Fauna oj' Of.l.'.e r ral ;on An'a.\' No, 10

I

Publ; ',e(f III COn'''"!lltOr(tt;oll of tlte 50tll AIIII;yel' 'ory of Jlulio " lIu/epent/ellce

ZOOL OGI AL URV OF ND A 1998 Fauna o/Conservation Areas No. 10

FAUNA OF VALMIKI TIGER RESERVE

Published in Commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of lndill's lnd~p~ntlence

Edited by The Director, Zoological Survey of India. Calcutta

Zoological Survey of India Calcutta CITATION Editor - Director, 1998, Fauna of Valmimi Tiger Reserve. VI + 1-84 pp. (Published - Director, ZSI, Calcutta)

ISBN 81-85874-08-5

Published: August, 1998

© Government of India, 1998

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Published at the Publication Division by the Director, Zoological Survey of India, 234/4, AJC Bose Road, 2nd MSO Building, (13th Floor), Nizam Palace, Calcutta-700 020 after laser typesetting by Krishna Printing Works, 106 Vivakananda Road, Calcutta-700 006 and printed by the Manager, Government of India Press, New Delhi FOREWORD

The Valmiki Tiger Reserve is located in the West Champaran district of Bihar. It represents a varied physiography like hills, bhabar and terai containing streams, nullahs, swamps and Inarshes. These diverse ecological features of the Reserve have resulted in rich floral and faunal diversity with tiger at the apex of the food chain. However, during recent years due to various anthropogenic factors, the ecosystem of the Reserve has become so fragile that the faunal diversity is now threatened. This has necessitated urgent remedial measures to restore the ecological condition of the Reserve in general and to conserve wildlife in particular. This requires a well drawn management programme for which basic prerequisites are the knowledge about the species composition, population dynamics of important species and the effects of fragmentation of natural habitats. The current state of knowledge on both, ecosystem and fauna of the Reserve is inadequate. Realising the importance of the problem and pauciry of information, scientists of the Zoological Survey of India have conducted faunistic surveys in this Tiger Reserve from 1993 to 1996 to ascertain the current faunal composition with special reference to the status and distribution of important speCies and to identify' factors responsible for the damage to the ecosystem and wildlife. The present volume, which is the result of these studies, highlights the important faunal elements of the Reserve and, the socio-economic condition of the area. It is expected that the baseline information presented 'here will provide the background for formulating any rational management policy for conserving biodiversity in the Vahniki Tiger Reserve. I wish to express my sincere thanks to the Chief Wildlife Warden, Bihar and the Director, Valmiki Tiger Reserve, for providing active co-operation and suport to the Zoological Survey of India parties during the survey.

Calcutta Dr. J. R. B. Alfred August, 1998 Director Zoological Survey of India FAUNA OF VALMIKI TIGER RESERVE

Fauna of Conservation Areas No. 10

CONTENTS

Faunal Composition with special reference to Mammals S. Chakraborty, T. P. Bhattacharyya & J. K. De

Amphibia SukumarRay 43

Reptilia S. Sur, N. C. Gayen, Smt. G. Dasgupta & S. Raha 51

Insecta: Hemiptera B. Biswas & Anilnesh Bal 65

Parasitic Nematades S. R. Dey Sarkar 79 Zool. Surv. India Fauna of Conservation Areas No. 10: FaunaofValmiki Tiger Reserve : 1-41, 1998

FAUN:AL COMPOSITION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MAMMALS

S. CHAKRABORTY, T. P. BHATTACHARYYA & J. K. DE Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta

INTRODUCTION SURVEYS

The Valmiki Tiger Reserve (Fig. 1) is located Altogether three surveys during the following in the West Champaran district of Bihar. It is periods have been undertaken. surrounded by the river Gandak on western side 1. 26 May - 16 June, 1993. and Royal Chitwan National Park (Nepal) on 2. 19 October - 9 November, 1994 northern side. It covers an area of about 840 Sq. 3. 2 January - 21 January, 1996. km. of which 336 Sq. km. is marked as core area. The entire area of the Valmiki Tiger Reserve has CAMPS a good natural Sal forests, Khair-Sisso forests, cane, eastern wet alluvial grass land, barringtonia Kotraha : A small village within the forest proper. swamp forests, canals and perennial rivers. The About 104 Km North West of Bettiah. C imp impenetrable dense cane cover provides very good days - 26.05.1993 to 02.06.1993 and 04.01.1996 shelter and breeding ground to tigers (Plate Ia). to 09.01.1996. Other ecological zones have also given rise to a Ganauli " A large, well-developed village with rich ana diversified fauna. The area was declared extensive sugarcane, rice, wheat and mustard as Wildlife sanctuary in the year 1978. cultivations. It is adjacent to the forest and lies Subsequently, considering the biological at about 90 Km North West of Bettiah and 15 Km significance of the area, it was declared as Tiger East of Bagha-Valmiki Nagar Road. Camp days Reserve in the year 1990. However, except for a - 03.06.1993 to 10.06.1993 and 10.01.1996 to few scattered reports (Shahi 1977, Forest Survey 14.01.1996. of India 1993, Das gupta 1993, Anon. 1990, Madanpur: A small village within the forest and 1993, Ghosh 1993, D. Z. S. I. 1993), no detail busy with construction of railway line. About 70 information on the faunal composition of this Km North West from Bettiah, just by the side of Tiger Reserve is available. As a part of the fauna Bagha-Valmiki Nagar Road. Camps days - of conservation areas project, Z.S.1. has conducted 11.06.1993 to 16.06.1993 and 15.01.1996 to three faunistic surveys in this Tiger Reserve. 18.01.1996. During these surveys attempts have been made to Manguraha : A large well-developed village by identify the existing faunal composition along the side of the forest. Sugarcane is the main with ecological data, population trend and factors agricultural product. There are a number of stone­ affecting them. For the purpose. in addition to the crushing factories in the area resulting noise and systematic field observations and permitted dust pollution. Railway Station is about 2 Km collection of specimens, necessary discussion with south of the villag~ and lies at about 25 Km north the local people as well as management people of Narkatiaganj. Camp days - 21.10.] 994 to was made. In the present paper an account of the 24.10.1994. faunal composition with special reference to Govardhana : A small agricultural village by the mammals of the Valmiki Tiger Reserve along side of the forest. About 22 Km Nol1h of Harinagm' with ecological conditions have been given. Railway Station (on VaImiki Nagar - Narkatiaganj N

MAP OF VALMIKI TIGER RESERVE

~ l-K.M.

A

(

---CORE AREA

TEXT. FIG-I CHAKRABORTY. BHATTACHARYA & DE : Mammals 3

Railway line). Camp days - 26.10.1994 to Reserve may be divided into seven forest 31.10.1994. compartments. Naurangia : Well-established agricultural village I. Bhabar Dun Sal Forest at about 25 Km North West of Govardhana and lies within the naurangia block and Hamatar range It occupies the gentle lower slopes of the hills of the reserve. Camp days - 01.11.1994 to and adjoining flat grounds of Tribeni Block. Best 05.11.1994. quality of Sal along with following associates provide the characteristics of this forest. PHYSICAL FEATURES Top canopy: Lannea coroman, Terminalia Valmiki Tiger Reserve includes a part of the tomentosa, T. belerica, Albizzia procera, Salmafia outer Siwaliks, a few low hills and valleys which ma laba rica, Ficus spp. merge gradually with the flat alluvial plains in the Middle storey : Careys arberia, Mitragyna south. The tract is broken and undulating often pavifolia, Caruga pinnata, Syzygium cumini, showing highly friable geological formations in Terminelia chebula, Eugenia operculata, Kydia steep ravines, knife edge ridges and precipitous calyeina. walls formed by land slips and soil erosion. The Underwood : Dillenia pentagyna, Millusa whole of Madanpur Range is alluvial plains, a velutina, M. tomentosa, Malletus philippensis. large part of which has been formed by shifting Casearia tomentosa, C. graveelens. Bauhinia of the Gandak ri ver from east to west. The drainage malabarica, Sympteces recamosa. is imperfect in the tract resulting a number of swamps. Ground cover : Cleredondorn Vlscesum. Indigo/era pulchella, Randia longspina, The reserve is mainly occupied by alluvial Asparagus sp., Flacuntia indica, Phoenix humilis. soil, which is again of two types - older alluvium and newer alluvium. Older alluvium stretches over Grasses: Imperata cylindrica. Typha elephanta, most of the Bhaber region, while Terai region is Erianthus munia. mainly occupied by newer alluvium. Sheet of Climbers: Bauhinia vahlii, Butia parviflora, erosion is common and there is almost no humus Acasia pinnata, Simi/ax parviflora. on surface soil. Three well-developed seasons, viz., summer II. Dry Siwalik Sal Forest (mid March to mid May), monsoon (mid May to This includes valley Sal and hill Sal. It occupies mid October) and winter (mid October to mid the rising ground on the hills and spurs and the March) could be recognised. Forested tract of the ridges where on account of rapid sub-soil drainage, Reserve gets more precipitation than the annual dry conditions prevail. The associates of Sal may average (142 cm) of the district Champaran. be classed as under : Average rainfall recorded as 205 cm in the north Top Canopy : Buchanania lanzan, Anogeissus western part (Valmiki Nagar) of the Tiger Reserve. latifolia, Terminalia tomentosa. Water supply during rains and winter remains Under Storey : Dillenia aurea, SamecarpliS adequate. During summer water shrinks anacardius. Terminelia chedula, Embelica underground in smaller rivers and streams except officina lis, Madhuka indica. near foot hills. However, water is available in swamps, nullahs, canals, and some streams Ground Cover : Gardenia turgida, Randia throughout the year. longispina, Holarrhenna autidysentica. Indigo/era pulchella. FLORA AND FOREST COMPONENTS Shrubs: Phoenix humillis. P. acaulis, Clausena Based on floral composition, the Valmiki Tiger pentaphylla. 4 Fauna of Valmiki Tiger Reserve

Gresses : Eulaliopsis !inata, Heteropogon VI. Eastern Wet Alluvial Grass Land cOl1tortus and Kush. This type of grasslilnd occupies considerable Climbers : Bauh ina binata. Acacia pinnata. area in almost all compartments of Madanpur and few compartments of Tribeni. It supports tall and III. West Gangetic Moist Mixed luxuriant grasses like Phraglnites karka, Erianthus Deciduous forest Inurya, Saccharum spontanellln, Typha It is an edaphic fonnation of fresh alluvium elephalltina, etc. along with few scattered Khair in Madanpur Block. The tract is liable to and Simul tress. inundation each year and soil remains immature perpetually and unfit for supporting good quality VII. Barringtonia Swamp Forest of Sal. The main species are classified as It is confined to only one. viz .. Madanpur-19 follows: compartmet by the side of the river Gandak. This Top Canopy : Adina cordifokia, Tenninalia horseshoe shape compartment is a low level marsh. tomelltosa. T. Belerica, T. chebula. Lannea almost flat and ill drained. Naturally occuring coromolldelica. Angeissus lati/olia, Garuga species are Salix tetrasperma. Erringtillfa pillllata. Salalnalia Inalabarica. Albizzia procera, acutangula, Rischofia iavanica, etc., along with A. lehbek. some Sisso, Khair. Simul on relatively raised Middle Story : Lagestroemina parviflora. ground. This swamp is now mostly reclaimed Sy:ygius olllnini. Egenia operculara. Mitragyna naturally as well as through plantation. parviflora, Eridelia refusa, Salmalia l11alabarica, Raudia uligillosa. Cassia fistula. Delbergia FAUNAL COMPOSITIONS lar(folia, Acacia catechu, Ficus sp. Differences in the elevations. soil composition. Ground cover : Cleredelldron viscosus, Litsea floral composition along with a number of rivers, sp .. Grevia holectrifolia. swamps, have provided great range of variations Climbers: Acacia pillllata, MiLLotia auriculafa, in respect of micro and macro ecosystem within Buteo parviflora, Osasalpillia digyna. the Valmiki Tiger Reserve. These ecosystems in turn resulated a very rich. both qualitative as well IV. Khair Sisso Forest as quantitative, fauna in Valmiki Tiger Reserve. Based on actual sightings, actual collection during Found along the Gandak river and its tributaries surveys and local reports. an account of the fauna in Madanpur Block. Thi~ tract is also liable to is given below. During the survey works no actual inundation and soil is not mature enough to sustain estimates of the populations of different species Sal. Grassess like Talnarix dicica comes first on were done but attempts have been made to quantify alluvial deposits followed successfully by Acacia some major species of mammals. catechu. Sisso. Salmelia malabarica. Adina co rdifoIia. efC. Following abbreviations have been used in the text: apf length of anterior palatine foramina; b. l v. Cane Brakes length of bulla; Cl-C • distance between outer surfaces of upper canines~ cb. condylobasallength: This type occurs in wet hollows and depressions cw. cranial width; d. length of diastema; E. length along the various tributaries of the river Gandak of ear~ Fa. length of forearm; F & cl. length of in Rehua. Baljora. Chamania compartments of foot and claw; Hb. Head and body length; Hf. Madanpur Block and some compartments of length of hind foot; iw. interorbital width: I. length Triheni Block. Here soil remains moist ahnost of skull; mllnl. distance between first upper molars: throughout the year and relatively rich in humus. mtr. length of maxillary tooth row; n. nasal legth; Cane (Clalnus teizuis) occurs under large sized 011. occipitonasal length; pl. palatal length; Th. trees and rises to a height up to 18 meters. length of tibia; Tl. length of tail; Tr. length of CHAKRABORTY. BHATTACHARYA & DE Mammals 5 tragus; zw. zygomatic width. to the sex and seasons, but in all probablity there Vertebrate species included in the Schedule I is much interbreeding with other subspecies which and Schedule II of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) are transported through human agency. Act 1972 are marked with * and ** respectively. Order CHIROPTERA Class MAMMALIA Family PTEROPODIDAE Order INSECTIVORA 2. Rousettus leschellaulti lesclzellaulti Family SORICIDAE (Desmarest)

1. SUIlCUS 1111lrilllls caerulescens (Shaw) 1820. Pteropus leschenaulti Desmarest. Encycl. Meth. Mammal, 1 : 110 (Pondicherry. India). 1796. Sorex pilorides Shaw. Mus. Lever. 2 : 31. Not of Pallas 1779, which is undeterminable. Common name : Indian Fulvous Fntit Bat 1800. Sorex caerulescens Shaw, Cenl. Zoo. Mamm., (Eng.). 1 : 533. Distribution : Widely distributed throughout Common names : House Shrew (Eng.) the Indian mainland. Pakistan, Sri Lanka. NepaL Chuchundar (Hin.). Bhutan, Myanmar, China, Hongkong, Thailand. Laos, possibly Cambodia and Vietnam. Material examined: 10, Kotraha, 1. VI. 1993, S. Chakraborty colI. ; 40, Ganauli, 8-9. Remarks: Not very common. Visits orchards VI 1993. S. Chakraborty colI.; 1~, Tribeni, II of the villages and in all probability roosts in the Km NE of Ganauli. 10. VI. 1993, S. Chakraborty small caves or crevices of low hills of the reserve. colI. ; 30, 5 ~, Manguraha, 23-25. X. 1994, T. 3. Pteroplls gigalltells gigalltells (Bnmnich) P. Bhattacharyya colI.; 6 ~, Govardhana, 28-30. X. 1994, T. P. Bhattacharyya coll; 10, Naurangia, 1782. Vespertilio gigalltea Brunnich. D\'rl!l1t's 4. XI. 1994, T. P. Bhattacharyya colI. Histories. 1: 45 (Bengal. India). M easuremellts : External: 6 0, : Hb 117-140 Common names: Indian Flying Fox (Eng.) : (133); TI 77-86 (82); Hf 20-21 (20.6); E 12-15 Gadal, Barbagal, Badur (Hin.). (13.8). 7 ~ : Hb 116-152 (122); TI 75-83 (78); Hf 17-24 (20.4); E 12-15'(13.5). Cranial: 10, Distribution : Widely distributed In India : 137.3 ; cb 35.2; pi 17.1; n 11.7; cw 13.0. 1~ including Andaman Islands. Pakistan, Sri Lanka. : l 36.0; cb34.3; pI 16.8; n. 11.3; cw 12.8. Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar. Distribution : Throughout India particularly Remarks: Fairly common in the Reserve but in residential areas. not in the dense part of the forest. Roosts of 16

