As vegan feminism is a novel and virtually Summaries unknown body of thought and practice in Esto- nia, a further aim of the article was to introduce this stream of feminist thought to Estonian read- ers. Te paper hence discusses the relationship of vegan feminism with other, more established streams of feminist thought in Estonia and considers its potential contribution to feminist research and activism in Estonia. Challenging sexism while sup- Te article is based on a paper published in English in the Journal for Critical Animal Stud- porting speciesism: opin- ies (Aavik & Kase 2015). ions of Estonian feminists on animal rights and its links to feminism through a Infuence of place of employ- vegan feminist perspective ment on Estonian men’s plans of having children Kadri Aavik In this article, Kadri Aavik takes as a starting Mare Ainsaar, Ave Roots, point her own everyday experiences as a vegan Marek Sammul, Kati Orru feminist in Estonia and dilemmas stemming Te majority of studies of birthrate focus on from this identity. Relying on critical animal the attitudes and behavior of women. However, studies and vegan-feminist perspectives, she today couples ofen make decisions about having explores connections between feminism and children together and thus it is also necessary to animal liberation and veganism as bodies of study men’s plans about having children. A study thought and everyday critical practices challeng- of Estonian men conducted in 2015 showed that ing powerful systems of domination. Te paper Estonian men up to the age of 54 believe that an examines how 16 key Estonian feminists under- ideal number of children a family should have is stand human-animal relations, whether and over two and they wish to have the same number what connections they see between feminism of children. Only 3% of men did not want to and animal liberation, and how they conceptu- become a father at all. Te majority wanted to alize veganism as an ethical food practice. have either two (48%) or three children (34%). As a signifcant fnding, research partici- In the present article we analyze the link pants challenged sexism while supporting spe- between men’s plans of having children and ciesism, using similar discursive strategies. their satisfaction with their employment and Feminists’ lack of interest in and motivation to the employer’s support to families. Te analysis challenge speciesism could be framed as stra- is based on the data of a study of Estonian men tegic ignorance. Te concept, originating from conducted in late 2014. Te study is a question- critical studies of whiteness, can be understood naire-based representative study of Estonian as actively and consciously produced ignorance men between the ages of 16 and 54. For the that upholds and legitimizes species hierarchy, analysis we used the data about the men who are human exceptionalism and the exploitation of employed and live together with their partners. other animals. Te number of such men in the study was 1167. 122 Ariadne Lõng 1/2, 2016 Summaries Te results showed that the plans of having “Armukadedus” constructs, from diferent children were associated with demographic perspectives, the relationship between the data. Te men with more frm desire to have representation of women and men and the children were younger and had few children cultural situation of the day and the fxed def- at the time of participating in the study, but nition of femininities/masculinities. desiring to have more, that is, they were men Te analysis focuses on the modern fgure whose desire to have children had not yet been of the “New Woman” and asks whether and fulflled. Behavior related to the birth rate is in what way Semper’s characters – especially also infuenced by social norms. Men who women characters Krista and Herma and the believe that the ideal number of children is protagonist Enn Maiste – support the ideals smaller also desire to have fewer children. of women’s emancipation and “New Woman” Of the characteristics related to work, and how they simultaneously undermine men’s dissatisfaction with their employment emancipatory ideals. Te article also looks at reduced men’s desire to have children, but how the birth of the “New Woman” afected the family-friendliness of the employer or thinking. Among other things, the author workload did not have an efect. Satisfaction considers the “New Woman’s” relationship with employment lost its efect in the family with consumer culture, women characters’ planning model that also included references expectations for themselves and other women to fnancial difculties. Financial difculties and men characters and briefy touches upon reduced the desire to have children and are the modern “new masculinity”. related to satisfaction with work. Te article concludes that the “New Competing activities in life should reduce Woman” was both desired and feared. Tere- the desire to have children, but our results fore, Semper’s women characters are somewhat show that changes in diferent spheres of life spilt, a