Division of the History of Chemistry
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Colloidal Goldgold
ColloidalColloidal GoldGold Markus Niederberger Email: [email protected] 22.11.2006 OutlineOutline 1) Definition 2) History 3) Synthesis 4) Chemical and Physical Properties 5) Applications 6) References DefinitionDefinition Colloidal gold: Stable suspension of sub-micrometer- sized particles of gold in a liquid ShortShort HistoryHistory ofof GoldGold 4000 B.C.: A culture in Eastern Europe begins to use gold to fashion decorative objects 2500 B.C.: Gold jewelry was found in the Tomb of Djer, king of the First Egyptian Dynasty 1200 B.C.: The Egyptians master the art of beating gold into leaf as well as alloying it with other metals for hardness and color variations 1091 B.C.: Little squares of gold are used in China as a form of money 300 B.C.: Greeks and Jews of ancient Alexandria start to practice Alchemy, the quest of turning base metals into gold 200 B.C.: The Romans gain access to the gold mining region of Spain 50 B.C.: The Romans begin issuing a gold coin called the Aureus 1284 A.D.: Venice introduces the gold Ducat, which soon becomes the most popular coin in the world Source: National Mining Association, Washington HistoryHistory ofof GoldGold ColloidsColloids andand theirtheir ApplicationApplication History: Gold in Medicine Humankind has linked the lustre of gold with the warm, life-giving light of the sun. In cultures, which deified the sun, gold represented its earthly form. The earliest records of the use of gold for medicinal and healing purposes come from Alexandria, Egypt. Over 5000 years ago the Egyptians ingested gold for mental and bodily purification. -
Deep Cycle Battery Frequently Asked Questions
DEEP CYCLE BATTERY FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS DEEP CYCLE BATTERY FAQ The links below are on this page - you can also just scroll down if you want to read them all. This entire page is copyright 1998-2014 by Northern Arizona Wind & Sun. Please do not use without prior permission. • What is a Battery? • Types of Batteries • Battery Lifespan • Starting, Marine, or Deep Cycle? • Deep Cycle Battery as a Starting Battery? • What Batteries are made of • Industrial Deep Cycle Batteries (fork lift type) • Sealed Batteries • Battery Size Codes • Gel Cells (Gelled Electrolyte) (and why we don't like them) • AGM Batteries (and why we do like them) • Temperature Effects • Cycles vs Lifespan • Amp-Hours - what are they? • Battery Voltages • Battery Charging (Here is where we get into the real meat) • Charge Controllers (for wind/solar) • Mini Factoids - Some small facts about batteries The subject of batteries could take up many pages. All we have room for here is a basic overview of batteries commonly used with photovoltaic power systems. These are nearly all various variations of Lead-Acid batteries. For a very brief discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of these and other types of batteries, such as NiCad, NiFe (Nickel-Iron), etc. go to our Batteries for Deep Cycle Applications page. These are sometimes referred to as "deep discharge" or "deep cell" batteries. The correct term is deep cycle. A printable version of this page will be available in Adobe PDF format when we finish updating this page for downloading and printing: Most of the charts have small images for faster downloading. -
Alchemy, the Ancient Science
Alchemy, the Ancient Science by Neil Powell For centuries a number of men of science and Alchemy, learning spent their lives in the practice of the Ancient alchemy, searching for a way to change ordinary metals into gold. Why did they try? Science Did any of them succeed? We know that alchemists today continue the old tradition and the age-old quest. Will they succeed? Contents 1 The Meaning of Alchemy The basic ideas and processes of the traditional alchemists. 2 The Principles of Alchemy 24 The theoretical background to the work that the alchemists carried out. 3 Two Mysterious Frenchmen 40 Flamel, a medieval alchemist, and Fulcanelli, a modern writer on alchemy. 4 The Medieval Masters 54 Mysterious figures, half-veiled in legend, of alchemy's great period. 5 The Wandering Alchemists 80 The masters who traveled from city to city contacting other adepts. 6 What Happened to Alchemy? 