Remarks : Mos~ common specially in and' to 35 animals have-been observed in and around around houses, stores and fringe areas of the villages in peepul, Tamarind and other trees. In forest. Nests were found by the side of the drains, the evening they were found foraging in the villages bushes. garbage, under stones and even in the as well as in the forest for wild fruits. Youngs hole of a wooden electric pole. Nests are"made attached with the nlother have been obser\'ed of straw, leaves, papers, polythene, clothes, etc. during May-June. Breeding females were found both in pre and post Little boys of the villages often hunt them for monsoon period. flesh: Much variations in size, colour, nature of fur and shape of tail have been noticed in the present Causes considerable dmnage of LiehL Guava. series. Some of these variations may be attributed Mango and other fIuits during smnlner. 6 Fauna of Valmiki Tiger R(/sel'l'l'

4. CYllopterlis sphinx sphinx (Vah!) Sinha (1986) and Agrawal et al. (1992). Pregnant, lactating females, juveniles were observed both in 1797. Vespertilio sphinx Vahl. Syr. Nat Selsk. pre and post monsoon periods. Copenhagen. 4( 1) : 123 (Tranquebar, Tanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India). Family EMBALLONURIDAE Conll11.on nanles : ShOtt-nosed Fruit Bat (Eng.) : Chota Badur (Hin.) 5. TaphozoliS IOllgil1lalllls loltgil11QIlliS Hardwicke Ivlaterial examined: 5 <3 10 ~, Kotraha, 27. V. 1993, S. Chakraborty co1l. ; 10, 1 9, Ganauli, 1925. Taphozous /ollgil1lafluJ hardwicke, Trans. Linn. 5. VI. 1993. S. Chakraborty call.; 10, 1~, Soc. LOlld .. 14 : 525 (Calcutta, West Bengal. Madanpur, 14. VI. 1993, S. Chakraborty call. ; India). 10. 29, Manguraha, 22. X. 1994, T. P. COlnmOll nalne : Long-armed Sheath-tailed Bhattacharyya call.; 7 0, 3 9, Govardhana, 28. Bat (Eng.). X. 1994, T. P. Bhattacharyyacoll.; 20,Naurangia, Distribution : Widely distributed in southern 3. XI. 1994. T. P. B hattacharyya col1. India, northwards to Gujarat, Rajasthan (Sinha Measure/nellts : External : 14 0: Fa 66.9- 1976), Tripura in the east (Agrawal & 76.1 (72.5) ; Tb 22.5-33 (27.0); E 19.3-23.0 Bhattacharyya 1977). Sir Lanka. Nepal. (21.6); F & cl I 1.5-] 8.6 (14.5). 13 9 : Fa 68.2- Bangladesh, Myanmar and possibly Thailand and 79.7 (73.6); Tb 25.7-31.6 (28.3)~ E 19.7-24.3 Cambodia. (22.4); F & cl 12.6-17.0 (14.0). Cranial : 1 0, Renlarks : Fairly common, roosts in caves and : I 32.4 ; cr 9.6; 11111' 10.4; CICI 7.5; m'm l 9.6; iw rock fissures and also in various less disturbed 6.2. 1 ~: 134.1; cr 10.1; mfr 11.1; c'cl 7.0; m1111' man nlade structures. At Madanpur. two anilnals 9.0: iw 6.3. were found roosting in the walls of a discarded Distribution : Throughout the mainland of well. Sinha (1986) recorded this species from India. Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Narkatiaganj of West Champaran district. Myanmar. Remarks : Most common throughout the Family MEGADERMATIDAE Reserve. Roosts of 1 to more than 30 animals 6. Megader1IlQ lyra lyra Geoffroy were observed in the innelfold of palm leaves, deserted house, well, cowsheds and various other 1801. Megaderma lyra Geoffroy, Alln. tvllts. Hist. nat. nlan made structures. Large number of them visit Paris. 15 : 190 (Possibly Madras, Tamil Nadu. almost all the orchards immediately after sunset India). causing serious damage of crops. A lot of theln COmmOllllalne : Indian False Vanlpire (Eng.) may easily be captured by placing mist nets in Material examined: 1 ~, Kotraha. 29. v. 1993. the foraging ground in the evening. Undigested S. Chakraborty col1.; 3 C. I ~, Manguraha. 22. seeds of different plant species are found in their x. 1994, T. P. Bhattacharyya call. faecal matter. In all probability they play an important role in the natural pollination and seed Measurements : External : :2 ~ : Fa 63:0' dispersal in the forest ecosystem. 66.6 ~ Tb 34.0. 35.2 ~ E 35.0.35.3 : F & cl 20.0. 19.8 ~ Tr 17.0,- Sexual dinl0rphism could easily be observed in the adult animals; nlales having distinct Distribution: Alnl0st throughout the 111ainland brownish tinge in the throat and chest. Moreover, of India. Afganistan, Pakistan. Sri Lanka. Nepal fetnales appear to be slightly larger on average and Bangladesh. than the males in body measurements, which is Remarks : Fairly common in the localities. also obvious from the measurements given by roosts of 6 to more than 30 anilnals were noticed CHAKRABORTY, BHATTACHARYA & DE : Mammals 7 in the cowsheds, deserted quarters, godowns, 9. Pipistrellus Inilnus Wroughton among the standing logs and various other man 1899. Pipistrellus minus Wroughton, 1. Bombay nat. made, less used structures. In addition to the Hist. Soc., 12 : 722 (Maheskatri, Dangs, roosts, this species used other partly covered space Gujarat, India). like varandha, deserted huts, etc. for temporary roosting and feeding during night. A diplidated Common name: Indian Pygmy Pipistrelle room of forest departm~nt at Kotraha was regularly (Eng.). visited during May-June, 1993, by a group of Material examined: 1 9, Manguraha, 23. x. them at night. Every mOlning we could find faecal 1994, T. P. Bhattacharyya coIl. matter as well as paltly eaten lizards, frogs, mouse, Measurements: Extelllal : 1 ~ : Fa 27.9 : beetles, etc. from the floor of that room. Present Tb 11.7 ; E 10.5 ; F & cl 4.4. Cranial: 1 9 : I specimen of Kotraha was collected by a butterfly 11.3 ; mtr 3.5; c'el 3.5 ; ew 6.5; m3m3 5.3. net from that room. The specimen was pregnant, containing one foetus in a moderately advance Distribution : Widely distributed throughout stage of developn1ent. the mainland of Indian region. Afghanistan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Family RHINOLOPHIDAE Vietnam. Remarks : Very common, particularly in the 7. Hipposideros sp. residential areas. Roosts in any dark place in Remarks: Common. Specimens were observed close association with the human beings. Roost regularly flying around the vapour lamps amongst of this species as well as of P. coromandra was the trees on the roadside at Valmikingar after noticed in the same wooden piller of a hut but at 20,00 hours. Specimens were also observed different holes. irregularly flying through the varandha of 10. Scotozous donneri Dobson Madanpur Forest Rest House for about an hour from 22.00 to 23.00 hours on 11 th and 12th June 1875. Scotozous dormer; Dobson. Proc. :001 Soc. 1993. In rest of the camp days they could not be Lond., 373 (Bellary Hills, Bellary. Karnataka. observed. Specific identification was not possible. India). Common name: Dormer's Bat (Eng.). Fan1ily VESPERTILIONIDAE Material examined: 2 0, 29. I Juv, Kotraha. 8. Pipistrelilis corol11alldra corolnalldra (Gray) 27, 28. V. 1993, S. C.hakraborty colI. : 2 0, Ganauli, 5, 7. VI. 1993, S. Chakraborty 1838. ScotophiiLts coromalldra Gray, Mag. ~ool. Bot.. coli.; 1 0, 1 Juv., Madanpur. 13. J 4. VI. 1993, 1 : 498 (Pondicherry: India). S. Chakraborty colI. ; 1 O. Manguraha. 24. x. Com mOil name : Indian Pipistrelle (Eng.). 1994. T. P. Bhattacharyya coIl. Distribution : Widely distributed in southern Measurement: External: 5 0 : Fa 33.8-35.2 India, north to Jammu and Kashmir, East to North (34.2); Tb 12.4-13 (13.2); E 10.4-14.3 (12.8): Eastern States including Tripura. Afghanistan, F & cl5.4-7.0 (6.00).19: Fa 34.2: Tb 12.8: Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal. E 11.6 ; F & cl 5.7. Cranial: 30: I 13.5. 14.1. 14.9 ; etc' 4.6, 4.8, 5.2 : mtr 5.0, 5.5, 5.5 : ell' Remarks: Very common and easily could be 6.9, 7.4, 7.8 ; 1113/11'~ 6.6, 6.8. 7.0. seen in the dusk while they are flying over the canal, swamps and other open areas. Slnall roosts Distribution: Widely distributed from Jammu of2-4 individuals were found in holes and crevices and Kashmir in the north to at least Karnataka of rocks, trees, walls, ceilings. bamboos, logs and in the south; Gujarat in the West to West Bengal many places even within the very busy human in the east. Pakistan (Roberts 1977), possibly habitations. Taiwan. 8 Fauna of Valmiki Tiger Resefl'e

Remarks: Most common. Roosts were noticed COl1zmol1 names : Rhesus Macaque (Eng.) ; in the various Inan Inade structures in the village, Bandar (Hin.). as well as deep in the forest in rock crevices, tree Distribution : From Jammu and Kashmir in holes, etc. Examinations of stomach contents of the north to Andhra Pradesh in the south, and two specimens rev~aled hard parts of insects (Probably Coleoptera) in good amount; partly Gujantt in the west to Arunachal Pradesh in the chewed dipteran fly was also found in the oral east. Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, China and cavity of a freshly killed specimen. Thailand. 11. Scotopllilus Ileathi heathi (Horsfield) Remarks: Fairly common in the forested areas, particularly in the hilly region. Occasionally raids 183 I. Nycticeills heathi Horsfield, Proc. zool. Soc. the orchards and vegetable gardens. Altogether LOlld .. 113 (Madras, Tamil Nadu, India). 17 troops, lOin Division I and 7 in Division.II Common name: Greater Yellow Bat (Eng.). were observed. Troop size varies from 12 to more Material examined: 2 6, Kotraha, 27. V. than 26 animals. Local migration of most of the 1993, 1 VI. 1993, S. Chakraborty coIl. ; 10, troops has been reported. Juveniles and youngs 4 ~, Ganauli, 5. VI. 1993, S. Chakraborty call.; were noticed both in summer and winter. 5 C. Manguraha, 22. 23. w.f. 1994, T. P. 13. Presby tis eJltellus entellus (Dufresne) ** Bhattacharyya call.; 26, Naurangia, 2. XI. 1994, T. P. Bhattacharyya colI. 1797. Simia entelius Dufresne, Bull Soc. Phi/Oil. Measurements: External: 10 0 : Fa 60.5- Paris, 1 (7) : 49 (Bengal). 64.1 (62.3); Tb 25.2-28.8 (26.8) ; E 17.0-19.3 Common names : Hanuman Langur (Eng.) ; (17.8) ; F & c1 10.6-12.8 (11.6). 5 ~ : Fa 61.4- Hanuman, Langur (Hilt.). 62.5 (61.9) ~ Tb 24.0-26.7 (25.8) ~ E l6.7-18.0 (17 .5) ~ F & cl 9.3-11.4 (10.8). Cranial : 20: Distribution: Jammu and Kashmir, Gujarat, 1 23.7, 24.1 ; elel 7.0, 7.5 ; nUr 8.0, 8.2 ; ew Panjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, 3 l 10.6, 11.7 ; m _1113 10.0, 10.4. 1<.j?: J 23.3 ; e - Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa, c l 7.1 ; I11tr 7.2 ; ew 11.5 ; nz3-ln3 10.3. Madhya Pradesh. Bangladesh.

Distribution : Widely distributed throughout Retnarks : Plenty in the fringe areas of the India. Afganistan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, forest, regularly invading the agricultural crops Bangladesh and Myanmar. as well as orchards. Some of the troops move Remarks : Most common. Large number of around a large area during the day for foraging. them roost in small groups of 2 to 6 in different Large troops of 20-45 animals of different ages parts of less used man made structure like Forest were noticed at Kotraha, Ganauli, Madanpul", Rest House. deserted buildings, and also in caves Manguraha, and also along the roads from Bagha and crevices of rocks. At Ganauli Forest Rest to Valmiki Nagar. House separate roosts of males and females were found during June and colony of females contained young animals (Plate Ib). However, during January Order CARNIVORA males and females were found occupying the Family CANIDAE same hole in that rest house. 14. Callis lupus pallipes Sykes * Order PRIMATES 1831. Canis pallipes Sykes, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. Family CERCOPITHECIDAE 101 (Deccan, India).

12. Macala Inlliatta 111111atta (Zimmermann) ** Commoll names: Wolf (Eng.) ; Bheriya (Hin.). 1780. Cercopithecus l1luiatta Zimmermann. Gesch. Distribution : Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Mensch .. 2 : 195 (India) Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam, Orissa, CHAKRABORTY, BHATTACHARYA & DE : Mammals 9

Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, south. Pakistan, Nepal. Bangladesh. Maharashtra. Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Pakistan. Remarks: Fairly common in the reeds and Remarks : Local people reported Wolf as grass jungles along the banks of ri"ers and canals. common and cited several examples of lifting of in the paddy and sugarcane fields, but not deep domestic stocks. However, during our visit we in the forest. Lives in small colonies. Burrow could meet the Wolf only on two occasions, one systems were observed inside the grass jungles, at Tribeni block in summer and other in the dry harvested fields and also in the open wasteland. bed of main Tirhut canal near Bherihar during Each burrow system has a number of openings winter. At Tribeni, it was observed singly, while and covers surface area of about 2 to 1~ sq. m. at Tirhut in pairs. We' also could not find any It comes out of the burrows at dusk with repeated record of recent lifting of the domestic stock by chattering bark and moves almost throughout the the Wolf. It appears that its population in the night in and around the villages in search of food. Reserve is not much high. It has been reported that some professional hunters from outside regularly visit the area for 15. Canis aureus indiclis Hodgson ** the collection of this animal by indigenous method. 1833. Canis au reus indicus Hodgson, Asiat. Res., 18, These hunters seal all the openings of the burrow 2 : 237 (Nepal). system except two. Then they sent pungent smoke Common names: Asiatic Jackal (Eng.) : gidar, through one opening, and kill the animal with a Shial (Hin.). stick while it tries to come out through the other opening. Random use of pesticides also affected Distribution: Bihar. West Bengal, Northeastern the fox populations and nowadays they are stattS including Tripura, Bhutan, Bangladesh, wiped out from some of the villages within the Myanmar. Thailand. Reserve. Remarks : Frequently observed in the fringe areas of the forest, but more in villages and 17. Cuon alpinus prinlaevus (Hodgson) ** particularly in the cultivated fields. Mostly the 1833. Canis primaevus Hodgson. Asiat. Res .. 18. 2 : jackal was seen singly, but occasionally found in 221 (Nepal). pairs also. It often comes out of the shelter even Common names : Dhole. Indian Wild Dog in day time. Juvenile individuals were observed (Eng.) ; Dhole, Junglee Kutta (Hin.). more during summer. Distribution: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar. Sikkim. It was reported to be most common in the West Bengal. Nepal. Bhutan. villages even during the beginning of the last decade causing considerable damage of the poultry Remarks: Very rare, only once in June a pack and other domestic stocks. However. its number of five animals was observed near the Ganauli has dwindled severely due to improved irrigation observatory. It's call was also not heard anywhere system along with rendom use of pesticides for in the Reserve. protection of crops. Family URSIDAE 16. Vulpes bengalensis (Shaw) ** 18. Melursus lIrsinus ursillils (Shaw) * 1800. Callis bengalensis Shaw, Genl. Zoo!., 1,2: 300 (Bengal). 1791. Bradypus ursinus Shaw, Nat. Misc.. 2 (unpaged), pis. 58-59 (Patna, Bihar, India), Common names: Bengal Fox (Eng.) ; Lomri (Hin.). Common names: Sloth Bear (Eng.) ; Richh, Bhalu (Hin.). Distribution: Practically throughout India from the Himalayan foot hills to Kannya Kumari in the Distribution: Peninsular India to Uttar Pradesh 10 Fauna of Valmiki Tiger Reserve and in the east up to Arunachal Pradesh. COlnmon nalnes : Large Indian Civet (Eng.); Bangladesh. Mach Bhondar, Bagdos (Hin.). Remarks : Moderately common, solitary Distribution: Madhya Pradesh. Bihar, Sikkim, individuals are met within the forests, particularly West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, in the Division II. Though it lived a solitary life. Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh. Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malayasia, but during winter a number of them raid the Singapore. mature crop fields neighbouring the forest. This species possesses a serious threat to the villagers. Remarks: Rare in the Reserve. Occurrence of Incidence of human moulding by this animal is a this civet was reported at Shibnata, Santi pur regular feature in the reserve. villages, and Naurangia block. Solitary in nature. lives in scrub or bush jungles near human localities Sloth bear lives in the natural caves among the and often attacks poultry and other live stocks. rocks deep in the forest as well as near hun1an We could not observe any specimen, but fresh habitation. Foot marks or markings of it could be faecal matter probably of this species containing noticed throughout the forest. hairs and huge amount of seeds were observed at Naurangia. Family MUSTELIDAE 21. Viverricula indica indica (Desmarest) ** 19. Lutloa perspiciliata perspicillata 1. Geoffroy ** 1817. Viverra indica Desmarest. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. Paris, 7 : 170 (India). 1826. Lutra perspicillata I. Geoffroy, Diet. Class. Comnl0n na/nes : Small Indian Civet (Eng.) ; Hist. Nat., 9 : 519 (Sumatra). Mashk billa, Khattus (Hin.). Com/noll names: Smooth-coated Indian otter Distribution: Almost throughout the mainland (Eng.) ; Udbilao (Hin.). of India. Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bhutan and Distribution: Widely distributed in Peninsular Bangladesh. India, West to Gujarat, north to Uttar Pradesh, Remarks : Very common in the Reserve, east of Arunachal Pradesh. Bangladesh, Myanmar, particularly in and around human habitations and China, Vietnam, Malaysia, Sumatra. grassy or bushy areas along the rivers. canals and Remarks : Reported to be common in the bush other water bodies. Lives singly or in pairs. Takes and rocks along the ri vers, canals and other water shelter in various places like self made holes in bodies even inside the villages causing certain the bushes. under the rocks, natural holes of the amount of damage to the fish crop. However, we trees, as well as in the roof or false celing of the could observe only two troops one of six and relatively less-used houses. Quite a good number the other of three animals in Manor nul1ah (near of them were observed foraging in the campus Ganauli) and Baghai nullah (Kosil Block) and sUIToundings of Madanpur and Ganauli Forest Rest Houses ; mostly move through the branches respectively. Pug marks were also observed near of the trees. Nanad-Vouji pond at Ganauli. Youngs were noticed during October­ Inspite of reported fish damage habit, there is November. no hunting pressure on this species. Analysis of faecal matter revealed mostly vegetative matter~ only occasionally hairs, scales Family VIVERRIDAE and other animal matter. 20. Viverra zibetha zibetha Linnaeus ** 22. Paradoxurus Izenllaphroditlls (Pallas) **

