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DH Lawrence As a Modernist Didactic Definer of ―The Natural

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DH Lawrence As a Modernist Didactic Definer of ―The Natural Rubbens 1 Ghent University Faculty of Arts and Philosophy 2008-2009 D. H. Lawrence as a Modernist Didactic Definer of ―the Natural Man‖: a Confrontation of The White Peacock, Lady Chatterley's Lover, and His Later Short Stories with His Nonfictional Writings. Supervisor: Paper submitted in partial fulfilment Prof. Dr. Marysa Demoor of the requirements for the degree of ―Master in de Taal- en Letterkunde: Engels-Nederlands‖ by Sarah Rubbens Rubbens 2 LIST OF CONTENTS 0. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 5 1. D. H. Lawrence's Life in His Fiction ........................................................................ 8 1.1 A Brief Overview of D. H. Lawrence's Life ............................................. 8 1.2 Some Random Autobiographic Elements in His Fiction ........................ 13 2. D. H. Lawrence as a Modernist ............................................................................... 17 2.1 A Short Definition of Modernism in England and the General Context of the Beginning of the 20th Century ................................................................. 17 2.2 Modernism in Lawrence's Nonfiction ..................................................... 21 2.3 Modernism in Lawrence's Fiction ........................................................... 33 2.3.1 Modernism in The White Peacock? .................................. 34 2.3.2 Lady Chatterley's Lover as a Modernist Novel ................ 38 2.3.3 His Short Stories as Examples of Modernism .................. 40 3. D. H. Lawrence as an Educator for His Readers: Pouring the Philosophical Ideas of His Nonfiction into His Fiction ..................................................................................... 43 3.1 The Didactic Quality of Lawrence's Nonfiction ..................................... 45 3.1.1 Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious ............................... 45 3.1.2 Fantasia of the Unconscious ............................................. 50 3.1.3 Lawrence's Essays............................................................. 55 3.1.4 His Last Philosophical Work: Apocalypse ........................ 61 3.2 How Lawrence Didactically Adopted His Philosophy in His Fiction .... 64 3.2.1 Philosophy in The White Peacock .................................... 65 3.2.2 Philosophy in Lady Chatterley's Lover ............................. 71 3.2.3 Philosophy in Lawrence's Short Stories............................ 73 4. D. H. Lawrence as a Definer of Masculinity and Femininity ................................. 75 Rubbens 3 4.1 Gender Issues in Lawrence's Nonfiction ................................................. 76 4.2 Gender Issues in Lawrence's Fiction ....................................................... 81 4.2.1 Gender in The White Peacock ........................................... 82 4.2.2 Gender in Lady Chatterley's Lover ................................... 83 4.2.3 Gender in Lawrence's Short Stories .................................. 85 5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 88 Works Cited................................................................................................................... 90 Rubbens 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Without some people this dissertation would not have become what it is now. First of all, I would like to thank Professor Dr. M. Demoor, to whom I turned for advise. She has supervised the proceedings of my dissertation and has given me useful suggestions how to improve my style. Thanks also to Ruben De Baerdemaeker, assistant in the department of English literature, because he has been a great help by suggesting which books might be useful for the secondary bibliography. I would like to thank the librarians of the department of Philosophy and English literature. Finally, I am also grateful to my mother for reading many pages, and for listening. Rubbens 5 0 Introduction David Herbert Lawrence, better known as D. H. Lawrence, was an author who marked the transition between the nineteenth and the twentieth century, as he lived from 1885 until 1930. He is categorized among the modernists, for he expressed new ideas in literature which often turned him into a controversial author. The Norton Anthology of English Literature introduces Lawrence as constantly at war with the mechanical and artificial, with the constraints and hypocrisies that civilization imposes. Because he had new things to say and a new way of saying them, he was not easily or quickly appreciated. Although his early novels are more conventional in style and treatment, from the publication of The Rainbow the critics turned