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NEOLIBERALISMO Y GENOCIDIO EN EL RÉGIMEN FUJIMORISTA José HAOL, Núm. 19 (Primavera, 2009), 65-75 ISSN 1696-2060 NEOLIBERALISMO Y GENOCIDIO EN EL RÉGIMEN FUJIMORISTA José Honorio Martínez Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México. E-mail: [email protected] Recibido: 23 Abril 2009 / Revisado: 21 Mayo 2009 / Aceptado: 1 Junio 2009 / Publicación Online: 15 Junio 2009 Resumen: La puesta en práctica del derechos sociales y garantías civiles, y víctimas neoliberalismo durante la gestión de gobierno de un genocidio que según la Comisión de la del presidente Alberto Fujimori (1990-2001) en Verdad y la Reconciliación causo la muerte de el Perú, implicó el desmantelamiento del 70 mil personas. ordenamiento constitucional, conduciendo a la instauración de una dictadura sostenida con el 1. LA LLEGADA DE ALBERTO apoyo de las Fuerzas Armadas. El régimen FUJIMORI AL GOBIERNO fujimorista se prolongo por medio de dos reelecciones, la primera en 1995, la segunda en La elección de Alberto Fujimori como abril del 2000, en las cuales predominaron la presidente del Perú en junio de 1990 estuvo corrupción, el fraude y el terrorismo de Estado. precedida por el agravamiento de las Durante este régimen los peruanos fueron condiciones económicas en el período desposeídos de sus empresas, despojados de sus presidencial previo; en efecto, el gobierno del derechos sociales y garantías civiles, y víctimas presidente Alan García (1985-1990) al ser de un genocidio que según la Comisión de la aislado por los organismos financieros Verdad y la Reconciliación causo la muerte de internacionales (Fondo Monetario Internacional, setenta mil personas. Banco Mundial), enfrentó una complicada Palabras Clave: Neoliberalismo, corrupción, situación económica caracterizada por el terrorismo de Estado, Fujimori. aumento del costo de vida, el índice de precios ______________________ al consumidor se incrementó en 10.300 por ciento entre 1986 y 1990, y la pauperización y el INTRODUCCIÓN empobrecimiento. De acuerdo con González de Olarte el producto interno bruto por persona que n el presente artículo se analiza la en 1980 era de 938 dólares, en 1989 se redujo a trayectoria del régimen de fujimorista en 718 dólares, al tiempo que el 20% más pobre de Eel Perú desde su ascenso al gobierno en la población recibía apenas el 3% del ingreso y julio de 1990 hasta su caída en noviembre del el 10% más rico recibía el 45% del mismo. año 2000, para resaltar de manera particular cómo los mandatos de los principales El acrecentamiento de las dificultades organismos financieros internacionales (Fondo económicas fue uno de los resultados del Monetario Internacional, Banco Mundial) aislamiento financiero internacional al que fue implicaron el desmantelamiento del sometido el gobierno de Alan García. Éste trató ordenamiento constitucional, conduciendo a la de establecer un límite en el monto de recursos instauración de una dictadura sostenida con el para el pago de la deuda externa (10% del valor apoyo de las Fuerzas Armadas. de las exportaciones), lo que le significó el cierre de las puertas del Fondo Monetario El régimen fujimorista se prolongo a través de Internacional, el Banco Mundial y el Banco dos reelecciones, la primera en 1995, la segunda Interamericano de Desarrollo. En 1986, la en abril del 2000, en las cuales predominaron la iniciativa de Alan García de crear un bloque de corrupción, el fraude y el terrorismo de Estado. países latinoamericanos deudores fue ignorada Durante este régimen los peruanos fueron por la mayoría de los gobiernos de la región desposeídos de sus empresas, despojados de sus siguieron las orientaciones de los organismos © Historia Actual Online 2009 65 Neoliberalismo y genocidio en el régimen fujimorista José Honorio Martínez financieros y se adscribieron a las políticas perspectivas a medio plazo” publicado en neoliberales. La aplicación de neoliberalismo Geopolítica y geocultura, Kairós Barcelona implicó para el Estado la privatización de sus 2007, y la segunda, ha sido expuesta por Perry empresas, la pérdida de su rol empresarial, el Anderson y David Harvey en trabajos como La recorte de la política social y la renuncia a trama del neoliberalismo: mercado, crisis y normar las relaciones entre capitalistas y exclusión social, Eudeba, Buenos Aires, 1999 y trabajadores. “El neoliberalismo como creación destructiva”, en Revista Memoria No. 232 de septiembre de El anterior fue el contexto de una contienda 2008, respectivamente. electoral, en la que los dos candidatos más favorecidos por los medios de comunicación, Pese a que la ideología neoliberal venía Mario Vargas Llosa y Alberto Fujimori, sedimentándose desde los años cuarenta, representaban prácticamente el mismo solamente hasta los setenta encontró un terreno programa. fértil para su aplicación. De acuerdo