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Shrub Island Effects on a High-Altitude Forest Cutover in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau Wang, Bao, Wu

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Shrub Island Effects on a High-Altitude Forest Cutover in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau Wang, Bao, Wu Shrub island effects on a high-altitude forest cutover in the eastern Tibetan Plateau Wang, Bao, Wu To cite this version: Wang, Bao, Wu. Shrub island effects on a high-altitude forest cutover in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Annals of Forest Science, Springer Nature (since 2011)/EDP Science (until 2010), 2011, 68 (6), pp.1127-1141. 10.1007/s13595-011-0128-5. hal-00930698 HAL Id: hal-00930698 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00930698 Submitted on 1 Jan 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Annals of Forest Science (2011) 68:1127–1141 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0128-5 ORIGINAL PAPER Shrub island effects on a high-altitude forest cutover in the eastern Tibetan Plateau Yechun Wang & Weikai Bao & Ning Wu Received: 17 December 2010 /Accepted: 10 March 2011 /Published online: 2 September 2011 # INRA and Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 Abstract seedling species, suggesting that shrubs also indirectly & Context The roles of woody-plant islands are well facilitate forbs and seedling regeneration through competi- documented in low-altitude regions, but research related tion release of grasses. We conclude that shrub-island to such shrub effects in high-altitude regions is scant. effects are size- and species-dependent. In order to & Aims Four common shrub species (Cerasus trichostoma, accelerate natural succession and restoration in alpine Ribes glaciale, Rosa omeiensis and Salix sphaeronymphe) cutovers, shrub island preservation and their effective in a high-altitude forest cutover of the eastern Tibetan utilization as reforestation microhabitats should be integrat- Plateau, were chosen to evaluate the effects of both species ed into vegetation management procedures. and size of shrub islands on microhabitats, herbaceous communities and woody seedling regeneration. Keywords Shrub island effect . Alpine cutover. Tibetan & Methods Total 86 shrubs with different sizes were investi- Plateau . Herbaceous community. Progressive succession gated; The shrub size, herb community structure and species composition, litter, soil nutrient and microclimate parameters beneath the shrub canopies were also measured. & Results All shrubs significantly ameliorated microcli- 1 Introduction mates, increased content of soil organic matter and total nitrogen, both grass and forb species richness, and litter Shrub-island effects are widely recognized in many cover and biomass, and promoted woody seedling recruit- ecosystems (Maestre and Cortina 2005;Duarteetal. ment (richness and number), but decreased cover and 2006; Endo et al. 2008), and can generally be grouped into biomass of the herbaceous community beneath them. These two categories. One is the microhabitat effect, which effects were greater for larger shrubs, and also varied includes mainly microclimate amelioration (Franco and among shrub species with different crown architectures. We Nobel 1989;Endoetal.2008) and soil nutrient enrich- also found differences in species-dependency of the shrub ment (Garner and Steinberger 1989; Throop and Archer effect for the responses of the herbaceous and woody 2008). The other is the nucleation succession effect, which involves mainly the replacement of herbaceous species and the acceleration of woody seedling regeneration Handling Editor: Gilbert Aussenac : : (Pugnaire et al. 1996;Duarteetal.2006). Cuesta et al. Y. Wang W. Bao (*) N. Wu (2010) found that the shrub Retama sphaerocarpa not Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration, only directly facilitated late-successional Quercus ilex Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9, Section 4, Renming South Ave, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, seedlings by reducing seedling photoinhibition and water Sichuan 610041, People’s Republic of China stress,butalsoimprovedseedlinggrowthindirectlyby e-mail: [email protected] reducing the competitive capacity of herbs. In most cases, these two kinds of shrub-island effects (including direct Y. Wang Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and indirect effects) occur simultaneously and are equally Beijing 100039, People’s Republic of China important, especially for ecosystems in stressed environ- 1128 Y. Wang et al. ments (Brooker et al. 2008). Indeed, shrub-island effects efforts have not succeeded, due mainly to the harsh are managed by a complicated interaction