1758. Viverra zibetha Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1777. Viverra hermaphrodita Pallas, In Schreber, Die 1 : 44 (India). Saugethiere, 3: 426 (India). CHAKRABORTY. BHATTACHARYA & DE : Mammals 11

Common names: Common Plam Civet, Toody 24. Herpestes edwardsi nyula (Hodgson) Cat (Eng.) ; Lakati, Chingar, Khattus (Hin.). 1836. Mangusta (Herpestes) nyula Hodgson, 1. Asiat. Distribution : Throughout India. Pakistan, Soc. Beng., 5 : 236 (Nepal). Afghanistan, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Common names: Indian Grey Mongoose Phillipines, Myanmar, Andalas. (Eng.); Neula (Hin.). Remarks : Common in forest as well as in the Distribution : Ranges from Gujarat to Assam villages, taking abode in the holes of tree trunks, including Orissa and Sikkim. Nepal, Bangladesh. top of palm trees as well as thatched roof of Remarks : Fairly common in the villages as houses. One or more animals may be found in the well as in the open areas of the forest. Lives in same tree or house. Comes out of the hiding place hole as well as under rock and trunk of large immediately after evening and follows a particular fallen trees or under any other suitable cover. route through the branches of the trees, electric Hunts singly or in small troops of 3-6 animals. wires, etc. to the foraging ground. It causes considerable damage of the poultry as well as Family HYAENIDAE vegetable gardens. 25. Hyaena hyaena hyaena (Linnaeus)

Family HERPESTIDAE 1758. Canis hyaena Linnaeus. Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1 : 40 (Benna mountains, Laristan, Iran). 23. Herpestes auropunctatus auropunctatus (Hodgson) Common names : Striped Hyaena (Eng.) ; Lakar Baggha (Hin. ). 1836. Mangusta auropunctata Hodgson, 1. Asiat. Soc. Bengal., 5 : 235 (Nepal). Distribution : Almost throughout India in suitable habitats ; the eastern limit being West Common names : S mall Indian Mongoose Bengal. Nepal, North Africa, Arabia, Iran. Iraq, (Eng.) ; Neula (Hin.). Afghanistan, Pakistan, Transcaucasia and Distribution : Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Turkestan. Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Remarks: Moderately common in the ravine North-eastern States. Nepal, Bhutan. grass jungle and rocky areas, but solitary Remarks: Most common in and around villages individual could be observed in the cultivated but not in the actual forests. Lives in small colony fields as well as in the open areas of the forest even in the day time. making burrows in the bu.shes particularly along the canals, drains, tanks, bunds, etc. Troops of Family FELIDAE 6-12 individuals were observed in all the villages. Each troop forgages in a particular area of 26. Felis chaus a/finis Gray ** cultivated or wasteland and follows a particulr 1830. Felis affinis Gray. Illustr. Ind. Zool .. 1. pl. 3 route from roosting place to foraging ground and (Gangootri. Uttar Pradesh, India). back. Preys mainly upon small birds, lizards, amphibians, insects and occasionally damags Common names: Jungle Cat (Eng.) ; JungJee poultry. billi (Hin.). Juveniles were found foraging with the adults Distribution: Himalayas from Jammu and during June, October and November. This species Kashmir to North-eastern states. Nepal. China. receives protection from the villagers for its so Remarks : Fairly common in scrub jungle. called snake control habit. Some villagers were reedy and grassy banks of rivers and canals. This found who kept this animal as pet. cat also takes abode in other suitable places such 12 Fauna of Vaimik; Tiger Reserve as deserted houses, godowns. etc. within the individuals are migrating to the neighbouring villages. It is regarded as a menace to the poultry forests of Nepal. but there is no hunting pressure. It is reported to give birth of 3-4 youngs even in the rafter of the Order ARTIODACTYLA houses, stack of logs or other suitable places in Family SUIDAE the vicinity of human habitation. 27. Pathera pardus fusea (Meyer) * 29. Sus scrofa cristatus Wagner

1794. Felisfusca meyer, Zoo/. Ann., 1 : 394 (Bengal). 1939. Sus cristatus Wagner, Munch. Gelehrt. Anz., 9:435 (possibly Malabar Coast, India), Common names : Indian Leopard, Panther (Eng.); Tenduwa (Hin.). Common names: Indian Wild Boar (Eng.): Suor (Hin.). Distribution : Throughout India in suitable habitat. Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, China. Distribution : Throughout India, in forested tracts. Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Remarks : Moderately common in the deeper Myanmar, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam. parts of the forests, but frequently visits the open areas in search of prey species. Its occasional Remarks : Fairly common, particularly visit to the villages for cattle lifting has also been throughout the Division II. Large heards of 40- reported. Pug marks and scats could be seen 60 animals of different ages were observed during around all the water sources in Madanpur, Ganauli, aU the periods of the survey. Due to its crop Manguraha and Naurangia Ranges. raiding habit, there is certain amount of hunting pressure during harvesting months. 28. Pathera tigris tigris (Linnaeus) * lntergrading with the domestic stock has been 1758. Felis tigris Linnaeus. Syst. Nat .. 10th ed .• 1 : reported as common. 41 (Bengal).

Common names: Tiger (Eng.)~ Bagh (Hin.). Family CERVIDAE Distribution: In the forested tracts throughout 30. Muntiacus muntjak vaginalis (Boddaert) India. Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar. 1785. Cervus vagillalis Boddaert, Elellch. Allim., Remarks: Miscellaneous forests, interspersed 1: 136 (Bengal). with cane brakes, swamps and open grass land Com.mon names : Indian Muntjac, Barking provide an ideal habitat for the tiger. Before the Deer (Eng.); Kakar (Hin.). declaration of this forest as Tiger Reserve, Shahi (1977) reported that twelve tigers reside Distribution : Uttar Pradesh. Bihar, West permanently in this area. However, 1989 and Bengal, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim. 1993 census by the forest Department reported 81 Tripura, Meghalaya. Bhutan, Bangladesh, and 51 tigers repectively (Srivastava 1993, pers, Myanmar, Yunan and Vietnam. comln.J. From our survey works, both 81 and 51 Remarks : Rare and confined only to the appeared as much on the higher side. We could wooded part of the Reserve, but occasionally found pug marks of 3 adult male, 2 adult female solitary individual visits the open areas' in the dry and one sub adult during May-June, 1993~ 2 river beds. Its cackling bark was frequently heard adult male. 3 adult female during January 1996 in the forest of the Madanpur and Manguraha in Madanpur Ganauli Range. Actual animal could range. not be seen. It has been felt that due to several 31. Axis porcilJus porcillus (Zimmermann) construction works and movement of heavy vehicles in the Reserve, tigers are rapidly loosing 1777, Cervus porcillus Zimmermann. Spec. Zool. their ground in this tract of north Bihar and Geogl:, 532 (Bengal). CHAKRABORTY. BHATTACHARYA & DE : Mammals 13

Comm.on names: Hog Deer (Eng.); Para (Hin.). part, but frequently visits neighbouring crop fields. Distribution : Punjab to north-eastern states, During our visit (May-June, 1993) we could find Nepal. Sri Lanka (introduced). a hide of a freshly killed specimen, seized by the Forest Department at Ganauli (Plate 2a). It appears Remarks : This species was thought to be that there is considerable hunting pressure for its wiped out from Bihar due to hunting and habitat flesh. destruction. Shahi (1977) observed Hog Deer in Champaran forest. At present it is rare, found in Family BOVIDAE the grassy banks of Gandak river, canals and 34. Bos gauras Smith * scrub jungles particularly in the Madanpur range. Occasionally visit the cultivated fields. Solitary 1827. Bas gauras Smith. Griffith's Cuvier Anim. individual and a small herd of 6 unimals were Kingd .. 4:399 (Mainpat. Sarguja. Madhya observed in DivIsion II on one occasion in 1993. Pradesh, India). Common names: Bison (Eng.): Gaur (Hin.). 32. Axis axis axis (Erxleben) Dis!1';bution : Only in certain protected areas 1777. Cervus axis Erxleben, Syst. Regn. Anim., 312 of Peninsular India including Goa, Madhya (Bank of Ganges. Bihar, India). Pradesh, Bihar. West Bengal, Assam. Nepal, Comnlon names: Spotted Deer (Eng.); Chital Bangladesh. (Hin.). Remarks: Shahi (1977) reported Gaur only in Distribution : In the forested tracts from two districts of Bihar, viz. in Palamau and Peninsular India to Kumaon in Uttar Pradesh and Singhbhum. However. though rare. but it still Sikkim in the north, eastward to Meghalaya. Sri occurs in Valmiki Tiger Reserve. We could find Lanka, Nepal and Bangladesh. a herd of eight animals including two calves in Ganauli Forest. Local people reported that there Remarks: Very common, lives in herds. Large are few more small herds in the deeper part of herds of more than 30 animals frequently visit the the forest. Apparently there is no hunting pressure. campus of the rest houses in Division II. During but random cattle grazing may prove to be fatal winter, these herds often raid the cultivated fields to the Gaur population by the infection of foot and villagers have to guard their fields. In the and mouth disease. process, many of the deer are killed or injured. In addition to this, there is considerable amount 35. Boselaphus tragocanJelus (Pallas) of hunting pressure on them. Antlers and skins were noticed in many of the houses but we could 1766. Antilope tragocamelus Pallas. Misc. Zon/.. 5 not find them in the local market for commercial (Plains of Peninsular India). purpose. Common names : Nilgai, Blue Bull (Eng.): Nil, Nilga, Nilgai (Hin.). 33. Cervus unicolor niger Blainville Distribution: From the base of Hin1alayas to 1816. Cervus niger Blainville, Bull. Soc. PhiLom Karnataka excluding north-eastern states. Paris, 76 (According to Ellerman, 1951 type­ Pakistan, Afghanistan. locality is somewhere in north India). Remarks : Rare, scatterly distributed in both Common names : Sambar (Eng., Hin.). the Divisions, Avoids forested tract, single as well Distribution: Peninsular India including Goa as herd of four animals were observed in the harvested fields of both the Divisions. This animals to Himachal Pradesh in the north, West Bengal is regarded as sacred and there is no hunting in the east. Nepal, Bangladesh. pressure. Sometimes causes damage to the Remarks: Moderately common in the forested cultivated crops. 14 Fauna of Valmiki Tiger Reserve

36. Tetracerus quadricornis (Blain ville) * Material examined.' 1 0, Ganauli, 10. VI. 1993, S. Chakraborty coll.; 10, Mahadewa, 1816. Cerophorus (Cervicapra) quadricornis 9 Km NE of Ganauli, 9. VI 1993, S. Chakraborty Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 75, 78 coIl.; 1 ~, Govardhana, 26. X. 1994, T. P. (Plains of Peninsular India). Bhattacharyya colI. Comlnon nalnes : Four-horned Antelope Measurements : External : 2 0,: Hb 145, (Eng.)~ Chollsingha, Chouka, Doda CHin.). 148; TI 132, 140; Hf 37.5, 38.0; E 17, 18. Distribution : Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Cranial: 1 0 : On 38.9; pI 19. 1 ~ n 12.3~ mtr Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, 7.6; iw 10.3; b 8.0. Bihar, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Distribution: From Maharashtra and Madhya Sikkim, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura. Pradesh to Jammu and Kashmir in the north, Nepal, Bangladesh. Meghalaya in the east, Andaman Islands. Iran, Renlarks : Fairly common both in the forest Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh. as well as scruby or bushy areas within the villages. Remarks : Most common in the villages and Adults as well as youngs were observed both in roadsides, but not in the actual forest. Responsible pre and post monsoon periods. There is tremendous for the damage of the orchards. hunting pressure on this species for its meat. People were observed with indigenous traps and Family HYSTRICIDAE other weapons moving in the forest in search of this poor animal throughout the year. 39. Hystrix illdica indica Kerr

1792. Hystrix cristata var indica Kerr, Anim. Kingd., Order RODENTIA 213 (India). Family SCIURIDAE Common nalnes : Indian crested Porcupine (Eng.); Sahi (Hin.). 37. Petaurista petaul·ista phillipellsis (Elliot) ** Distribution: Throughout India, except North­ 1839. Pteromys phillipensis Elliot, Madras J. Litt. Eastern States. Syria, Iraq, S. Arabia, Iran, Sci., 10 : 217 (Near Madras, Tamil Nadu, Russian Turkestan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, China. India). Remarks: Reported to be common, causing Common names : Common Giant Flying considerable damage to the tuberous crops. Quills Squirrel (Eng.); Ural Gilheri (Hin.). were also seen in the collection of the villagers. Distribution : Northern, Westenl, Southern However, we could find only two burrows on the hilly slopes in the Ganauli forest. From the amount India, Bihar and West Bengal in Eastern India. of quills in the different houses, it appears that Nepal. there is certain hunting pressure. Relnarks : Strictly arboreal, fairly common in the deep as well as fringe areas of the forest. At Family MURIDAE night while moving along the forest road they could easily be seen gliding from one tree to other. 40. l'alldeleuria oleracea dumeticola (Hodgson) 1845. Mus dumeticola Hodgson, Ann. Mag. /lat. Hist.. 38. Funantbulus pennanti Wroughton 15 : 268 (Nepal). }905. Funambulus pennGllti Wroughton, J. Bombay COlnlnon /lames : Indian Long-tailed Mouse nat. Hist. Soc., 16: 411 (Mandvi Taluka, Surat, (Eng.). Gujarat, India). Distribution: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Common names : Northern Palm Squirrel, West Bengal, Sikkim, North-Eastern States. Nepal, Five-striped Squirrel (Eng.); Gilheri (Hin.). Myanmar. CHAKRABORTY, BHATTACHARYA & DE : Mammals 15