phenomenon that can be explained increased men’s desire to have children. Men also by more general trends of modernity (e.g. who planned more changes in their lives also the fragmentation of the humanist sense of planned to have more children. the subject, secularization). One of the main aims of the article is also to show how women characters seek “new ways of being”, some- “New Woman” in thing that, in the opinion of many theorists, goes hand in hand with the incorporation of Johannes Semper’s novel characteristics/attitudes conventionally con- “Armukadedus” (1934) sidered masculine. Te article also analyzes the characters’ relationship with arts and the Merlin Kirikal meaning of the woman artist in the context of Te article focuses on the novel “Armukad- the period. edus” (Jealousy) by the Estonian modernist As several of the characters of “Armukade- writer Johannes Semper (1892–1970) that dus” question classical defnitions of feminini- has been excluded from the Estonian liter- ties/masculinities, the novel is a symptomatic ary canon of today. Because of the latter, the text in the context of modernization and shif- article frst introduces the text – its technical ing gender relations. aspects, contradictory reception and the con- text (of gender relations) that surrounded the novel. Te aim of the article is to study how 123 Social grammar of gender and Sock it to the macho man. the role of the student Women and men in Maarja Kangro’s short story collec- Tiiu Kuurme Gender equality is one the grounding principles tion „Hüppa tulle” (Jump of general education. Many international stud- into Fire) ies, however, show that the school context repro- duces both gender stereotypes and gendered Riina Roasto self-positioning. Te article studies how boys Te article studies the representation of men and girls from Estonian schools of general edu- and women in Maarja Kangro’s short story col- cation perceive diferent aspects of school as well lection „Hüppa tulle” (Jump into Fire). As litera- as themselves, their opportunities and the limits ture as a form of art has the ability to question of permissible within the school. Te study of norms dominant in a society, including tradi- high school students conducted within the pro- tional gender norms, the article seeks to fnd out gram “Gender Equality and Life-Work Balance”, whether and in what way the men and women funded by Norway Grants, elicited responses characters in Maarja Kangro’s work interact with from 649 students that provided a multilayered gender stereotypes of today’s Estonian society. picture of students’ gender-marked perceptions Kangro has been chosen for analysis because of of the school and the efect of gender stereo- her socially critical and ironical mode of writing. types on students’ self-perception as students. Te representation of gender has this far been Te theoretical framework of the article intro- studied in Estonia through literary analysis. duces the notion of social grammar that links Te present article provides a methodologically gender and school roles into a unifed pattern novel linguistic analysis of literary data. of behavior. Te material was analyzed with the Specifcally, the article focuses on two help of thematic qualitative content analysis. Te aspects: what are the characteristics and actions discussion takes a closer look at the similarities of men and women characters represented in and diferences in the opinions of respondents of the short stories. Te analysis covers all noun both genders, their self-positioning as the crea- phrases referring to characters. Te analysis tor-subject of actions and changes as well as the is based on Michael Halliday’s (2004) func- limits of freedom and the permissible. We con- tional grammar, specifcally relational processes clude that, as the result of gender stereotypes, describing being and material processes refer- students’ descriptions of school contain more ring to actions. references to gender diferences than gender Protagonists and minor characters are similarities, which culminates in the descrip- clearly distinguished in Maarja Kangro’s short tions of what is normal for both genders. How- stories. Te linguistic analysis demonstrated that ever, the shared role of the student also unites the minor characters are represented in a very students’ desire for change at school. Te neo- stereotypical manner. Descriptions of men stress liberal agenda has not added gender equality to macho attitudes, descriptions of women appear- schools. ance. Men have more important professions, women low-paying ones. However, the protag- onist who is female and describes the events is emphatically non-traditional. For example, the woman protagonist is sexually active, sometimes untypically violent. As the protagonist’s attitude 124 Ariadne Lõng 1/2, 2016 Summaries towards the minor characters is clearly ironical, ization as the image of the “real” man are very their gender-stereotyped world appears some- likely to expect submission and obedience from what pathetic.