away in bewilderment and condemnation. (2243-2244) The critics' negative opinion of Lawrence's work from The Rainbow onwards, can indeed be seen in the reaction to Lawrence's later work, such as Lady Chatterley's Lover, of which the second version was unpublishable by the usual channels. David Ellis explains Lawrence's urge to write this second version, in which ―the descriptions were as explicit as he could make them‖, as follows: Real frankness, [Lawrence] must have decided, was impossible within the confines of 'polite' language and he therefore made use of cunt, fuck, shit, piss – words very rarely read in his time and usually only heard in hostile or aggressive contexts. One or two of these had made a fleeting appearance in the first version but they were now used without restraint.(Ellis VI) Apart from the controversial language he used, his subject material was also unusual for his time because of the theme of adultery. As David Ellis explains, also a lot of famous novels of the nineteenth century took this as a theme, ―but in those the adulterous relationship was not across a class divide and in any case the results were eventually unhappy.‖ (Ellis IX) Lawrence tried to avoid the usual channels of publishing by having his controversial book printed in Florence in 1928, for which he wrote a third and final version. Apart from being labelled as a modernist writer, Lawrence can also be seen as an educator for his readers. He claimed that he wrote ―from a deep moral sense‖, ―regarding himself quite as much as a teacher as an entertainer‖, which turned him into ―[a] writer in the nineteenth century mould‖ (Ellis XII). With respect to the educative content of Lawrence's work, David Ellis spots an evolution in his career, for ―[t]he fervour with which he accepted the responsibilities of the novelist Rubbens 6 as teacher increased as he grew older and serves (...) to acquit him of merely wanting to excite his readers in Lady Chatterley's Lover‖. (Ellis XII-XIII). Moreover, Lawrence disapproved of pornography and considered sex to be deeply serious, because sexuality as a healing force against the artificial aspects in modern society is the major theme in his prose, more implicitly in his earlier work like The White Peacock, and more explicitly in his later work. His readers he tried to teach the power of liberation from ―the deadening restrictiveness of middle-class conventional living‖ (Norton Anthology 2244). This can especially be seen in his negative stance towards the way in which the middle-class suffocated the living, natural and spontaneous relationships between men and women. The first chapter of the dissertation will present a short introduction to Lawrence's life, more specifically focusing on those aspects in his life that are reflected in his work. In the second chapter, I will investigate to a deeper extent to which degree Lawrence may be called a modernist, by comparing his first, and more conventional novel, The White Peacock, with his most notorious last novel Lady Chatterley's Lover and some of his later short stories, like ―Sun‖ and ―The Woman Who Rode Away‖. By leaving out the works of his middle period, this dissertation only aims to give a general impression of the evolution in his career, without being all- embracing. The reason for focussing on his later works, is that those were written at a time when Lawrence was already more developed in his stance towards the world he lived in. Hence, they more clearly illustrate his personal philosophy and didactic solutions to the aches of the modern time. Then, the third chapter will deal more specifically with those didactic aspects in his nonfictional and fictional work, namely his defence of ―intuition‖, ―the dark forces of the inner self, that must not be allowed to be swamped by the rational faculties but must be brought into a harmonious relation with them‖ (Norton Anthology 2244). Thus, the third chapter will discuss Lawrence as a didactic definer of freedom, inveighing against tradition and provinciality and highlighting the instinctual in people, mostly invoked by nature. Finally, the fourth chapter will get a closer look on how Lawrence constructed gender roles within his vitalistic philosophy. This chapter will focus more deeply on some of his ideas on sexuality and marriage. Some of his feminist opponents will be given a mouthpiece, and their claim that Lawrence was a misogynist will be pondered. As such, this dissertation will try to provide an identification of D. H. Lawrence as a didactic modernist, who was concerned with the technological and social developments of his days: Rubbens 7 modernization and changing gender relations. By confronting his fiction with his nonfiction, I will investigate how Lawrence saw these developments as problematic and which social, religious
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