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This Study Was Supported by the Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden Fund (06-UOA-133) and Published by the Department of Sociology, the University of Auckland

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This Study Was Supported by the Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden Fund (06-UOA-133) and Published by the Department of Sociology, the University of Auckland This study was supported by the Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden Fund (06-UOA-133) and published by the Department of Sociology, The University of Auckland. It was conducted by Dr Louise Humpage with assistance from researchers Lis Cotter, Ieti Lima, Alex Lee, Tanja Ottaway and Catharina Muhamad-Brandner. The author gratefully acknowledges the support of these individuals, the Royal Society funding body and her colleagues at the University of Auckland. Special thanks must also go to the 87 participants who took part in the study and to other individuals who assisted with recruitment. However, responsibility for the report’s findings and their interpretation remain the author’s alone. They should not be taken to represent the views or policy of the University of Auckland. ISBN 978-0-473-18133-8 © 2010, Department of Sociology TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................................ 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................... 5 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 23 What exactly is social citizenship? ............................................................................................................. 23 What are neoliberal reforms? ...................................................................................................................... 23 This study ............................................................................................................................................................. 27 SECTION 1: GOVERNMENT RESPONSIBILITY ........................................................................................ 33 Should government take responsibility to ensure that everyone is provided for? ............... 33 What should government be responsible for? ...................................................................................... 40 What rights are associated with New Zealand citizenship? ............................................................ 58 Do we have more rights and responsibilities today than in the past? ........................................ 65 Section 1: Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 70 SECTION 2: INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY............................................................................................. 73 Should people take more responsibility to provide for themselves? .......................................... 73 What should individuals be responsible for? ........................................................................................ 81 How might we encourage greater individual responsibility? ........................................................ 93 Should conditions be placed on benefit recipients? ......................................................................... 101 Who is deserving? ........................................................................................................................................... 111 Section 2: Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 118 SECTION 3: EXPERIENCES OF CITIZENSHIP......................................................................................... 121 Are social security recipients made to feel like ‘second class’ citizens? .................................. 121 Why might social security recipients feel ‘second class’? .............................................................. 127 What other groups are made to feel ‘second class’ in New Zealand? ........................................ 132 Do participants feel ‘first class’? ............................................................................................................... 134 What do citizens need to feel ‘first class’? ............................................................................................ 140 Section 3: Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 149 SECTION 4: CITIZENSHIP KNOWLEDGE, IDENTITY AND BELONGING ........................................ 151 What is associated with the word ‘citizenship’? ................................................................................ 151 What characterises a ‘good citizen’? ....................................................................................................... 157 What characterises a ‘bad citizen’? .......................................................................................................... 167 How important is citizenship as an identity? ...................................................................................... 172 Why is citizenship important as an identity? ...................................................................................... 175 Where is belonging found? ......................................................................................................................... 179 Section 4: Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 185 SECTION 5: POLICY IMPLICATIONS ........................................................................................................ 187 APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................................................... 189 Sampling framework and sample attributes ....................................................................................... 189 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................................... 195 3 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 11: Responses to: 'Government should take responsibility to ensure that everyone is provided for' (n=44)....................................................................................................................... 34 Figure 12: Activities considered to some degree to be a 'government responsibility' (N=87) .................................................................................................................................................................. 40 Figure 13: Rights associated with New Zealand citizenship (N=87) ............................................... 59 Figure 14: Responses to: 'Do you think we have more rights or more responsibilities as citizens today than in the past?' (n=50) ................................................................................. 66 Figure 15: Responses to: 'People should take more responsibility to provide for themselves' (N=87) .................................................................................................................................................. 74 Figure 16: Activities considered to some degree to be an 'individual responsibility' (N=87) .................................................................................................................................................................. 82 Figure 17: Support for user-pays in social policy areas (n=43)......................................................... 89 Figure 18: Ways we might encourage greater individual responsibility (N=87) ....................... 94 Figure 19: Support for conditions placed upon benefit recipients (N=87) ................................ 102 Figure 10: Attitudes towards the deservingness of groups (N=87) .............................................. 111 Figure 11: Responses to: 'People receiving social security benefits are made to feel like second class citizens' (n=59) ................................................................................................... 122 Figure 12: Reasons why benefit recipients might feel ‘second class’ (N=87) ........................... 127 Figure 13: Other groups that might feel 'second class' in New Zealand (N=87) ...................... 132 Figure 14: Responses to: 'Do you feel like a first class citizen?' (N=87) ..................................... 135 Figure 15: Conditions needed to feel like a ‘first class’ citizen in New Zealand (n=73)........ 141 Figure 16: Responses to: 'What is the first thing you think of when you hear the word “citizenship”?' (n=79) ................................................................................................................. 152 Figure 17: Activities or behaviours associated with being a 'good citizen' (N=87) ............... 158 Figure 18: Activities or behaviours associated with being a 'bad citizen' (N=87) .................. 167 Figure 19: Responses to: 'Is citizenship an important identity for you?' (N=87) .................... 173 Figure 20: Reasons why citizenship is important (N=87) ................................................................. 176 Figure 21: Responses to: 'Where do you get your greatest sense of belonging?' (N=87) .... 180 LIST OF TABLES Table 11: Number and location of
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