Remarks : Fairly common in the villages and Considered as a serious pest. Not found in the fringe areas of the forest but avoids the houses. forest. Almost arboreal species, nests are built mainly 43. Rattus rattus brunneus (Hodgson) with leaves in the tree holes, electric poles, termite mound and many other places. 1845. Mus brunneus Hodgson, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 15 : 266 (Nepal). 41. Millardia meltada nzeltada (Gray) Common names : House Rat (Eng.) ; Kala 1837. Golunda meltada Gray, Mag. N. H. 1 : 586 Chuha (Hin.). (Dharwar, Karnataka, India). Material examined: 2 0, 1 $ub. ad. 0, 1 ~, Common names: Soft-furred Field Rat, Metad 1 sub. ad. ~ Kotraha, 28-30. V. 1993, S. (Eng.) ; Chuha (Hin.). Chakraborty colI. ; 2 ~ Madanpur, 13-15. VI. Material examined: 1 0, Ganauli, 14.1.1996, 1993, S. Chakraborty colI. A. K. Poddar colI. Measurements: External: 3 <3 : Hb 154, 184, Measurements: 1 <3 : Hb 146 ; T1 130; 185, Tl 185,203,210; Hf28 32, 34; E 21,24, Hf 25 ; E 24. -. 3 ~: Hb 174,181; T1 200,211,213 ; Hf Distribution: Mahdya Pradesh to Bihar in the 3233, 33.5; E 24, 25, -. Crinial : 2 0 : all 39.3, east, and Tamil Nadu in the South. Sri Lanka. 41.8 ; pi 20.7, 22.1 ; n 14.6, 14.8; apt 6.6, 6.8; mtr 6.8,7.1 ; b 7.5,7.7. 1 ~: on 42.9 ; pi 23.2; Remarks: Fairly common, confined in and around cultivated fields making extensive burrows n 15.5 ; apf 7.5 ; mtr. 7.3 ; b 8.8. ~ainly along the bunds. Distribution: Bihar. Nepal. 42. Rattus rattus rufescens (Gray) Remarks: Fairly common in Division II, being confined in the border of the village and forest. 1837. Mus rufescells Gray. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. 1': 35 (Dharwar, Karnataka, India). Collected from the trees as well as ground. Common names : House Rat (Eng.) ; Kala Present series constitute the first record of this Chuha (Hin.). subspecies from Indian territory and probabJy transported from Nepal through human agency. Material examined: 1 sub. ad. 0, Kotraha, 2. VI. 1993, S. Chakraborty coIl. ; 4 0, 3 ~, 44. Rattus rattus arboreus (Horsfield) 1 sub. ad. ~ Manguraha, 23, 24. X. 1994, T. P. Bhattacharyya colI. ~ 1 0, 1 ~, Govardhana, 1851. Mus arboreus (Buchanan-Hamilton) Horsfield. Cat. E. India Co. Mus. 141 (Bengal). 3. XI. 1994, T. P. Bhattacharyya colI. Common names : House Rat (Eng.) ; Gora Measurements: External: 5 0 : Hb 137-175 Chuha (Hin.). (15l) ~ Tl 180-230 (178.5) ~ Hf 29-33 (31); E 20-25 (22). 4 ~: Hb 132-180 (150) ; T1 187- Material examined : 1 0, 1 juv. 0, 2 ~, 235 (215) ; Hf 29-30.5 (30) ; E 19-25 (21). 1 sub. ad. ~, Kotraha, 28. 29. V. 1993. 2. VI. Cranial: 1 0 : all 42. 4 ; pi 22.1 ; n 14.6 ; apf 1993, S Chakraborty coIl. ; 1 9 Manguraha, 7.3 ~ mtr 6.3 ; b 7.7 ; 1 ~ : on 41.7 ; pi 21.6 ; 21, X. 1994. T. P. Bhattacharyya colI. : 1~ 11 14.1 ; apf7.1; mtr 6.4 ; b 7.6. Govardhana, 29. X. 1994, T. P. Bhattacharyya Distribution : Almost throughout India in the coil. 1 <3, 1 ~ Naurangia, 3, 4. X. 1994 T. P. major cities as well as in villages. Pakistan, Bhattacharyya coll. Thailand, Malaysia. Measurements : External : 3 0 : Hb 160, Remarks: Most common in the residential 170, 195 ; Tl 180, 185, 213 ; Hf 33, 35,36 ; areas particularly in shops and godowns. E 23.24,25. 3 ~: Hb 172·, 185, 185 ; Tl 197, 16 Fauna of Valmiki Tiger Reserve

203, 210 ; Hf 30.5, 31, 34 ; E 24, 25, 25.5. 46. Mus musculus homourus Hodgson Cranial: 1 on 44; pi 23.7 ; n. 15.7 ; apt 8 ; 0: 1845. Mus homourus Hodgson, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., mtr 6.9 ; b 7.8. 1 <¥ : on 42.3 ; pi 23.3 ; n 16.1 ; 15 : 268 (Nepal). apj 7.6 ; Intr 7 ; b 7.2. Common names: House Mouse (Eng.) ; Musi, Distribution : Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Chuhi (Hin.). West Bengal. Nepal. Material examined: I 0, Manguraha, 25. X. Relnarks : Most common in the residential 1994, T. P. Bhattacharyya coIl. ; 1 0, 1 juv. 0, areas particularly in the houses, and also 1 juv. 0, 3 <), Govardhana, 29, 30. X. 1994, T. n10derately represented in the forest. Nests were P. Bhattacharyya colI. observed in different places of the houses, cowsheds, poultry, grannery, etc. but always a Measurements : External : 2 0 : Hb 57, 72 ; little above the ground level. Nests were also Tl 64, 64 ; Hf 14, 16 ; E 10.5, 13.2.2 : Hb 71, found in trees like Amla, Ficus, Mango etc. 80 ; TI 60, 70 ; Hf -, 16 ; E 12, 14.5. Cranial : 1 0 : on 20.5 ; pi' 10.7 ; n 8.4 ; aPt 4.2 ; mtr One specimen of the present series has distinct 3.3 ; d 5.7. darkish patch in the midventral region. It appears that intergradation between white and dark-bellied Distribution : Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal froms are being taken place in this region. Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Northeastern States, West Bengal, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu. Nepal, Considered as a most serious pest of stored Myanmar, China, Formosa, Vietnam, Java. grains and pOUltry. Remarks : Most common in the residential !\1aInmae : 1 + 2 + 3 + 12 areas, but also collected from cultivated fields as

45. Mus 111llSClIillS castaneus Waterhouse wen as forest. Nests are made in the sman burrows, and also in various other places like rainwater 1843. Mus castanellS Waterhouse, Ann. Mag. nat. pipe, ventilator, bookshelf, wooden dra~ers, etc. Hist., 12 : 134 (Phillipines). A specimen collected in October contained 10 Cbmmollllomes : House mouse (Eng.) ~ Musi. foetus in very early stage of development. Chuhi (Hin.). Considered as serious pest of house hold A1aterial exanlined : 1 ~, Kotraha, 30, V. goods, particularly of papers and clothes. 1993, S. Chakrabolty colI. ; I 0, Ganauli, 8. VI. Present series constitutes the first record of 1993, S. Chakraborty colI. this subspecies from Bihar. Measurements: External: I 0 : Hb 77 ~ TI 95 : Hf 17 ; E 12.5. I ~ : Hb 70 ; TI 68 ; Hf 47. Mus Cervicolor cervicolor Hodgson 1·+.5: E 11. Cranial: 10: 01121.8 ;pII0.9; 1845. Mus cen)ic%r Hodgson, An.n. Mag. nat. Hist .. 11 8.4 ; apf 4.7 ; I11fr 3.3 ; b 3.7 ; d 5.4. 15 : 268 (Nepal). Dislributioll : Alnlost throughout India. Sri Common nam.e : Fawn-coloured Mouse (Eng.). Lanka. Myanmar. China. Thailand, Malaysia, phillipines. New Guinea. Material examined: 1 0, I unsexed~ Kotraha, 29. V. 1993, LVI. 1993, S. Chakraborty colI.; Remarks: Most comnl0n in the houses. shops, 2 9. Mahadewa, 9 km NE of Ganauli, 9. VI. ~odowns but not in the forest. Considered as most L , serious pests of house hold goods and articles of 1993, S. Chakraborty col\. ~ 1 Q,Manguraha,25. nK'r~handise. X. 1994, T. P. Bhattacharyya colI. Distribution of this sUbspecies is modified by M easLtrements : External: 2 0 : Hb 76, 80; hUIl1a11 agency. Tl 79,90 Hf 17. 17 ~ E 13.5, 15.2~ ~: Hb 71, CHAKRABORTY, BHATTACHARYA & DE : Mammals 17

82 ; Tl 80, 88 ; Hf 16, 16 ; E 13, 13.5. Cranial: Material examined: 1 ~, Kotraaha, 1. VI. 1 0: on 21.7 ; pi 10.8 ; Il 8.9 ; apj 4.9 ; mtr 3.2 ; 1993, S. Chakraborty colI. d 5.7. 2 ~: on 21.3, 22.2 ; pi 10.5, 11.2; n 8.2, Measurements: External: 1 ~: Hb 133 ; T1 8.6 ; apt 4.3, 4.6 ; Intr3.2, 3.6 ; d 5.4, 6.3. 105; Hf24; E 17. Cranial: 1 ~: on 33.6; pi Distribution : West Bengal, Bihar. Nepal. 17.2 ; n 12.8 ; aPt 5.7 ; mtr 6.7 ; b 6.2. Remarks: Common in the harvested fields as Distribution: Pubjab, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar well as neighbouring wasteland. Pradesh, Peninsular India, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, According to extant literature (Ellennan 1963, West Bengal, Assam. Afghanistan, Pakistan, MandaI 1990, Agarwal et. al. 1992) this species Nepal, Sri Lanka. was not reported from Bihar. Thus the present Remarks: A diurnal species of rat. Fairly series extends its range to Bihar and in all common in the bushes and grassland in the forest probability reached from Nepal. as well as villages. Depends mainly on wild seeds and fruits. Nests are made in the bushes, little 48. MilS boodllga booduga (Gray) above the ground. 1837. Leggada booduga Gray, Charlesworth's Mag. Consitutes the most important diet of Herpestes nat. Hist., 1 : 586 (Southern Mahratta country, sp. India). 50. Bandieota bengaiensis bengalens;s (Gray) Common nalnes : Little Indian Field Mouse (Eng.); Chuhi (Hin.). 1833. Arvicola bengalensis Gray, Ill. Indian Zool.. 2 : pI. 21 (Bengal). Material examined: 1 ~, Kotraha, 30. V. 1993, S. Chakraborty coll.~ 1 ~, Madanpur, 14. Common names: Lesser Bandicoot Rat (Eng.)~ VI. 1993, S. Chakraborty colI. Chota Ghous (Hin.).

Measurements: External: 2 ~ : Hb 65, 69 ; Material examined: I 0 Kotraha, 31. V. Tl 59,61; Hf 13.8,13.8 ; E 10.1,11.5. Cranial: 1993, S. Chakraborty colI. 1 <:i?: on 18.6 ; pi 9.7 ; n 7.4 ; apt 4.0 ; 111tr 3.3 ; Measurements : External : 1 0 : Hb 146 ~ d 5.1. Tl 120; Hf 34 ; E 23. Cranial: 1 0 : Oil 30.5 ; Distribution : Practically throughout India. pi 21.0 ; n 10.2 ; apt 6.5 ; mtr 7.4 ; b 8.4. Bangladesh. Distribution : Throughout India. Pakistan, Remarks : Most abundant in the cultivated Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myannlar. fields and grannaries and grassy banks of rivers. Remarks : Most common in and around Large number of burrows could be observed in cultivated fields as well as in the godowns, shops, t~e dry field after the harvesting is over. Sort of grannaries. Large number of complex burrow local migration from field to the neighbouring system could be found in the bunds and harvested grannaries during monsoon and back during dry paddy fields. Huge amount of grains are found period has also been reported. stored in each burrow system during winter Certain amount of stored grains were found in months. Seasonal migration from field to some of the burrows, still it is not considered as grannaries and back is a regular phenomenon. a serious pest by the farmers. Responsible· for considerable damage of crops in 49. Golullda ellioti ellioti Gray the fields' as well as in stores.

1837. Golunda ellioti Gray, Charlesworth's Mag. nat. 51. Balldicota incica ne,norivaga (Hodgson) Hist., 1 : 586 (Dharwar, Karnataka, India). 1836. Mus (Rattus) Ilemorivaglls Hodgson, J. Asiat. Comm~1l name: Indian Bush Rat (Eng.). Soc. Beng., 5 : 234 (Nepal). 18 Fauna of Valmiki Tiger Reserve

Common names: Large Bandicoot Rat (Eng.); Remarks : Very common in and around the Ghous (Hin.). bushes of the relatively dry agricultural fields, occasionally visits the poultries and grannaries. Distribution : Bihar, West Bengal, Assam, Not found in the forest. Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim. Nepal, Bangladesh, Thailand, Formosa. Class AVES Re/narks : Common. Mainly confined to the banks of canals, ponds and other marshy areas Order PELECANIFORMES in the village as well as in forest, but often visits Family PHALACROCORACIDAE the houses and grannaries. Omnivorous and readily goes to the wateer in search of fish, molluses, 1. Phaiacrocorax niger (Vieillot) crabs, etc. 1817. Hydrocorax niger Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. 52. Nesokia indica indica (Gray) Nat., 8 : 88 (East India = Bengal).

1832. Arvicoia indica Gray, Ill. Indian Zool., pI. 11. Com/non names : Little Coromorant (Eng.); (India). Pan Kowwa, Jograbi (Hindi). COlnmon nalne : Short-tailed 'Mole Rat' Relnarks : Common. Found throughout the (Eng.). reserve near water sources. At Manguraha about Distribution : Pubjab, Haryana, Himachal fifty individuals were found roosting in a Mango Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Tree. Bengal. Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh. 2. Ardeola grayii grayii (Sykes)

Remarks : Strictly fossorial, makes extensive 1&32. Ardesa gra)'ii Skyes, Proc. zool. Soc. London., tunnels and spends most of the time under the : 158 (Dukhun). ground. Burrow openings are covered with piles of earth. Prefers forested tract in the fringe of Common names : Indian Pond Heron, Paddy cultivated field. During the survey, no specimen bird (Eng.) ~ Bagla (Hindi). could be trapped or seen, but one burrow system Remarks : Common. Distributed throughout at the base of a Khair tree near a nullah at the reserve near water bodies and ponds. Madanpur was noticed. Appears to be not very common. 3. Bubulcus ibis corolnandlls (Boddaert) 53. Tatera indica indica (Hardwicke) 1783. Cancroma coromanda Boddaert, Table PL. enium., : 54 (Coromandel). 1807. Dipus indicus Hardwicke, Trans. Linn. Soc. London .. 2 : 144, pI 26 (Between Varanasi and Common nam.es : Cattle Egret (Eng.) ; Gai Hardwar. Uttar Pradesh, India). bagla (Hindi). Common flames : Indian Antelope Rat Remarks : Fairly common. Distributed (Eng.) ; Harna Musa, Gora Chuba, Safed Chuha throughout the reserve·and usually found moving (Hin.). with grazing vil1~ge cattle, forest glades far away from water and in paddy fields. Material exanlined : 1 sub ad 0 2 9 1 sub ad 9, Govardhana, 30, 31. X. 1994, T. P. Bhattacharyya coil. Order CICONIIFORMES

Measurements: External: 2 ~: Hb 173,178; Family ARDEIDAE Tl 195, 200 ; Hf 40, 43 ~ E 25, 25. 4. Ardea alba modesta J. E. Gray Distribution: Jumma and Kashmir in the north to Karnataka tn the south and West Bengal in the 1831. Ardea modesta 1. E. Gray, Zoof. Misc .. : 19 east. Iran. Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal. (India). CHAKRABORTY. BHATTACHARYA & DE : Mammals 19