96 The changes that occurred in alchemy as the infant sciences developed. 7 Sex and Symbolism 118 The course of Eastern alchemy, and how it influenced alchemy in the West. 8 Alchemy Lives On 130 The practice of alchemy in the 20th century. The Meaning of Alchemy It is late at night. In a room hidden away Absorbed in the long labor of a dual search—for the secret that from prying eyes, an old man bends over a will enable him to transmute base flask of bubbling colored liquid. All around metal into gold and to achieve spiritual perfection—the alchemist is a clutter of jars, bottles, and apparatus pursued his involved experiments, laying the foundations for the that looks somewhat like the equipment in a science, then still unborn, that modern school chemistry laboratory. -
AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY of ALCHEMY and EARLY CHEMISTRY ©2008, 2004, 1978 by David A
AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF ALCHEMY AND EARLY CHEMISTRY ©2008, 2004, 1978 BY David A. Katz. All rights reserved. Permission for classroom and educational use as long as original copyright is included SPLENDOR SOLIS AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF ALCHEMY AND EARLY CHEMISTRY ©2008, 2004, 1978 BY David A. Katz. All rights reserved. Permission for classroom and educational use as long as original copyright is included. David A. Katz Chemist, educator, science communicator, and consultant. 133 N. Desert Stream Dr., Tucson, AZ 85745, U.S.A. Voice: 520-624-2207 Email: [email protected] I. Prehistoric Times To tell the story of chemistry, it is best to start in prehistoric times with primitive humans. In his quest for survival, and endowed with a natural curiosity, primitive man learned much about his environment. He was aware of physical properties of substances such as color, shape or form, hardness, taste, weight, density in the form of relative weight, and odor. And he was most probably aware of natural physical changes such as water to ice (and vice versa), lava to rock, certain rocks to dust, etc. It is also safe to assume that primitive man, although he had no knowledge of chemistry, was aware of chemical change in the forms of decaying organic matter, natural production of ozone from lightning (by noting the odor of the ozone), wood burning into charcoal and ash, etc. But primitive man was by no means any sort of scientist and he made no logical or organized study of natural phenomena. The information he gathered about the world was passed from generation to generation by memory, demonstration, or by observation without explanation or any understanding of the true reasons for these phenomena. -
Instructables.Com
Home Sign Up! Explore Community Submit All Art Craft Food Games Green Home Kids Life Music Offbeat Outdoors Pets Ride Science Sports Tech Building a "Baghdad Battery" by IanW on October 31, 2008 Table of Contents intro: Building a "Baghdad Battery" . 2 step 1: Construction Overview an Materials . 3 step 2: Making Fe3O4 for the Iron Electrode . 3 step 3: Constructing the Electrode Pairs . 4 step 4: Containment of Electrochemical Cells an Other Notes . 6 step 5: Monitoring Performance of Cells . 9 step 6: Performance of this "Baghdad Battery" replica . 11 step 7: How this 'replica' differs from other attempts . 14 step 8: Interpretation of the Artifacts . 17 step 9: History . 18 step 10: On other published accounts . 19 Related Instructables . 21 Advertisements . 21 Customized Instructable T-shirts . 21 Comments . 21 http://www.instructables.com/id/Building_a_quotBaghdad_Batteryquot/ intro: Building a "Baghdad Battery" The intent of this instructable is to provide ideas for experimenting with battery chemistry in general, and to summarize my experience producing a replica of what is often referred to as the Baghdad Battery. In my version of a replica I argue the artifacts have been misinterpreted in replicas previously built by other investigators. The replica I've created yields not only a better performing cell (capable of 5x the capacity), but one that is rechargeable. This is not a great cell, and our cars and homes will likely never employ the design, but it is curious that ~2000 years ago people may have been experimenting with electricity. What they were using this electricity for is subject to as much speculation as the actual construction of the "battery" (Perhaps it was not a battery, that is for you to decide). -