con Agustín Cueva, la génesis histórica del Vargas Llosa incursionó abiertamente en la neoliberalismo está asociada a una de las crisis actividad política defendiendo el interés de los de sobreacumulación del capitalismo en los banqueros y grandes empresarios en el debate setenta. Hacia esos años había un exceso de sobre el proyecto de nacionalización de la banca capital en los bancos, dicho capital sobrante “no presentado por el APRA (Alianza Popular se canaliza hacia la inversión directa Revolucionaria Americana) en 1987. En junio (productiva) porque la recesión restringe el de 1989 fue proclamado candidato a la tamaño del mercado, contrayendo la “demanda presidencia a nombre del Movimiento Libertad solvente” –y nadie invierte en producir si no hay y con el respaldo del partido Acción Popular del quien compre- lo cual, crea, mientras no ocurran ex-presidente Fernando Belaunde Terry, y el determinados cambios estructurales, una Partido Popular Cristiano. tendencia a la “inversión” indirecta, es decir, a la conversión del capital sobreacumulado en su Tanto Fujimori como Vargas Llosa obtenían su forma perversa de capital a interés”1. simpatía de su virtual distanciamiento frente a los partidos y “la política”. En los ochenta, la En efecto, el sustento ideológico del deslegitimación de los partidos sirvió para que neoliberalismo fue desarrollado por el se desarrollara el desprecio generalizado de la pensamiento conservador desde 1940, durante política. Los programas y los debates pasaron a varias décadas se mantuvo relativamente desuso imponiéndose en su lugar el culto a las invisibilizado, hasta que en los setenta fue figuras, o a las personalidades promovidas ampliamente retomado y puesto en práctica por mediáticamente. Fujimori, quien contaba con el los gobiernos de Ronald Reagan (1981-1989) en respaldo de la iglesia católica y los sectores Estados Unidos, Margaret Thatcher (1979-1990) empresariales transnacionales, presentado con en Inglaterra y el dictador Augusto Pinochet en un aura tecnocrática y como símbolo del Chile (1973-1989). esfuerzo y del trabajo fue ensalzado como el gerente indicado para llevar adelante las Entre los pensadores que alentaron las ideas “reformas estructurales” como eufemísticamente neoliberales figuraron: Friedrich Hayek y Milton se le llamó a la agenda neoliberal. Friedman, ganadores del premio Nóbel de economía en 1974 y 1976, respectivamente, 2. EL NEOLIBERALISMO COMO como también Lionel Robbins, Kart Popper, NECESIDAD SISTÉMICA DEL CAPITAL Robert Nosick y Richard Aaron2. En términos ideológicos, el neoliberalismo lleva a la práctica Desde una perspectiva histórica del una concepción que adopta como principio la desenvolvimiento del sistema capitalista se desigualdad social. El neoliberalismo afirma la pueden mencionar dos situaciones que hicieron ideología de la desigualdad social como del neoliberalismo una necesidad sistémica; de fundamento para el desarrollo de la competencia un lado, el comienzo de un ciclo recesivo a fines y la acumulación ganancias. de los sesenta, y de otro, la tendencia decreciente de la tasa media de ganancia. La El neoliberalismo se convirtió en programa primera situación ha sido ampliamente ilustrada político del capital para viabilizar su por Inmannuel Wallerstein en distintos textos reproducción, en estos términos, su auge estuvo como: “La economía mundial capitalista: asociado a la necesidad de enfrentar el declive 66 © Historia Actual Online 2009 José Honorio Martínez Neoliberalismo y genocidio en el régimen fujimorista de las tasas de crecimiento del capitalismo orientaciones y en los noventa la mayor parte de mundial. Según Harvey, la tasa de crecimiento los Estados de América Latina vivieron la agregado que en los años sesenta fue de 3,5% euforia neoliberal que permitió: 1. la cayó en los años setenta a 2,4% y en los ochenta privatización de las empresas del Estado que a 1,4%3. fueron creadas con préstamos que aún los estados latinoamericanos no terminan de pagar, Al asumir los mandatos neoliberales, el Estado 2. la mercantilización extensa de la vida, las pone en funcionamiento distintas políticas que personas y la naturaleza, y 3. la desposesión a aseguran a las clases poseedoras de la riqueza a los pueblos de los recursos y territorios. escala global la continuación de su dominio. 3. EL AUTOGOLPE DE ESTADO Y LA Respecto a la reconfiguración del papel del IMPOSICIÓN DE LAS Estado señala Sassen: “Si bien el PRIVATIZACIONES transnacionalismo y la desregulación han reducido el rol del Estado en el gobierno de los A dos meses de su posesión, el gobierno procesos económicos, el Estado permanece Fujimori impuso dos medidas que perfilaron lo como último garante de los derechos del capital, que serían las políticas prioritarias del régimen ya sea nacional o extranjero. Las empresas
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