Common nantes: Eastern Large Egret (Eng.); Remarks: Rare. A single specimen was seen Tar Bagla, Bada Bagla (Hindi). inside forest at Madanpur. Remarks: Common. Found in the Paddy fields 9. Accipiter badius dussumieri (Temminck) and Water bodies throughout the reserve. 1824. Falco dussumieri Temminck. Pl. Col. Livr., 52 5. lxobrychus cinllamomeus (Gmelin) : Text to pI. 308 (India). 1789. Ardea cinnamornea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1(2} : Common names: Indian Shikra (Eng.) ; Sikra. 643 (China). Chipka, Cheepak (Hin.). Comlnon names: Chestnut Bittern (Eng.) ; Remarks : Moderately common. Found Lal bagla (Hin.). throughout the reserve. Remarks: Moderately common. Seen only at 10. Accipiter nisus nisosilnilis (Tickell) * Kotraha and Madanpur near irrigation canal and river. 1833. Falco nisosirnilis Tickell. 1. Asiat Soc. Beng., 2 : 571 (Marcha, Boradhum. India). Family CICONIIDAE Common names : Asiatic Sparrow-Hawk (Eng.) ; Basha, Bashin (Hin.). 6. Allastomus oscitalls (Boddaert) Relnarks : Rare. Winter visitor. Two spcimens 1783. Ardea oscitans Boddaert. Table PL. enlurn., 55 were seen-one at Kotraha and the other at (Pondicherry) Govardhana. Common names : Openbill Stork (Eng.) ; 11. Hieraaetus pennatus (Gme1in) Gungla. Ghungil. ghonghila (Hin.). Remarks : Moderately common. Found 1788. Falco pennat«s Gmelin, Syst. Nat.. 1(1) : 272 throughout the reserve in cultivated fields. Apart (No type locality given). from local shifts directly influenced by water Common names : Booted Hawk -Eagle conditions of performs regular migratory (Eng.); Baghati, Fumiz. gilehri mar (Hin.). mO'vement. Remarks: Rare. Partly resident ~ chiefly winter Order FALCONIFORMES visitor. Specimen was seen at Kotraha and Manguraha. Family ACCIPITRIDAE 12. Sarcogyps calvus (Scopoli) 7. Milvus miqrans govinda Sykes 1786. Vultur calvLls ScopeJi. Del. FaUll. et. flo I: 1832. Milvus govinda Sykes. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., Insubr.. 2 : 85 (Pondicherry). : 81 (Dukhun). Common names: Black or King Vulture (Eng.)~ Common names : Periah Kite (Eng.) ; Cheel Raj gidh, Mulla gidh. Bhaonra (Hin.). (Hin.). Remarks: Rare. Two specimens were seen Remarks : Moderately common. Found near human habitation - one at Kotraha and the throughout the reserve near villages and human other at Manguraha. habitations. 13. Gyps i"dicus indicus (Scopoli) 8. Haliastur indus "indus (Boddaert) 1786. Vu/tur indicLls Scopoli, Del. Faun. et. flor. 1783. Falo Indus Boddaert, Table Pl. en/um., : 25 Insubr., 2 : 85 (India). (Pondicherry). Common names : Indian Long-billed Vulture Common names : Brahminy Kite (Eng.) ; (Eng.)~Gidh (Hin.). Snakar Cheel, Dhobia Cheel, Brahmini cheel (Hin.). Remarks : Moderately common. Distributed 20 Fauna of Valmiki Tiger Reserve throughout the reserve on outskirts of villages. Common .names : Laggar Falcon (Eng.) About 20 individuals were found around an animal Laggar, Jaggar (Hin.). carcass at Ganauli. Remarks : Rare. A single specimen was seen 14. Gyps beltgalensis (Groelin) resting on a tree branch inside forest at Naurangia.

1788. Vultur bengalellsis Gmelin, Syst. Nat.. 1 (l) : Order GALLIFORMES 245 (Bengal). Common nalnes : Indian white backed Vulture Family PHASIANIDAE (Eng.) ; Gidh (Hin.). 19. Francolinus francolinus asiae Bonaparte Remarks : Moderately common. Specimens were found roosting on Palm trees near villages 1856. Francolinus asiae Bonaparte. Compt. Rend. at Manguraha and Govardhana. A cad. Sci. Paris., 42 : 882 (Asia).

15. Circus aerugillosus aerugillosus (Linnaeus) COlnmon nam~s : Indian Black Partidge (Eng.) ; Kala teetat· (Hin.). 1758. Falco aeruginosus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1 : 91 (Sweden). Relnarks : Rare. Two specimens were seen inside the forest at Naurangia. Common names: Marsh harrier (Eng.) ; Kutar, Kulesir, Safed Sira (Hin.). 20. Fran,colinus pOlldicerianus illterpositus Hartert Relnarks : Rare. A winter visitor. One specimen was seen near Gandak River at Balmikinagar and 1917. Frallcolinus pondice rian us in te rpositus the other at Govardhana. Hartert. Nov;t zool .. 24 : 288 (Oudh).

16. Circaetus gallicus gallicus (Gmelin) Common names: North India Grey Part~idge (Eng.) ; Teetar, Ran teetar, Safeed teetar, 1788. Falco gallicus Gmelin. syst. Nat. 1(1) : 259 Gorateetar (Hin.). (France). Rem.arks : Moderately common. Specimens COlnmon names : Short-toed Eagle (Eng.) ; were seen inside the forest at Ganauli, Madanpur Saapmaar (Hin.). and Manguraha. Remarks: Rare. A single specimen was. seen inside the forest at Naurangia. while feeding on 21. Coturnix coturnix coturnix (Linnaeus) a snake. 1758. Tetrao coturnix Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 1 : 17. Pandion haliaetus haliaetus (Linnaeus) * 161 (Sweden).

1758. F~lco hallaetus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, Common names : Grey Quail (~ng.); Bater, 1 : 91 (Sweden). Bada bater, Ghagus bater (Hin.,). COlnmon names: Osprey (Eng.); Machhlimar, Remarks : Rare. A pair was seen deep inside Machhariya, Machhmanga (Hin.). the forest at Naurangia.

Remarks : Rare. Winter visitor. A single 22. Gallus gallus murghi Robinson & Kloss specimen was seen at Manguraha. 1920. Gallus Jerrugineus murghi Robinson & Kloss, Family FALCONIDAE Rec. Ind. Mus., 19 : 14, 15 (Chiraia, GayQ district, Bihar). 18. Falco biarmicus jugger J. E. Gray Contmon nam.es : Indian Red Junglefow\ 1834. Falco lugger 1. E. Gray, in Hardwicke's Ill. (Eng.) ; JangliMurgha;Ban Murgha, Lal Murgha Ind. zool .. 2 : p\ 26 (India). 0, Jangli Murghi, Ban Murgi <.¥ (Hin.). CHAKRABORTY. BHATTACHARYA & DE : Mammals 21

Remarks : Very common. Found throughout 27. Fulica atra atra Linnaeus the reserve inside forests. 1758. Fulica atra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 152 23. Pavo cristatus Linnaeus* (Sweden).

1758. Pavo cristata Linnaeus, Syst. nat., eel 10, I: 156 Common names: Coot (Eng.); Dasari, Dasarni, (India). Aari, Thekari, Khuskul (Hin.). Remark : Rare. Two specimens were seen at Common name: Indian peafowl (Eng.) ; Mor, Govardhana near a water hole. deep inside the Manjur, Mayura (Hin.). forest. Remarks : Moderately common. found throughout the forests of the reserve. Order CHARJ\DRIIFORMES Family JACANIDAE Order GRUIFORMES 28. Hydrophasianus chirurgus (Scopoli) Family TURNICIDAE 1786. Tringa chirurgus Scopoli. Del. Flor. et. Faun. 24. Turnix sylvatica dussumier (Temminck) Insubr., fasc, 2:92 (Nova Guiana).

1828. Hemipodius dussumierTemminck, Pl. col., liw: Common names : Pheasant-tailed lacana 76, PI 454, f.2 (Bengal). (Eng.); Piho, Pihuya (Hin.). Rem,arks : Rare. A pair was seen in a village Common names: Little Bustard - Quail (Eng.); tank at Govardhana. Ginwa lowwa, Chhota lowwa, Dabki (Hin.). 29. Metopidius illdicus (Latham) Remarks : Rare. A pair was seen in a scrub jungle bordering cultivation at naurangia. 1790. Parra indica Lath~m. Index Orn., 2:765 (India). Family RALLIDAE Common names: Bronzewinged Jacana (Eng.); Pipi, Kundai (Hin.). 25. Gallinula clzloropus indica Blyth Remarks : Moderately common. Found 1842. Gallinula chloropus? var. indicus Blyth, 1. throughout the reserve near water bodies. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 11 :887 (Calcutta). Family CHARADRIIDAE Common names : Indian Moorhen (Eng.) ; J al Murghi. pani Murghi (Hin.). 30. Vanellus indicus indicus (Boddaert)

Remarks: Morderately common. Shifts locally 1783. Tringa indica Boddaert, Table PI. enlum .. : 150 with water conditons. Specimens were found in (Goa). river beds at Madanpur, Manguraha and Common names : Redwattled Lapwing ~Eng.)~ Govardhana. Titeeri, Titai, Titi, Titori (Hin.). 26. Porphyrio porphyrio poliocephalus (Latham) Remarks : Moderately common. Found 1801. Gallinula poliocephala Latham, Index Orn., throughout the reserve in open fields and cultivated Suppl. : 68 (India). lands.

Common nalnes : Indian purple Moorhen 31. Vanellus malabaricus (Boddaert) (Eng.); Kaim, Kalim, Kharim, Khima (Hin.). 1783. Charadrius malabaricus Boddaert, Table Pl. Remarks : Moderately common. A flock of en/urn, :53 (Malabar Coast). eight was seen in the river at Madanpur and' a Common names : Yellow-wattled Lapwing flock of six was seen at Manguraha.. (Eng.); Zirdi (Hin.). 22 Fauna of Valmiki Tiger Reserve

Remarks: Rare. A pair was seen in a cultivated 36. Streptopeiia chinensis suratensis (Gmelin) field at Govardhana. 1789. Columba suratensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1(2) : 32. Tringa glareola Linnaeus 778 (Surat, Galf of Canbay, India).

1758. Tringa glareola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, Common names: Indian spotted Dove (Eng.) ; 1: 149 (Sweden). Chitroka fakhta, Chitta fakhata, Parki, Chitta, Kangskiri, Panduk (Hin.). Common names: Wood or Spotted Sandpiper (Eng.); Chupka, Chobaha, Titvari (Hin.). Remarks : Very common. Found throughout the reserve in forests and nearby villages. Remarks: Rare. Win~er visitor. Two specimens were seen in river beds one at Manguraha and Order PSITTACIFORMES the other on way to harnatar from Naurangia. Family PSITTACIDAE

Order COLUMBIFORMES 38. Pisttacula eupatria nipaiensis (Hodgson)

Family COLUMBIDAE 1836. Palaeornis nipalensis Hodgson, Asiat Res.. 19 (1) : 177 (Nepal) 33. Treron phoenicoptera phoenicopters (Latham) Common names : Large Indian Parakeet, Alexandrine Parakeet (Eng.) ; Rai tota, Hiraman 1790. Columba phoenieoptera Latham, Index Orn., tot a (Hin.). 2:597 (India). Remarks : ~oderately ~ommon. Found Com/non names: Bengal Green Pigeon (Eng.); throughout the reserve in different habitats. Harial (Hin.). 39. Pisttacula krameri manillensis Remarks : Common. Found throughout the (P.L.S. Muller) reserve. (Plate 2b)

34. Ducula aenea sylvatic (Tickell) 1776. Pisttacus fasciatus P.L.S. Miller. Natursyst.. 1833. Columba sylvatica Tiekell, J. Asiat. Soc .. Suppl. : 74 (Pondicherry) Beng .. 2:581 (Borabhum). Common names: Roseringed Parakeet (Eng.) ; Common names: Northern Green Imperial Tota, Lybar tota (Hin.). .Pegion (Eng.); Dunkul, Sana Kabutar, Bara harial Remarks : Very common. Found throughout (Hin.). the reserve. Remarks : Moderately common. Found 40. Psittacula cyanocephala (Linnaeus) throughout the reserve in forests only. 1766. Psittacus cyanocephalus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat.• 35. Streptopelia decaocto decaocto ed. 12, 1 : 1.41 (Madras). (Frivaldszky) Common names: Blossomheaded Parakeet (Eng.) ~ Tuiya tot a (Hin.). 1838. Columba risoria Linn. Var. decaocto Frivaldszky, K. Magyar Tudos Tarsasag Remarks : Common. Found throughout the Evkonyvi. 3: 183, PI. 8 (Turkey). reserve.

Common names: Indian Ring Dove (Eng.) ; Order CUCULIFORMES Dhor fakhta. Parki. Gugi, Panduk (Hin.). Family CUCULIDAE Relnarks : Very Common. Found throughout the reserve in forest patches and near villages. 41. Clamator jacobillus serratus (Sparrman) CHAKRABORTY. BHATTACHARYA & DE : Mammals 23

] 786. Cuculus seratus Sparrman, Mus. Carls .. fase. Common names :Crow-Pheasant, Coucal 1, no. 3 and pI. (S. Africa). (Eng.) ; Mahoka (HIn.). Common names : Pied Crested Cucukoo Remarks : Moderately common. Found (Eng.) ; Papiya, Kala papiya, Chatak (Hin.). throughout the reserve. Remarks : Rare. Monsoon visitor. A single specimen was seen at Kotraha. Order STRIGIFORMES 42. Cuculus varius varius Vahl Family STRIGIDAE

]797. Cuculus varius vahl, Skriv. Naturhist. Selsk., 47. Otus spilocepha/us (Blyth) Kiobenhavn. 4( I} : 60 (Tranquebar). 1846. Ephialtes spi/ocephalus Blyth. 1. Asiat. Soc. Common names : Common Hawk-Cuckoo, Beng., 15 : 8 (Darjeeling). Brainfever Bird (Eng.); Kapak, Upak, Papiya Common names: Spotted Scops Owl (Eng.). (Hin.). Remarks: Rare. Two specimen were seen deep Remarks : Moderately common. Found inside the forests--one at Kotraha and the other throughout the reserve. at manguraha. 43. Cuculus micropterus micropterus Gould 48. Otus bakkamoena Pennant 1837. Cuculus micropterus Gould, Proc. zool. Soc. 1769. Otus bakkamoella Pennant. Ind. Zool.. 3. pI. Lond., : 137 (Himalayas) 3. (Sri Lanka). Common names: Kyphal pakka (Hin.) ; Indian Common names: Collared Scops Owl (Eng.) ; Cuckoo (Eng.). Tharkavi Choghad (Hin.). Remarks : Common. Found throughout the Remarks : Moderately common. Found reserve. Easily located by its loud call. throughout the reserve. 44. Eudynamys scolopacea (Linnaeus) 49. Glaucidium radiatum (Tickell)

1758. Cuculus scolopaceus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 1833. Strix radiata Tickell, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng .. 2 : ]0, 1 : 111 (Malabar). 572 (Borabhum and Dholbhum). Comlnon names: Indian Koel (Eng.) ; Koel Common names: Barred Jungle Owlet (Eng.) ; (Hin.). Jangli choghad (Hin.). Remarks : Common. Found throughout the Remarks : Moderately common. Found reserve. throughout the reserve.

45. Taccocua leschenaultii infuscata Blyth 50. Bubo zeylonensis leschenault (Temminck)

1845. Taccocua infuscata Blyth, 1. Asiat. Soc. Beng .. 1820. Strix leschenault temminck. pl. col .. livr.. ]4(]) : 200 (Terai region near Darjeeling). 4. pI. 20 (Chandernagore). COlnmon names : Eastern Sirkeer Cuckoo Common names: Brown Fish Owl (Eng.) ; (Eng.) ; Fangli tot a (Hin.). Amrai ka ghughu, UIlu (Hin.). Remarks : Rare. A single specimen was seen Remarks : Rare. A single specimen was seen at Manguraha inside the forest. at Manguraha.