among biotic climate, environmental degradation and yak grazing and environmental factors, with direct and indirect, and (Wang et al. 1995;Bao2004). Developing ways to positive and negative interaction mechanisms, and vary effectively promote restoration of alpine cutovers has across spatial and temporal scales (Levine 1999;Reisman- been being a pressing problem related to the establish- Berman 2007; Brooker et al. 2008). Therefore, a better ment of regional ecological safety barriers. Previous understanding of shrub island effects across spatio- work in the alpine region has found that cultivating temporal scales will provide an important pathway spruce seedlings beside tall shrubs can allow better towards understanding plant–environment interaction survival and growth, implying that microhabitat improve- mechanisms. ment by shrubs is probably one of the mechanisms Shrubs with different size and crown architectures responsible for this (Wang et al. 1995;Bao2004), but this differ in how they affect the microhabitat (Li et al. has not yet been tested. It is well known that vegetation 2007; Throop and Archer 2008). These differences may succession on cutovers after forest logging proceeds from lead to the formation of different assemblages of herba- herbs to shrubs and finally to the forest stage, and that ceous and woody plant establishment beneath the shrub, shrubs provide a key link from herbs to the woody stage, which will affect patterns of nucleation succession, but there is little information on succession mechanisms involving mainly the replacement of herbaceous species relating to the role of shrubs on alpine clear-cut areas. and the acceleration of woody community regeneration In the present study, therefore, we chose four (Pugnaire et al. 1996;Duarteetal.2006; Endo et al. common shrub species to evaluate the effects of shrub 2008). In addition, different plant species, such as grasses size and species on a high-altitude cutover in the eastern and forbs, may be affected differently by shrub islands; Tibetan Plateau. The following questions were forbs usually exhibit morphological, life historical and addressed. (1) How do shrubs affect microhabitats in ecophysiological characteristics that contrast sharply the high-altitude cutover? (2) How do shrub islands with those of grasses, e.g., their intrinsically higher affect the herbaceous community in the understorey, photosynthetic capacity and resource-use efficiency especially grasses and forbs? (3) How do shrub islands compared to grasses (Turner and Knapp 1996). They affect natural recruitment of woody seedlings? (4) How can therefore, be expected to react differently to shrubs if do these effects vary with shrub size and species? shrubs affect light intensity and soil nutrient levels. Alpine plants have shorter growth periods, and have to endure higher radiation and lower temperatures when compared with low elevation regions. Thus, alpine plants face more 2 Methods rigorous challenges and experience different growth processes, and have developed various adaptation strate- 2.1 Study site gies to cope with those environmental restrictions (Körner 2003; Dona and Galen 2007). Investigating the roles of The study area is located in Rangtang County, northwest alpine shrub islands would help our understanding of the Sichuan Province, China (32°19′N, 100°48′E). It is a mutual interaction of plants and vegetation dynamics in typical high-altitude forest–grassland ecotone of the the unique alpine environment. eastern Tibetan Plateau. It lies in a plateau monsoon The roles of woody-plant islands in forest restoration climate area with an annual average temperature of 4°C have been well documented in low-altitude regions (Mattson and an annual average rainfall of 700–800 mm. The and Putz 2008). However, relevant research in high-altitude growing season for vascular plants is about 90–105 days destroyed regions is scant (Dona and Galen 2007), and the per year, from late May to early September (Wang et al. relationships between species, island size and their effects in 1995). The main vegetation types in the region are these habitats are not well understood. primary spruce forests, alpine scrublands and meadows. Alpine cutovers are found extensively on the eastern Large-scale harvesting of the original forests occurred Tibetan Plateau, as a consequence of excessive logging from 1976 to 1998, and left a sequence of cutovers of an alpine forests near the timberline (3,400–3,900 ma.s.l.) (Wang average size of about 5 ha. Most cutovers are dominated et al. 1995). Currently, most recent cutovers (< 25 years) by herbaceous communities with sparse shrubs. Our study remain in the early succession stage, still covered by was undertaken on an
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