The Intellectual and Social Declines of Alchemy and Astrology, Circa 1650-1720
The intellectual and social declines of alchemy and astrology, circa 1650-1720 John Clements PhD University of York History December 2017 Abstract: By the early decades of the eighteenth century alchemy and astrology had ceased to be considered respectable or credible by elite society. Astrology had been removed from university curricula, while alchemy largely ceased to be publicly practised by the educated and respected and became regarded by those of elite status to be little more than a tool for charlatans or quacks. This thesis draws out these twin declines and considers them in parallel, focusing on trying to analyse what changed intellectually and socially within England to so dramatically alter the fates of these arts. There is a scholarly tradition which has discussed the declines of alchemy and astrology as part of a broader notion of a decline in ‘occult practices’ or ‘magic’, an idea which is often twinned with the wider notion of a ‘rise of science’. This thesis will therefore consider alchemy and astrology as connected arts, which nevertheless possessed separate identities, and then analyse these arts’ declines alongside each other. Through this process it will explore to what degree and in what ways one can describe the declines of these arts as part of one unified trend, or if one needs to interpret these declines as purely grounded in their own unique circumstances. By utilising the works of alchemical and astrological practitioners and placing the decline of these arts in a longer historical context this thesis studies what those who practised the arts considered to be their core conceptual components and will therefore analyse how these elements were changed or challenged by intellectual developments that occurred in the second half of the seventeenth century. -
DODEC Spring09.Pub
Newsletter for the Arkansas Academy of Industrial Engineering Of the University of Arkansas Industrial Engineering Department SPRING 2009 The Dodecahedron UNIVERSITY of ARKANSAS ICE STORM of 2009 The week of January 26-30, 2009 Inside This Issue brought an ice storm of unprece- dented proportions to the University Note from the President 2 of Arkansas campus and the greater From the Department 3 northwest Arkansas region. A signifi- Science Fiction or . 4 Old Main cant amount of damage occurred to Membership Inductees 5 old growth trees around the campus SHUR Liaison Report 6 and adjacent to Old Main. After this Scholarship News 7 historic ice storm, classes were can- Fulbright Statue Global Studies 8 celled and university offices and business opera- Members in the News 8 tions were closed for an unprecedented four days. From the Editor 9 In spite of the storm, the University of Arkansas did Frozen Branches Ancient Engineering 10 not close. Approximately 4,500 students live on Annual Meeting 11 campus and their needs didn’t stop for inclement Job Market 12 weather. The essential members of the university . and more staff didn’t stop either. They worked through the week to ensure that students were safe, fed and ABOUT AAIE Union Mall housed – this in spite of their own emergencies to The Arkansas Academy of In- dustrial Engineering (AAIE) was deal with at home, and the fact that just getting to established in 1986 to recog- campus was a feat in itself. Cleanup crews got a nize the achievements of Uni- boost on Thursday, Feb. -
Encyklopédia Kresťanského Umenia Alfa - Baleka: Prvé Písmeno Gréckej Abecedy a Α; Grécky Písmový Symbol Vyjadrujúci Počiatok; Je Súčasťou Slov Označujúcich Vodu, T.J