46. Centropus sillensis (Stephens) 51. Ninox scutulata lugubris (Tickell)

1815. Polophilus sinensis Stephens, in Shaw's Gen. 1872. Strix lugubris Tiekell, 1. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 2 : Zool., 9( 1) : 51 (China). 572 (Dampara. Dholbhum, Bengal). 24 F aLlna of Valmiki TIger Reserve

Common names : Indian Brown Hawk Owl Common names : Indian Pied Kingfisher (Eng.) ; ~hoghad basra (Hin.). (Eng.) ; Machhi haag, Koryala, Kilkila (HiD.). Remarks : Rare. A single specimen was seen Remarks: Rare. A single specimen was seen at Kotraha. near a village pond at Govardhana. Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES 56. Halcyon smyrnensis (Linnaeus)

Family CAPRIMULGIDAE 1758. ALcedo smyrnensis Linnaens, Syst. Nat., ed 10, 52. Caprilnulgus indicus Latham 1 : 116 (Asia). Common names: Whitebreasted Kingfisher 1790. Caprimulgus indicus Latham~ Index Orn., 2 : 588 (India). (Eng.) ; Kilkila, Kourilla (Hin.). Co.mmon names : Indian Jungle Nightjar Relnarks : Moderately common. Found (Eng.) ; Chhippak, Chhappa, Dabchiri, Dabnak throughout the reserve near water bodies and (Hin.). village ponds. Remarks: Rare. A single specimen was seen 57. Alcedo atthis pallasii Reichenbach inside the forest at Naurangia. 1851. Alcedo pallasii Reichenbach, Han db. Spec. Order APODIFORMES Orn .. : 3, pI. cccxcii, figs. 3043-6 (Siberia).

Family APODIDAE Common names : Central Asian Small Blue Kingfisher (Eng.) ; Chhota Kilkila. Nita or Naka 53. Apus affinis affinis (J. E. Gray) machhralaa (Hin.). 1830. Cypselus affinis J. E. Gray, in dray and Remarks : Rare. Partly resident, partly Hardwicke's 1/1. Ind. Zool., 1(2) pI. 35. f. 2 migratory. A single specimen was seen near water (Ganges). at Kotraha. Common names: Indian House Swift (Eng.) ; Ababell. Babeela (Hin.). Family MEROPODIDAE Relnarks : Moderately common. Found 58. Merops philippinus Linnaeus throughout the reserve near villages. 1766. Merops philippinus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat.. ed. 54. Cypsiurus parvus batasiensis (1. E. Gray) 12, 1 : 183 (Phillipine Islands). 1829. Cyp. (selus) batasiensis [sic] 1. E. Gray. in Common naames : Bluetailed Bee-eater Griffith's Anim. Kingdom. 7 : 60 (India). (Eng.) ; Bada Patringa (Hin.). Common names: Indian Palm Swift (Eng.) ; Remarks : Moderately common. Found Tadi abadeel, Ta\chatta, Patta deuli (Hin.). throughout the reserve. Remarks : Moderately common. Found throughout the reserve. 59. Merops orientalis Latham 1801. Merops orientalis Latham, Index Orn., Suppl., Order CORACIIFORMES : xxxiii (India). Family ALCEDINIDAE Common names : Small Green Bee-eater 55. Ceryle rudis leucomelallura Reichenbach (Eng.) ; Patringa, Harrial (Hin.).

1851. Ceryle leucomelanura Reichenbach. Han db. Remarks : Common. Found throughout the Spec. Orn. : 21, pI. cCix b, f 3488 (Ceylon). reserve. CHAKRABORTY, BHATTACHARYA & DE : Mammals 25

Family CORACIIDAE Order PICIFORMES

60. Coracius be,!ghalensis benghalensis Family CAPITONIDAE (Linnaeus) 64. Megalaima zeylanica caniceps (Franklin)

1758. Corvus benghalensis Linnaeus, Syst. nat., ed. 1831. Bucco caniceps Franklin, Proc, zool. Soc. 10.1:106 (Madras). Lond., (1) : 121 (India). Common names: Northern Roller, Blue Jay Common names: Northern Green Barbet, (Eng.) ; Nilkant, Sabzak (Hin.). Large Green Barbet (Eng.) ; Bada basanta (Hin.). Remarks : Common. Found throughout the Remarks : Common. Found throughout the reserve. reserve. 65. Megalaima viridis (Boddaert) Family UPUPIDAE 1783. Bucco viridis Boddaert. Table PI. en/urn., : 53 61. Upupa epops Linnaeus (India). Common names: Small Green Barbet (Eng.) ; -1758. Upupa epops Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10. i: 117 Chhota basantha (Hin.). (Sweden). Remarks : Moderately common. Found Comlnon names : Hoopoe (Eng.) ~ Hudhud throughout the reserve. Specimens were seen at (Hin.). Manguraha and Naurangia. Remarks : Moderately common. Found 66. Megalaima haemacephala indica (Latham) throughout the reserve in deciduous forest ~iotope, 1788. Bucco indicus Latham, Index Orn., 1 (1) : 205 nearby cultivated fields and villages. (India).

Family BUCEROTIDAE Common names : Crimson-breasted Barbet. Coppersmith (Eng.) ; Katphora. Basanth lisora. 62. Tockus birostris (Scopoli) Tambayat (Hin.).

1786. Buceros birostris Scopoli, Del. Flor. et. Faun. Remarks : Moderately common. Found Insubr., fase. 2: 87 (Coromandel, India). throughout the reserve.

Common names : Grey Hornbill (Eng.); Family PICIDAE Dhanmar, Dhand, Dhanel, Lamaar, Chalotra, Dhanesh (Hin.). 67. lynx torquilla Linnaeus Remarks : Rare. A single specimen was seen 1758. Jynx torquilla Linnaeus. Syst. Nat., ed. 10. at Madanpur inside the forest. 1:112 (Sweden). Common names: Wryneck (Eng.) ; Garden 63. Anthracoceros coroltatus (Boddaert) eyengtha (Hin.).

1783. Buceros corontus Boddaert, Table Pl. enlurn., Remarks : Rare. Winter visitor. A single : 53 (Malabar). specimen was seen near village cultivation at Kotraha. Common names : Malabar Pied Hornbill 68. Dinopium benghalense (Linnaeus) (Eng.) ; Dhan Chiri (Hin.). 1758. Picus benghalellsis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. Remarks: Common. Found throughout the 10, 1: 113 (Benghala =Chandannagore. Hugli, reserve in forest and around villages. W.B.). 26 Fauna of Valmiki TIger Reserve

Com/non names : Goldenbacked Woodpecker 73. Mirafra erythroptera erythroptera Blyth (Eng.) ; Katphora (Hin.). 1845. Mira/ra erythroptera Blyth, J. Asiat. Soc. Remarks: Common. Found throughout the Beng .. l3:958 (Northern Deccan). reserve in forests as well as in nearby villages. Common names: Redwinged Bush lark (Eng.) ; Aggia (Hin.). 69. Picoides mahrattensis (Latham) Remarks: Moderately common. Found 1801. Picus mahrattensis Latham, Index Om., Suppl., throughout the reserve in bushes and open xxxi (India). grounds. Common names : Yellowfronted Pied 74. Eremopterix grisea (Scopoli) Woodpecker, Mahratta Woodpecker (Eng.); Katphora (Hin.). 1786. Alauda grisea Scopoli, Del. Flor. et. FaUll. Insubr., 2:95 (India). Remarks : Common. Found throughout the Common names : Ashycrowned Finch-Lark reserve in forest as well as in nearby villages. (Eng.) ~ Diyora, Duri, Deoli, Dabak Chiri, Fothauli (Hin.). Order PASSERIFORMES Remarks : Common. Found throughout the Family PITIIDAE reserve squatting and feeding on dusty cart-tracks. 70. Pitta brachyura (Linnaeus) 75. Ammomanes phoenicurus (Franklin)

1766. Corvus brachyurus Linnaeus, Syst. nat., ed. 1831. Mira/ra phoenicura Franklin, Proc. zqol. Soc. 12, I: 158. (Ceylon). Lond., : 119 (Between Calcutta and Benaras). Common names : Indian Pitta (Eng.); Common names : Indian Rufoustailed Finch­ Naorang (Hin.). Lark (Eng.) ; Aggia, Retal (Hin.). Remarks: Moderately common. Found Remarks : Moderately common. Found throughout the reserve in foreststs. throughout the reserve, near cultivated fields and open grass lands. Family ALAUDIDAE 76. Alauda gulgula inconspicua Severtzov 71. Mirafra javanica cantillans Blyth 1873. Alauda insconspicua Severtzov. Vertik. Turkest. 1844. Mira/ra cantillans Blyth, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng., Zhivotn., : 142 (Turkestan). 13:960 (Benga\). Common names : Small Sky Lark (Eng.) ~ Comlnon nalnes : Singing Bush Lark (Eng.) ; Bharat, Chandul (Hin.). Agan, Agin (Hin.). Remarks: Rare. A single specimen was seen Remarks : Moderately common. Found near cultivated land bordering forest at Naurangia. throughout the reserve, singly or in pairs, running on the ground, picking seeds and insects. Family HIRUNDINIDAE

72. Mirafra assalnica assamica Horsfield 77. Hirundo concolor Sykes

1839. Mira/ra assamica H<;>rsfield, Proc. zool. Soc. 1833. Hirundo cOllc%r Sykes, Proc. zool. Soc. Land.. : 162 (Assam). Lolld., : 33 (Dhkhun).

Common names: Bengal Bush Lark (Eng.) ~ Common names: Dusky Crag Martin (Eng.) ; Aggia, Aggin (Hin.). Chatan ababil (Hin.). Remarks: Rare. A pair was seen feeding on Remarks : Moderately common. Found ground near cultivated field at Naurangia. throughout the reserve near human habitations. CHAKRABORTY, BHAITACHARYA & DE : Mammals 27

Family LANIDAE 83. Oriolus xanthornus (Linnaeus)

78. Lanius excubitor lahtorD (Sykes) 1758. Coracius xanthornus Linnaeus. Syst. nat., ed. 10, 1: 108 (Ben~al). 1832. Collurio lahtora Sykes, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., : 86 (Du\chun). Common names : North Indian Blackheaded Oriole (Eng.) ; Peelak, Zardak (Hin.). Common names: Indian Grey Shrike (Eng.) ; Dudiya latora, Safed latora, Bada latora (Hin.). Remarks : Moderately common. Found throughout the reserve. Remarks : Rare. A single specimen was seen in bushes near forest at Manguraha. Family DICRURIDAE 79. Lini"s vittatus Valenciennes 84. Die,"T"s adsimilis albirictus (Hodgson) 1826. Lanius vittatus Valenciennes, Diet. Sci. Nat., ed. Levrault, 40:227 (Pondicherry). 1836. Bhuchanga albirctus Hodgson, Ind. Rev.. 1(8) : 326 (Nepal). Common names : Indian Baybacked Shrike (Eng.) ; Pachanak (Hin). Common names: North Indian Black Drongo (Eng.) ; Bhujanga, Buchanga, Kotwal, KalkaJachi Remarks : Moderately common. Found (Hin.). throughout the reserve. Remarks : Moderately common. Found 80. Lanius schach erythronotus (Vigors) throughout the reserve. 1831. Collurio erythronotus Vigors, Proc. zool. Soc. 85. Dicrurus caerulescens (Linnaeus)

Lond.• : 42 (Himalayas). I 1758. Lanius eaerulescens Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. Common names : Rufousbacked Shrike lO, 1: 95 (Benghala = Bengal). (Eng.) ; Mattiya latora, Kajala latora (Hin.). Common names: Indian Whitebellied Drongo Remarks; Moderately common. Found through (Eng.) ; Pahari buchanga, Dhapri (Hin.). out the reserve. Remarks : Common. Found throughout the 81. Lanius cristatus Linnaeus reserve. 1758. Lanius cristatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat.• ed. 10. 86. DicruTus ramifer tectirostris (Hodgson) 1:93 (Benghala:: Bengal). 1836. Bhringa tectirostris Hodgson. Ind. Rev.. 1 (8) : Common names : Brown Shrike (Eng.); 325 (Nepal). Kerkheta (Hin.). Common names: Lesser Racket-tailed Drongo Remarks: Common. Found throughout the (Eng.) ; Chhota bhimraj (Hin.). reserve. Remarks : Moderately common. Found Family ORIOLIDAE throughout the reserve.

82. Oriolus oriolus kundoo Sykes 87. Dierur.. s paradis, us grandis (Gould)

1832. Oriolus kundoo Sykes, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 1836. Edolius grandis GOUld. Proc. zool. soc. Lend.. : 87 (Dukhun). : 5 (Nepal). Common names: Indian Golden Oriole (Eng.) ; Common names : Northern Large ft.acket­ Peelak (Hin.). tailed Drongo (Eng.) ; Bhimraj, Bhringraj (Hin.). Remarks : Moderately common. Found Remarks : Moderately common. Found throughout the reserve. throughout the reserve in forest patches. 28 Fauna of Valmiki Tiger Reserve

Family STURNIDAE 93. Acridotheres fUscuS (Wagler)

88. Sturnus malabaricus (Gmelin) 1827. Pastor fuscus Wagler, Syst. Av. pastor sp. 6 (India). 1789. Turdus malabaricus Gmelin, Syst Nat., t : 816 (Malabar Coast). Common names: Jungle Myna (Eng.) ; Pahari Myna, JangH Myna (Hin.). COlnmon names: Greybeaded Myna (Eng.) ~ Pawei (Hin.). Remarks: Common. Found throughout the reserve. Remarks : Moderately common. Found throughout the reserve. Family CORVIDAE 89. Sturnus pagodarum (Gmelin) 94. Cissa erythrorhyncha occipitalis (Blyth) 1789~ Turdus pagodarum Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1 : 8\6 (Malabar). 1846. PSt (ilorhinus) occipitalis Blyth. 1. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 15 : 27 (Nepal). Common names : Blackheaded or Brahminy Myna (Eng.); Popoya Myna, Kalasir My ana, Common names : Himalayan Redbilled Blue Puhaia (Hin.). Magpie (Eng.) ~ Nilkanth (Hin.). Remarks : Common. Found throughout the Remarks: Rare. A single specimen was seen reserve. inside the forest at Kotraha. 90. Sturnus roseus (Linnaeus) 95. Dendrocitta vagabunda (Latham)

\ 758. Turdus rose us Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., edt 10. 1 : 1790. Coracias vagabunda Latham, Index Orn.. 1 : 71 (Switzerland). 171 (India). Common names : Rosy Starling or Rosy Common names : North eastern Tree Pie (Eng.) ; Mahalat (Hin.). Pastor (Eng.) ~ Gulabi Myna. Tilyer (Hindi). Remarks: Rare. Winter visitor. Two specimens Remarks : Common. Found throughout the were seen once at Manguraha inside the forest. reserve. 91. Sturnus contra Linnaeus 96. Corvus splendens ¥teillot

1758. Sturnus contra Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. edt 10. 1 1817. Corvus splendens Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. : 167 (India). Nat .. 8 : 44 (Bengal). Common names : Indian House Crow Common names: Indian Pied Myna (Eng.) ~ Ablak or Ablaki Myna (Hin.). (Eng.) ; Kowwa, Desi Kowwa (Hin.). Remarks: Very common. Found throughout Re.narks : Very common. Found throughout the reserve near human habitation. the reserve.

92. Acridotheres tristis (Linnaeus) 97. Corvus macrorhynchos culminatus (Sykes) (Plate 3a) 1832. Corvus culminatus Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1766. Paradisea tristis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., edt 12, Lond., : 96 (Dukhun). 1 : 167 (Phillipines). Common names: Indian Jungle Crow (Eng.) ~ COlnmon names: Indian Myna (Eng.) ; Desi Kala Kowwa, Jangli Kowwa (Hin.). Myna (Hin.). Remarks : Moderately common. Found Remarks: Very common. Found throughout throughout the reserve. the reserve. CHAKRABORTY. BHATTACHARYA & DE : Mammals 29

Family CAMPEPHAGIDAE Family PYCNONOTIDAE

98. Tephrodorllis poildicerianus (Gmelin) 103. Pycnonotus melanicterus Jlaviventris (Tickell) 1789. Mllscicapa pondiceriana Gmelin. Syst. Nat. 1 : 939. (Coromandel). 1833. VangaJlavivellfris Tiekell. 1. AJ'iat. Soc. Beng., 2 : 573 (Dholdhum). Common names : vVood Shrike (Eng.); Keroula (Hin.). Common names: Blackcrested yellow Bulbul (Eng.) ; Zard Bulbul (Hin.). Remarks: Rare. A single specimen was seen in the forest at Govardhana. Remarks : Moderately common. Found throughout the reserve. 99. Coracina meialloptera sykesi (Strickland) 104. Pycnonotus jocosus pyrrhotis (Bonaparte) 1844. Lalage s.vkesi Strickland, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 1850. Ixos pyrrhotis 'Hodgs' = Bonaparte. Consp. 13 : 36 (Calcutta). Gen. Av., 1 : 265 (Nepal). Common names: Blackheaded Cuckoo-Shrike Common names ; Red Whiskered Bulbul (Eng.) ; Jungli Kesya (Hin.). (Eng.) ; Kamera Bulbul, Pahari Bulbul (Hin.). Remarks : Moderately common. Found Remarks : Very common. Found throughout throughout the reserve. the reserve. 100. Pericrocotus cinllalnonzeus peregrillus 105. Pycnonotu~ caler bengalensis Blyth (Linnaeus) 1845. Pycnonotus bellgalcnsis Blyth. 1. Asia,.: ,S(lc. 1766. Parus peregrinus Linnaeus, SYSf. Nat, ed. 12, Beng., 14 : 566 (Bengal). 1 : 342 (Punjab). Common names: Kala BulbuL Bulbuli (Hin.) Common /lames : Northern Small Minivet : Redvented Bulbul (Eng.). (Eng.) ; Bulalchashm. Rajalal. Rajelal (H;n.). Rernarks : Very comlnon. Found throughout Remarks : Moderately common. Found the reserve. throughout the reserve.

Family IRENIDAE Family MUSCICAPIDAE

101. Aegitlzilla tipllia (Linnaeus) 106. Pellorneu11l reficeps Swainson

1758. Moweil/a tip/lio Linnacus. Srst. Nat., cd. 10. 1832. Pelhu:neum ruji'ceps Swains(l!l. Fuuna Bnreait­ 1 : I R6 (Bengal). Americana. : 487 (India).

ComlllO/l IWl1IeS : Common lora (Eng.); Common /lames : Spotted Babb.ler (Eng.). Shaubeega, Shaubeegi (HinJ. Remarks, : Moderalely common. F oUlld Rel11(1 rks : Moderately comI11on Found throughout the reserve. throughout the reserve. 107. Clitysolllllla sillellse (llJl1clin) 102. Cloropsis GlirifrOlls (Telnminck)

1789. PantS sinensis Grnclin SvSf. Nol., 1 , I()I~ 1829. Phyllorllis aunjl'ons Temmirttk. PL co!. D'Qis, (China), lihr. 81. pI. 484 (eachar). Common numes : Yellow~eyed Babbler COllll/ZO/l names : Go IdfFonte.d .Chlp~opsis (Eng.) : Harewa. Sabz Harewa (Hin.). (Eng,) Gulab. Chashm. Bulal Chashm (Hin.). Remarks : Moderately common. Found Remarks : Moderately comlnon. Found throughout the. reserye. throughout the reserve. 30 Fauna of Va/mik; Tiger Reserve

108. Turdoides caudatus (Dumont) Common names : Streaked Fantail Fly catcher (Eng.) ; Ghaski-phutki, Ghaski-pitpisi (Hin.). 1823. Cossyphus caudatus Dumont. Dict. Sci. nat., 29 : 268 (India). Remarks : Moderately common. Found throughout the reserve in forest patches. Common names : Common Babbler( Eng.) ; Chilchil, Sore Genga, Ddumri (Hin.). 114. Prinia hodgsonii Blyth

Remarks : Moderately common. Found 1844. Prinia hodgsonii Blyth. J. Asiat. Soc. Beng., throughout the reserve. 13 : 376. 109. Turdiodes sttiatus (Dumont) Common names : Ashy-grey Wren-Warbler (Eng.). Putki (Hin.). 1823. Cossyphus striatus Dumont. Dict. Sci. nat., 29 : 268 (Bengal). Remarks : Moderately common. Found

Common names : Jungle Babbler (Eng.) ~ throughout the reserve in forest patches. Satbhai, Pengya Myna (Hin.). 115. Prinia sylvatica Jerdon Remarks : Common. Found throughout the 1840. Prinia syivatica Jerdon. Madras Jour. Lit. Sci., reserve. 11 : 4 (Nilgiris). 110. Muscicapa thalassina Swainson Common names : Jungle Wren-Warbler 1838. Muscicapa thalassina Swainson, Nat. library. (Eng.) ; Tot-rungi (Hin.). Flycatchers 21 : 252 (India). Remarks : Moderately common .. Found Common names: Verditer Flycatcher (Eng.) ; throughout the reserve in forest bushes. Turra (Hin.). 116. Orthotomus sutorius (Pennant) Remarks ; Moderately common. Found throughout the reserve in' forests. 1769. Motacilla sutoria Pennant. Ind. Zoo!., pI. 7 (Ceylon). 111. Rhipidura aureola Lesson Common names : Indian Tailor Bird (Eng.) ~ 1830. Rhipidura aureola Lesson, Traite' d' orn : 290 Darzee, piddi (Hin.). (Bengal). Remarks: Very common. Found throughout Common names : Whitebrowed Fantail the reserve. Flycatcher (Eng.) ; Machharya, Nachan, Chakdil (Hin.). 117. Megalurus palustris toklao (Blyth) Remarks : Rare. Two specimens have been 1843. Turdus toklao Blyth, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 12: observed in bush at Manguraha. 179 (Calcutta). 112. Terpsiphone paradisi (Linnaeus) Common names : Striated Marsh Warbler (Eng.) ~ Takko, Fal-aggin ~ (Hin). 1758. Corvus paradisi Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1 : 107 (India). Remarks: Rare. A pair was seen in the forest bushes at N aurangia. Commons names: Indian Paradise Flycatcher (Eng.) ; Shah Bulbul, Husaini Bulbul (Hin.). 118. Erithacus calliope (Pallas) Remarks: Rare.. Two specimens were seen 1776. Motacilla calliope Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs., inside the forest-One at Kotraha and the other 3 : 697 (Yenisei). at Manguraha. Common names: Ruby throat (Eng.) ; Gangula 113. Cisticola juncidis. cursitans (Franklin) (Hin.). 1831. Prinia cursitans Franklin, Proc. zool. Soc. Remarks : Rare. Winter, visitor. A single Lond., t t 8 (between Calcutta and Benaras). specimen was seen in forest bushes at Manguraha. CHAKRABORTY, BHATTACHARYA & DE : Mammals 31

119. Copsychus saularis (Linnaeus) Common ,wInes : Northern Pied Bush Chat (Eng.) ; Pidda, Kala Pidda (Hin.). 1758. Graeula saularis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 1 : 109 (Bengal). Remarks : Moderately common. Found Common nam.es : Indian Magpie-Robin throughout the reserve. (Eng.) ; Dhaiyal, Dhaiyar (Hin.). 125. Chailnarrornis leucocephalus (Vigors)

Remarks : Common. Found throughout the 1831. Phoenicura leneocephala Vigors, Proc. zool. reserve. soc. Lond., 28 (Himalaya). 120. Copsychus malabaricus (Scopoli) Common names: Whitecapped Red Start, River Chat (Eng.) ; Gir-chaondia (Hin.). 1786. Muscieapa malabariea Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr., 2 : 96 (Malabar). Remarks: Rare. Winter migrant. One specimen Common names: Indian Shama (Eng.) ; Shama was seen along the irrigation canal at Kotraha (Hin.). and the other near flowing river at Manguraha. Remarks : Moderately common. Found 126. Saxicoloidesfulicata cambaiensis (Lathem) throughout the reserve in forest patches away 1790. Sylvia cambaiensis Latham, Index Orn., 2 : from human habitation. 554 (Gujarat, India). 121. Phoenicurus ochruros rufiventris (Vieillot) Common names: Brownbacked Indian Robin (Eng.) ; Kalchuri (Hin.). 1818. Oenanthe rufiventris vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 21 : 431 (Tibet). Remarks : Moderately common. Found Common names: Black Redstart (Eng.); throughout the reserve. Thirthira, Thirthir-kampa (Hin.). Family PARIDAE Remarks : Rare. Summer visitor. A pair was ,seen at kotraha. 127. Parus major nipalensis (Hodgson)

122. Enicurus i1l11llaculatus (Hodgson) 1837. Parus nipalen.sis Hodgson, Ind. Rev., 2(1) : 31 (Nepal). 1836. Motacilla (Ellieurus) immaeulatus Hodgson, Asiat. Res .. 19 : 190 (Nepal). Common name: Nepal Grey Tit (Eng.). Common name: Blackbacked Fortail (Eng.). Remarks : Moderately common. Found throughout the reserve in forest patches. Remarks: Rare. A single specimen was seen near a flowing stream on way to Harnatar from Family SITIIDAE Naurangia. 128. Sitta castanea Lesson 123. Cercomela fusca (Blyth) 1830. Sitta castanea Lesson Traile d'orn., 316 1851. Saxieolafusca Blyth, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 20 (Benga1). : 523 (Muttra). Common names: Chestnutbellied Nuthatch Common name : Brown Rock Chat (Eng.). (Eng.) ; Siri (Hin.). Remarks : Rare. A single specimen was seen Remarks: Uncommon. A single specimen was in forest bushes at Naurangia. seen at Manguraha. 124. Saxicola caprata bicolor Sykes 129. Salpornis spilonotus (Franklin)

1832. Saxicola bicolorSykes, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 1831. Certhia spilonota Franklin. Proc. zool. Soc. : 92 : (Dukhun). Lond., : 125 (Vindhyan Hills). 32 Fauna of Valmiki Tiger Reserve

Common name: Spotted Gray Creeper (Eng.). Remarks : Moderately common. Found throughout the reserve. Remarks: Uncommon. A single specimen was seen at Manguraha ne~ forest edges. Family NECTARINIIDAE

Family MOTACILLIDAE 135. Nectarinia asiatica (Latham)

130. Anthus novaeseelandiae rufulus Vieillot 1790. Certhia asiatic.:a Latham, Index Orn., 1 : 288 (India). 1818. Anthus rufulus Vieillot, Dict. d' Hist. Nat., 26 : 494 (Bengal). Common name.~ : Indian Purple Sunbird (Eng.) ; Phul Soongni (Hin.). Common names : Indian Paddyfield Pi pi t (Eng.) ; Rtagail. Charchari (Hin.). Remarks : Common. Found throughout the reserve. Remarks : Moderately common. Found 136. Arachnothera longirostris (Lat:lam) throughout the re~crve. 131. Anthus campestris (Linnaeus) 1790. Certhia longirostra Latham, Index Orn., I : 299 (Bengal). 1758. Alauda campestris Linnaeus, Syst. nat., edt Common name: Little Spiderhunter (Eng.). to. I : 166 (Sweden). Remarks :' Rare. A single specimen was seen C'Jmmon names: Tawny Pipit (Eng.) ; Chillu at Kotraha. (Hin.).

Remarks : Rare. Winter visitor. A single Family ZOSTEROPIDAE specimen was seen at Kotraha near cultivated field. 137. ZoSterops palpebrosa (Temminck)

132. Anthus similis jerdoni (Finsch) 1824. Sylvia palpebrosa Temminck. Pl. Col. d'Ois., 49, pI. 293. fig. 3 (Bengal). 1870. Anthusjerdoni Finch. Trans. zool. Soc. Lond., 7(4) : 241 (Kotegurh. NW Himalaya). Common names : Indian White-eye (Eng.) ; Bacoona (Hin.). Com.mon name: Brown Rock Pipit (Eng.). Rer.rarks : Common. Found throughout the Remarks : Rare. Summer visitor. A single reserve. specimen was seen at Kotraha. 133. Motacilla alba personata Gould Family PLOCEIDAE

186 I. Motacilla personata gould. Bds. Asia 4., pI 138. Passer dOlnesticus indicus Jardine & Selby 63 (Beng~1). 1835. Passer indicus Jardine & Selby, Ill. Orn., 3, Common nalne : Pied Wagtail (Eng.). p\. 118 (India). Remarks: Moderately common during summer Common llalneS : Indian House Sparrow (Visitor). Found throughout the reserve. (Eng.) ; ChurL Khas Churi (Hin.). Remarks: Very common. Found throughout Family DICAEIDAE the reserve near human habitation. 134. Dicaeunl erythorhynchos (Latham) 139. Petronia xanthocollis (Burton)

1790. Certhia erythrorhynchos Latham. Index Orn., 1g38. Fringilla xanthocollis Burton. Cat. Bds. Mus. t : 299 (India). Fort Pitt. Chatham .. : 23 (India). Common names : Tickell's Flowerpecker Common names : Indian Yellowthroated (Eng.) ; Phoolchuki (Hin.). Sparrow (Eng.) ; Raji, Jungli-chiria (Hin.). CHAKRABORTY, BHATTACHARYA & DE : Mammals 33

Remarks : Moderately common. Found on 145. Lonchura malacca (Linnaeus) ground throughout the reserve, sometimes remain 1766. Loxia malacca Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1 mixed with House Sparrow. : 302 (China, Java & Belgium). 140. Ploceus philippinus (Linnaeus) Common names: Blackheaded Munia (Eng.) ~ 1766. Loxia philippina Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12. Nakalnor, Telia Munia, Sing-baz, Pora Munia, I : 305 (Phillipines). Nukroul (Hin.). Common names: Indian Baya (Eng.) ; Baya, Remarks : Moderately common. Found Son-chiri (Hin.). throughout the reserve. Remarks : Common. Found throughout the Class REPTILIA reserve. 141. Ploceus manyar jlaviceps (Lesson) Various ecosystems of the Reserve support a very good populations of different reptilian species. 1831. Ploceusflaviceps Lesson, Traite d'Orn., : 435 A list of reptilian species based on collection, (Pondicherry) . observation and earlier reports is appended below. COmlnon names: Indian Streaked Weaver Bird Collected specimens have been indentified by ou~ (Eng.) ; Bamani Baya (Hin.). departmental scientist Sri N. C. Gayen. Remarks : Moderately common. Found Family GAVILIDAE throughout the reserve. Scientific name Common name 142. Estrilda amanda va (Linnaeus) 1. Gavialis gangeticus (Gmelin) * Gavial, Gharial 1758. Fringilla amandava Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1 : 180 (Eastern India). Family CROCODYLIDAE Common names : Red Munia, Avadavat 2. Crocodylus palustris Lesson * Muggar, Marsh (Eng.) ; Lal, Lal Munia (Hin.). Crocodile Remarks : Moderately common. Found throughout the reserve. Family EMYDIDAE 143. Lonchura malabarica (Linnaeus) 3. Kachuga tecta (Gray) * Indian Saw back Turtle 1758. Loxia malabarica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I : 175 (India). Family GEKKONIDAE

Common names : Whitethroated Munia 4. Gekko gekko (Linnaeus) Tokay (Eng.); Charchara, Charga, Charakka, Pidda 5. Hemidactylus brooki Gray House Gekko (Hin.). 6. Hemidactylus flaviviridis Ruppel Yellow-bellied Remarks : Moderately common. Found House Gekko throughout the reserve. 144. Lonchura punctulata (Linnaeus) Family AGAMIDAE

1758. Loxia punctulatq Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 7. Calotes versicolor (Daudin) Blood Sucker I : 173 (Calcutta). 8. Psammophilus blanfordanus Dwarf Rock Common names : Indian Spotted Munia Lizard (StoJiczka) (Eng.) ; Telia Munia, Seenabaz, Sinewaz (Hin.). (Plate '3b) 9. Sitana porticeriana Cuvier Fan-throated Remarks : Moderately common. Found Lizard throughout the reserve. 34 Fauna of Valrniki Tiger Reserve

Family SCINCIDAE Family BUFONIDAE

10. Mabu)'a macularia (Blyth) Scientific name Common name II. Riopa pUllctata (Linnaeus) Dotted Garden I. BII/o stomaticus Lutken Marbled Toad Skink 2. Bu/o nrelonostictus Schneider Common Indian Toad Family SCINCIDAE Family RANIDAE 12. Varanlls bellga/ellsis (Daudin) Indian Monitor

J 3. Varanlls flavescells (Gray) ** YelJow Monitor 1 Raila Liebig;; Gunther 4. Ratla hexadactyla Lesson Pond Frog Family TYPHLOPIDAE 5. Raila tigerina Daudin Indian Bull Frog 14. Rarnphot)'Phlops bramilUts Brahminy Blind 6. Raila cyanophlyctis Schneider Skipping Frog (Daudin) Snake Family RHACOPHORIDAE Family BOIDAE 7. Polypedates macuiatlls (Gray) Tree Frog. 15. EI}'collicus (Schneider) Russell's Sand Boa Class PISCES 16. Pytholl rno/lIft's Linnaeus * Indian Rock Python Specimens of the following species of fish have been collected from the Reserv'e. Family COLUBRIDAE Identification report provided by the departmental scientist, Dr. A. Karmakar. 17. PtyllS m"cosus (Linnaeus) ** Rat Snake 18. Altaetulla Ilasuta (Linnaeus) Common Green Family COBITIDAE Whip Snake Scientific name Common name 19. Amphiesma stolala (Linnaeus) Striped Keel Back 1. Lepidocephaills gumea (Hamilton) Guntea Loach 20. Boiga trigollata (Schneider) Indian Gamma 21. EIlIJ~'dris enhydris (Schneider) Smooth Water Family HOMALOPTERIDAE Snake 2. Noemaheilus hotia botia (Hamilton) Mugah Family ELAPIDAE Family CHANDIDAE 22. BllIJgarlls caem/ells (Schneider) Common Indian Krait 3. Chanda nama Hamilton Glass Fish 21 BUllgarus /asciatlls (Schneider) Banded Krait 4. Chanda rOllga Hamilton -Do- 24. Naja Naja (Linnaeus)** Indian Corba Family BELONTIDAE 25. Ophiophaglls hannah (Cantor)** King Corba 5. Colisa fascialus (Schneider) Family VIPERIDAE Family CYPRINIDAE 26. Vipera russelli (Shaw)** Russell's Viper 6. Barilius belldelisis belldelisis Hamilton's Barita Class AMPHIBIA (Hamilton) Specimens of Amphibia have been identified 7. Tor tor (Hamilton) Mahaseer by our departmental scientist, Shri A. Sarkar. List 8. Plmtius chala (Hamilton) Swamp Barb of the same is given below. 9. Aspidoparia morar (Hamilton) CHAKRABORTY. BHATTAtHARYA & DE : Mammals 35

Family MASTACEMBELIDAE Scientific Name Common Name

10. Mastaeembelus pancll/us Spiny eel ). Onticellus pallipes (Fabricius) (Himilton) 2. O;tticellus spinipes Rothchild 1 Onthophaglls ramosus (Wiedemann) Family BAGRIDAE 4. Scaraboeus sp.

11. Aorichthys aor (Hamilton) 5. Blabephorous pinguis Fainnaire 6. Caccobius unicomis (Fabricius) 12. Myslus bleeker; (Day) Day's Mystus 7. Aphodius sp. Family SCHILBEIDAE 8. Anomala sp. 9. Catharsius sp, 11 Ailia pUflclata (Day) 10. Onitis sp. INVERTEBRATES 11. Alissonotum sp. J2. Sisyphus sp. Following list of invertebrate species of Valmiki 11 G),mllopleurolfs sp. Tiger Reserve 'has been prepared on the basis of 14. Adoretus sp. the actual collection of the specimens. Specimens have been identified by our departmental scientists. Family HYBOSORIDAE However, some of the specimens could not be identified up to spe~ies level and detail studies are 15. Hybosorus sp. being carried out on those species. It is' probable that some of them may be new to science. Detailed Family TROGADAE report on Hemiptera has been appended as a 16. Trox sp. separate paper. Order LEPIDOPTERA PHYLUM ARTHROPODA Identified by Smt. M. Majumdar (Chowdhury)

Class CRUSTACEA Family DANAIDAE

Identified by Shri S. S. Ghatak Scientific name Common name Order DECAPODA I. Euploea core (Cramer) Common Indian Crow Family PALAEMONIDAE 2. Datraus gellulia (Cramer) Common Tiger Scientific Name Common name I. Macrobraehium dyanunr Family PIERIDAE (Henderson) 1 Leptosia nina (Fabricius) Psyche 2. Macrobrachium alt/rolls 4. Eurel1la hecabe (Linnaeus) Common Grass (Hend~rson ) Yellow

Class INSECTA 5. Catopsilia pyranthe (Linnaeus) Mottled Emigrant 6. Valeria valeria (Cramer) Common Order COLEOPTERA Wanderer (Plate 4a) Family L YCAENIDAE Identified by Dr. S. Biswas and Shri S. K. Chatterjee 7. Castalius rosinron (Fabricius) Common Pierrot Family SCARABAEIDAE 8. Pantoporia perius (Linnaeus) Common Sergeant 9. Zizeeria maha (Kollar) Pale Grass Blue 36 Fauna of Valmiki Tiger Reserve

Family NYMPHALIDAE Family TETRIGIDAE

10. Precis almana (Linnaeus) Pecock Pansy 4. Thoradonta nodulosa (Stal) 11. Precis attires (Linnaeus) Grey Pansy Family TRIGONIDIIDAE 12. Precis iphita (Cramer) Chocolate Pansy 13. Argynn;s children; Gray Large Silver Stripe 5. Trigonidium cicilldeloides Rambur 14. Phalanta phalantha (Drury) Common Leopard 6. Trigonidium sp.

Family NOCTUIDAE Family GRYLLIDAE

15. N)'ctipao macrops (Linnaeus) 7. Turanogryllus histrio (Sauss.) 8. Gymnogryllus sp. Family GEOMETRIDAE 9. Greyllodes sigillatus (Walker) 16. Ste rrh a, sacraria Linnaeus Family TRIDACTYLIDAE

Family PYRALIDAE 10. Tridactylus sp. 17. Pach),zancla licarsisalis Walker Family PYRGOMORPHIDAE

Family ARCTIIDAE 11. Chrotogonus trachypterus 18. Creatol1otus gangis (Linnaeus) (Balanchard) 12. Simploce biligata (Walker) Family CTENUCHIDAE 13. Pycnoscelus surinamensis 19. Syntomis c)'ssea (Cramer) (Linnnaeus) 14. Haberdina concina (Haan) Family LASIOCAMPIDAE 15. Blattela germanica (Linnaeus) 20. Chilella simiIis Walker Class ARACHNIDA

Family AGARISTIDAE Order ARANEAE 21. Aegocera venulia (Cramer) Identified by Dr. B. Biswas

Family PAPllJONIDAE Family ACRIDIDAE

22. Chi/asa sp. Scientific name Common name 1. Myrmarachne plataleoides Order ORTHOPTERA (Cambridge) Identified by Dr. M. S. Shishodia 2. Phidippus pateli Tikader 3. Plexippus paykul/i (Aud.) Family ACRIDIDAE

Scientific name Common name Family HETEROPODIDAE I. OedaleliS abrllplus (Thumb.) 4. Heteropoda sexp"nctata Simon 2. Acrida sp. 3. Gastrimargus africanus Family CLUBIONIDAE a/ricO/IUS (Sauss.) 5. C/ubiona drassodus Cambridge 6. Cheiracanthium insigelle Cambridge CHAKRABORTY, BHATTACHARYA & DE : Mammals 37

7. Castianeira albopicta Gravely hills, Bhabar, Terai and plains. Represents a varied physiography, It contains a large number of Family L YCOSIDAE everflowing streams, nullahs, canals along with 8. Lycosa mackenziei Gravely some permanent swamps and marshy land. Some part of the reserve is also subject to seasonal Family ARANEIDAE inundation. These diverse ecological factors resulted varied macro and micro-habitats which 9. Leucauge decorata (Blackwall) in tum gave rise to a wonderful faunal diversity including the tiger apex of the Pyramed. Phylum MOLLUSCA Subsequently to conserve this great national Identified by Shri K. V. Surya Rao heritage, the area has been declared as Tiger Reserve in 1990. However, till the period of present Class GASTROPODA surveys, it has been realised that the entire administration of the Reserve is under the control Family VIVIPARIDAE of Forest Development Corporation. All the I. Bellamya bengalensis (Kobelt) management programmes for the Tiger Reserve are still lying in papers only. It was really shocking Family CYCLOPHORIDAE to note that even an inch of the Reserve is not free from human interference. There is no village in 2. C)'clophorus pyrotrema Benson the core area, but at least eight villages of the buffer zone are entirely dependent on the natural Family THIARIDAE resources of the Reserve. Tribals (Tharu, Manda, 3. Thiara en scabra (MueIJer) Dhangar, Musser and others) living within three 4. Thiara (Melanoides) tuberculata kilometers of the Reserve are still enjoying legal (Mueller) rights over the forest produce as per settlement of 1936. Collection of firewood, timber, cane, 5. Thiara (Tarebia) lineata (Gray) sabai and other grassess, sal seed, fish, etc. along Family ARIOPHANTIDAE with occassional poaching continuing unabated (Plate 4b). Legal permission for the collection of 6. Cr),ptaltstellia benson; (PfeitJer) timber, bamboos and cane brakes are also regularly 7. Cryptozolla ligualata (Ferussac) given against revenue (Plate 5a). A population of about 32000 cattle living in and around the Reserve/ Family ACATINIDAE also exert tremendous pre~sureQn- the area for grazing. Cattle were found even in the deepest 8. Acatina fulica Bowdich part of the core area (Plate 5b). Huge grazing of the domestic stock not only degrades the habitat Class BNALVIA but also may lead to the serious out break of Family AMBLEMIDAE contagious desease among the wild herbivores.

9. Parreysia (Parreysial) favidells Accidental forest fire, particularly during (Benson) summer, is also a common feature. Due to lack 10. Parreysia (Radiatula) caerlt/ea of sufficient antifire measures, a lot of habitat (Lea) destruction are caused by the fire. 11. Corbicula striatella Deshayes This fragile habitat lies in the border of Nepal and Uttar Pradesh and vulnerable to both DISCUSSION smuggling and poaching. Miscreants are very Vilmiki Tiger Reserve being extended over active in the Reserve. Logs are regularly taken by 38 FaUlla of Valmiki TIger Reserve them and transported through Nepal and Uttar with crown density less than 40% to 10% have Pradesh. Miscreants are so well organized with improved in crown density to be classed as dense modem arms that they do not hesitate to attack forests, (4) 0.95 Sq. Km. open forest has changed the management people. During our surveys, into non-forest category, (5) 14.50 Sq. Km. scrub several such incidents occurred and in one of area have improved into open forest with crown them Forester and Forest Guard of Kotraha beat density less than 400/0 to 100/0, (6) 14.02 Sq. Km. were severely injured. which was earlier non-forests have improved into open forest with crown density less than 40% to A number of developmental projects such as 10% and (7) 3.09 Sq. Km. non-forest has changed irrigation canals. hydro-electricity, Bagha­ into scrub. Chhitauni f':lilway line (Plate 6a) are coming up in this part of the country. Different parts of the From the above discussion it is obvious that, Valmiki Tiger Reserve are being sacrificed for though th~ forest has. been decleared as National these project (Plate 6b). Movement of heavy Park and Tiger Reserve, but in reality it is not vehicles. operation of machinaries are going inside even enjoying the status of even a Reserve Forest. the Reserve even during t~e night for construction Entire zone with its varied ecosystems and great works of these projects. faunal diversity is now most vulerable and may reach to point of no return within a short time. As a result of above factors habitat quality is being degraded at a very fast rate and flora and fauna are becoming the worst victims. It is reported RECOMMENDATIONS that many animals including tigers ha~e moved To conserve the great national heritage to the adjacent forest of Nepal. This fact is well contained in the Valmiki Tiger Reserve, socio­ reflected by the reduction in the number of tigers economic condition of the people living in and from 80 ( 1989 census-Anon. 1993) to 5) (1993 around should be taken into consideration. census- J. L. Srivastava pers Connn.) and Practical aspects as regard to the needs a!1d probably much less at present. requirements of the local people can't be ignored To monitor the changes in the vegetation cover by simple notification and framing rules. Following of the Tiger Reserves between the period 1983- recommendations may be considered for the 89. a study based on visual interpretation of the conservation of the Valmiki tiger Reserve. Land Sat imagery was undertaken by the F9rest I. Administrative control of the entire forest Survey of India (Forest Survey of India 1993). area should irrmediately be transferred from The finding of the above study in respect of the Forest Development Corporation to Valmiki Tiger Reserve is given in Table ). From State Forest Department and the Project the table we can find that between 1983 to 1989, Tiger Authorities. (1) dense forest cover has decreased by 68.22 Sq. Km.. (2) Open forest cover has increased by 2. All the central and state fund for the 68.22 Sq. Km., (3) scrub area has increased by management and eco-development of the ]0.69 Sq. Km. and (4) non-forest area has Tiger Reserve should immediately be decreased by 16.16 Sq. Km. The changes which released. have occurred in different categories of forest 3. To meet up the rights (as per settelment of cover between 1983 and 1989 has been 1938) of the tribal people on the forest summarised in Table 2. It is obvious that, (1) produce, the buffer zone may be declared 176.62 Sq. Km. of earlier dense forest has changed as protected forest, from where they may into open forests with crown density less then collect fuel wood and other requirement 40% to 10%. (2) 22.10 Sq. Km. of earlier dense under the total management of the Tiger open forests has 'changed into scrub land, (3) Reserve Authorities .. However, attempt 115.53 Sq. Km. which was earlier open forests should be made to minimise their CHAKRABORTY. BHATTACHARYA & DE : Mammals 39

requirement gradually. Supply of low fuel belt. Vicinity of the great Himalayan Range, consuming 'Chula', use of solar energy, views of the snow-capped peaks, flowing social forestry, easy loan for construction river, gree~ forest, rich wildlife, and simple of pakka buildings, etc., may come under but cordial lifestyle of tribals are of gr~at this programme. attraction for the tourists form India as weU as outside. Improved transport and 4. Cultivation of fodder in the waste land to accommodation facilities along with little be initiated to minimise the grazing in the publicity may change the socio-economic core area~ Free inoculation for the domestic condition of the area through tourism. cattle should be arranged. However, to make the tourism eco-friendly 5. Official procedures as regard to the and to avoid the cultural hazards resulting transportation and selling of the tree product from the tourists, management programme grown in personal land should be simplified. for the tourism should totally be kept under the control of Project authorities. 6. Champaran land is very much fertile for the growth of almost all the plant species. 10. Well-equipped reserach wing is to be There is also much demand for the seedlings developed immediately. This wing will carry among the villagers. Authorities should start out reserches on the eco-development of Kishan Nursery or Forest. Nursery in all the area, status of the endangered species, the beats to meet up the demand of the population fluctuations, animal behaviour, seedling.11lis in turn, will not only minimise desease and others. Carrying capacity of the dependence on forest produce, but wilJ the forest is also to be studied from time also act as economic booster for the area. to time in'respect of different species.

7. To fight against the miscreants and drive SUMMARY them away from the Reserve, number of forest guards should sufficiently be Based on the survey works, literature and local increased along with proper equipment. In reports a detailed account of the faunal this connection communication system composition of the Valmiki Tiger Reserve was among the different blocks should be prepared. A total of 53 species of mammals, 145 improved. Active co-operation from the species of birds and 121 species of other groups police department should also be asked for. of animals have been reported. Status of different 8. Unless the local people are taken into marrunalian species including tiger has been confidence, no conservation programtre discussed. Two subspeices and one species of coulclbe successful. Awareness progrannue mammal have been recorded for the first time should regularly be organised to make the from Bihar. Attempts have been made to identify local people understand that 'Tiger Project' the different factors responsible for the habitat is not against them but for them. Assurance degradation. Necessary recommendations have should be given to them that they will not been appended for the habitat improvement and be deprived from their right on" the forest management of th~ Valmiki Tiger Reserve. produce. So that, fullest cooperation may be received from them for the conservation ACKNOWLEDGEMENT of this national heritage which many serve We are thankful to Dr. J. R. B. Alfred, Director, as sustainable resource for future Zoological Survey of India, for providing all the generation. facilities for the work. We are indebted to the 9. Entire West Champaran has the tremendous Chief Wildlife Warde~, Bihar, and Director, potentiality of becoming a wonderful tourist Valmiki Tiger Reserve for extending all co- 40 Fauna of Valmiki Tiger Reserve operation for conducting the surveys. We are A. K. Poddar, Shri J. P. Lal, Shri M. K. Ghosh, grateful (0 Dr. R. K. Varshney, Add 1. Director, Shri N. K. Sharma and Shri A. N. Saha during Zoological Survey of India for going through the the field work and preparation of the manuscript. manuscript and providing valuable suggestions. We like to record our sincere gratitude to We like to acknowledge the sincere co-operation Dr. A. K. Ghosh, ex-Director, Zoological survey of our colleagues Shri T. K. Chakraborty, Shri of India, for approval of the entire programme.

Table 1. Category-wise distribution of forest cover in Valmiki Tiger Reserve

Category Year of imagery Net difference in 0/0 change 1983 1989 the area as (Sq. Km.) compared to 1983 (Sq. Km.)

1. Dense forest 488.73 425.98 62.75 (-) 12.84 2. