production applications. Custom production and packaging services are part of our regular offering. Our brands are recognized for purity and quality and are backed up by technical and sales teams dedicated to providing the best service. This catalog contains only a selection of our wide range of high purity inorganic materials. Many more products from our full range of over 46,000 items are available in our main catalog or online at www.alfa.com. APPLICATION FOR INORGANICS High Purity Products for Crystal Growth Typically, materials are manufactured to 99.995+% purity levels (metals basis). All materials are manufactured to have suitably low chloride, nitrate, sulfate and water content. Products include: • Lutetium(III) oxide • Niobium(V) oxide • Potassium carbonate • Sodium fluoride • Thulium(III) oxide • Tungsten(VI) oxide About Us GLOBAL INVENTORY The majority of our high purity inorganic compounds and related products are available in research and development quantities from stock. We also supply most products from stock in semi-bulk or bulk quantities. Many are in regular production and are available in bulk for next day shipment. Our experience in manufacturing, sourcing and handling a wide range of products enables us to respond quickly and efficiently to your needs. CUSTOM SYNTHESIS We offer flexible custom manufacturing services with the assurance of quality and confidentiality.
    [Show full text]
  • Silicate Mineral Eutectics with Special Reference to Lithium
    materials Article Silicate Mineral Eutectics with Special Reference to Lithium Agata Stempkowska Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Resource Management, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Cracow, Poland; [email protected] Abstract: In this paper, the system of natural mineral alkali fluxes used in typical mineral industry technologies was analyzed. The main objective was to reduce the melting temperature of the flux systems. Particular attention was paid to the properties of lithium aluminium silicates in terms of simplifying and accelerating the heat treatment process. In this area, an alkaline flux system involving lithium was analyzed. A basic flux system based on sodium potassium lithium aluminosilicates was analyzed; using naturally occurring raw materials such as spodumene, albite and orthoclase, an attempt was made to obtain the eutectic with the lowest melting point. Studies have shown that there are two eutectics in these systems, with about 30% spodumene content. The active influence of sodium feldspar was found. Keywords: Li-Na-K flux system; mineral eutectic; spodumene 1. Introduction 1.1. Characteristics of Flux Minerals Lithium is a very common yet dispersed element. The largest resources are found in Citation: Stempkowska, A. Silicate seawater—billions of tons of highly diluted lithium (the range is from 0.001 to 0.020 mg/L Mineral Eutectics with Special lithium), which cannot be extracted on an industrial scale [1,2]. In dissolved form, lithium Reference to Lithium. Materials 2021, has only positive effects on supplementation of its deficiencies in humans [3,4]. Minerals 14, 4334. https://doi.org/10.3390/ containing lithium in nature are formed from the transformation of pegmatites.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Names and CAS Numbers Final
    Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number C3H8O 1‐propanol C4H7BrO2 2‐bromobutyric acid 80‐58‐0 GeH3COOH 2‐germaacetic acid C4H10 2‐methylpropane 75‐28‐5 C3H8O 2‐propanol 67‐63‐0 C6H10O3 4‐acetylbutyric acid 448671 C4H7BrO2 4‐bromobutyric acid 2623‐87‐2 CH3CHO acetaldehyde CH3CONH2 acetamide C8H9NO2 acetaminophen 103‐90‐2 − C2H3O2 acetate ion − CH3COO acetate ion C2H4O2 acetic acid 64‐19‐7 CH3COOH acetic acid (CH3)2CO acetone CH3COCl acetyl chloride C2H2 acetylene 74‐86‐2 HCCH acetylene C9H8O4 acetylsalicylic acid 50‐78‐2 H2C(CH)CN acrylonitrile C3H7NO2 Ala C3H7NO2 alanine 56‐41‐7 NaAlSi3O3 albite AlSb aluminium antimonide 25152‐52‐7 AlAs aluminium arsenide 22831‐42‐1 AlBO2 aluminium borate 61279‐70‐7 AlBO aluminium boron oxide 12041‐48‐4 AlBr3 aluminium bromide 7727‐15‐3 AlBr3•6H2O aluminium bromide hexahydrate 2149397 AlCl4Cs aluminium caesium tetrachloride 17992‐03‐9 AlCl3 aluminium chloride (anhydrous) 7446‐70‐0 AlCl3•6H2O aluminium chloride hexahydrate 7784‐13‐6 AlClO aluminium chloride oxide 13596‐11‐7 AlB2 aluminium diboride 12041‐50‐8 AlF2 aluminium difluoride 13569‐23‐8 AlF2O aluminium difluoride oxide 38344‐66‐0 AlB12 aluminium dodecaboride 12041‐54‐2 Al2F6 aluminium fluoride 17949‐86‐9 AlF3 aluminium fluoride 7784‐18‐1 Al(CHO2)3 aluminium formate 7360‐53‐4 1 of 75 Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number Al(OH)3 aluminium hydroxide 21645‐51‐2 Al2I6 aluminium iodide 18898‐35‐6 AlI3 aluminium iodide 7784‐23‐8 AlBr aluminium monobromide 22359‐97‐3 AlCl aluminium monochloride
    [Show full text]