Marie Žúborová - Němcová: Encyklopédia kresťanského umenia alfa - Baleka: prvé písmeno gréckej abecedy A α; grécky písmový symbol vyjadrujúci počiatok; je súčasťou slov označujúcich vodu, t.j. počiatok života a silu; najmä v židovstve (pozri Židia, judaizmus) sú mená začínajúce písmenom A početné (Adam apod.); alfa sa často používa na označenie prvého alebo najdôležitejšieho výskytu niečoho (alfa samica); veľké alfa sa zvyčajne ako symbol nepoužíva, pretože je ľahko zameniteľné s písmenom A z latinky; pozri omega Iniciála alfa s maiestas Domini a portrétmi autorov (Beatus Girona, 2. pol. 10.st.) alfa a omega - grécke písmená α ω/A Ω; prvé a posledné písmená gréckej alfabety; pozri Zjavenie Krista, Baleka: alfa a omega sú písmenovým symbolom začiatku a konca, večnosti; vystupujú ako kresťanské symboly Božej nekonečnosti; v zmysle večnosti písmená alfa a omega vkladané do Kristovej svätožiary, najmä pri zobrazeniach na sarkofágoch, ale aj na minciach a hostiách; alfa a omega našli spojitosť so symbolikou orla dvojhlavého > v tejto súvislosti sa vzťahujú ku Kristovi ako k bohu Prvému a Poslednému (koptské, galské a rímske stély) www: písmená alfa a omega sa objavujú v kresťanskom umení od 4.st. a často sú spájané so symbolom Krista (v monogram Krista XP, chrismon, kríž), čím vyjadrujú božskosť Krista a Krista ako Bohočloveka na konci bytia a času sveta; s alfa a omega sa stretávame na epitafoch, kde je súčasťou nápisov, na úžitkových predmetoch ako sú tehly, váze, mince; objavujú sa v sochárstve, mozaike, glyptike a iluminácii; v sochárstve sa objavujú na koptských pohrebných stélach, na zvonoch; v stredoveku sa objavujú na liturgických predmetoch, najmä na paschaloch, na hostiách; v modernom umení symbol alfa a omega mizne, vracia sa až v 19.st. -
A Heterodox Publishing Enterprise of the Thirty Years' War. the Amsterdam Office of Hans Fabel (1616–After 1650)
01 Penman:Layout 1 10/02/2014 15:45 Page 3 A Heterodox Publishing Enterprise of the Thirty Years’ War. The Amsterdam Office of Hans Fabel (1616–after 1650) Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/library/article/15/1/3/940147 by guest on 23 February 2021 by LEIGH T. I. PENMAN he Thirty Years’ War was the most disruptive event of the seven - teenth century, creating seismic shifts in matters political, eco nomic, Treligious, and intellectual throughout central and northern Europe.1 One of the most marked effects of the war was its creation of exiled com munities. Previously tight-knit populations in areas affected by conflict — in Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, the Palatinate, Prussia, Hessen, and else - where — were suddenly forced to flee their homes, on religious grounds or for self-preservation. The fragmentation of central European states and their popu la tions did not, however, cause the sudden collapse of local exchanges, but exploded them across Europe, creating wide-reaching networks based on relationships economical, religious, diplomatic, intellectual, academic, and commercial. Amsterdam became a particularly attractive destination for those exiles who sought to give literary expression to their discontent. The experience of war hardened the heterodox convictions of several authors appalled by its results, who in turn hoped that a period of worldy or spiritual peace would soon deliver them from the chaos and confusion of their times.2 These con - victions were expressed in tracts devotional, chiliastic, prophetic, alche mical, mystical, theosophical, and anticlerical in content. As János Bruckner’s pioneering bibliographical study has indicated, the history of German- language printing in the United Provinces during the seventeenth century was to a certain extent the history of German-language heterodox printing more generally.3 In the early 1620s, the previous centres of hetero dox book 1 For a recent accessible summary see Peter H. -
Die Alchemisten Dierk Suhr Die Alchemisten Goldmacher, Heiler, Philosophen
Die Alchemisten Dierk Suhr Die Alchemisten Goldmacher, Heiler, Philosophen 2. Aufage Dierk Suhr Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein Deutschland ISBN 978-3-662-54371-9 ISBN 978-3-662-54372-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-54372-6 Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografe; detaillierte bibliografsche Daten sind im Internet über http:// dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. © Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland 2017 Erste Aufage erschienen bei Jan Torbecke Verlag, Ostfldern, 2006 Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung, die nicht ausdrücklich vom Urheberrechtsgesetz zugelassen ist, bedarf der vorherigen Zustimmung des Verlags. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Bearbeitungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. Die Wiedergabe von Gebrauchsnamen, Handelsnamen, Warenbezeichnungen usw. in diesem Werk berechtigt auch ohne besondere Kennzeichnung nicht zu der Annahme, dass solche Namen im Sinne der Warenzeichen- und Markenschutz- Gesetzgebung als frei zu betrachten wären und daher von jedermann benutzt werden dürften. Der Verlag, die Autoren und die Herausgeber gehen davon aus, dass die Angaben und Informationen in diesem Werk zum Zeitpunkt der Veröffentlichung vollständig und korrekt sind. Weder der Verlag noch die Autoren oder die Herausgeber übernehmen, ausdrücklich oder implizit, Gewähr für den Inhalt des Werkes, etwaige Fehler oder Äußerungen. Der Verlag bleibt im Hinblick auf geografische -
Baghdad Battery - Wikipedia 3/14/20, 10 01 AM
Baghdad Battery - Wikipedia 3/14/20, 1001 AM Baghdad Battery The Baghdad Battery or Parthian Battery is a set of three artifacts which were found together: a ceramic pot, a tube of copper, and a rod of iron. It was discovered in modern Khujut Rabu, Iraq, close to the metropolis of Ctesiphon, the capital of the Parthian (150 BC – 223 AD) and Sasanian (224–650 AD) empires of Persia, and it is considered to date from either of these periods. Its origin and purpose remain unclear. It was hypothesized by some researchers that the object functioned as a galvanic cell, possibly used for electroplating, or some kind of electrotherapy, but Drawing of the three pieces there is no electroplated object known from this period. An alternative explanation is that it functioned as a storage vessel for sacred scrolls. Contents Physical description and dating Theories concerning operation Supporting experiments Controversies over use Lack of electrical connections Electroplating hypothesis Bitumen as an insulator Alternative hypothesis Media tests of viability See also Notes References https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_Battery Page 1 of 6 Baghdad Battery - Wikipedia 3/14/20, 1001 AM Physical description and dating The artifacts consist of a terracotta pot approximately 130 mm (5 in) tall (with a one-and-a-half- inch mouth) containing a cylinder made of a rolled copper sheet, which houses a single iron rod. At the top, the iron rod is isolated from the copper by bitumen, with plugs or stoppers, and both rod and cylinder fit snugly inside the opening of the jar. The copper cylinder is not watertight, so if the jar were filled with a liquid, this would surround the iron rod as well. -
Ünlü Simyacılar Kimlerdir
Ünlü simyacılar kimlerdir Continue Simya bilimi birçok Müslüman ve yabancı bilim adamı tarafından incelenmiştir ve her biri bu yönde kendi araştırma imzaladı. Aşağıdaki listede, önemli keşiflere sahip ve bugüne kadar çalışmalarına ışık tutanların bir listesini hazırladık. Önemli simyacılar ve çalışmaları Kabir bin Hayyan: nitrik asit, hidrojen klorür ve sülfürik asit kralın icat su rafine ve kristalize yöntemler bulduk ve sitrik asit, asetik asit, tartar asit keşfetti inanılıyor. Inbi'yi geliştirmiş ve geliştirdiği temel kavramı ile kimyanın gelişmesine katkıda bulunmuştur. Atomun bu yüzyıldan kopup gittiğini gören büyük bir bilim adamı. Ayrıca ilk önce arsenik tozu alır, daha sonra zehirler için zehirlidir. Isaac Newton: 1669'da beyaz ışığın bileşimi hakkında bir teori ortaya att. Newton ışığın küçük nesnelerden oluştuğunu düşünüyordu. O etkisi ve reaksiyon (eşit) aynı olduğunu ileri sürdü. Evrensel çekim yasasını keşfetti. Teleskopu icat etti. El-Farabi: Farabi ortaçağ İslam dünyasının en önemli alimlerinden biridir. Felsefe, metafizik, mistisizm, simya ve matematik okudu. Farabi simya hakkında İksir Sanatı'na Duyulan İhtiyaçu yazdı. Ayrıca 100'den fazla eser ile sunulmuştur. Mantık alanındaki çalışmaları nedeniyle, Farabi'den ikinci bir öğretmen anlam olarak adlandırılıyordu. Farabi, İslam inancını neo-Platoizm ile bağdaştırmaya çalıştı. Thales: M.Ö. yedinci yüzyılda yaşamış olan Thales, doğanın mantıkla anlaşılabileceğini savunarak suyun barışın temel ilkesi olduğunu savunmaktadır. M.Ö. 610-545 yılları arasında yaşadığına inanılan Anaximandros, apeiron adı verilen amorf bir ilke ile ortaya çıktı. Öte yandan Anaxime, her şeyin havada göründüğünü söyledi. Gerahlit'e göre bu ilke ateştir. Al-Tugrai: Al-Tugrai 1061 yılında Ifanda'da doğdu. Çoğunlukla simya üzerine çalışıyordu, ama aynı zamanda astroloji üzerine de çalışıyor. En ünlü eseri Mafatih al-rahmah va-masabih al-hikmah adlı simya koleksiyonudur.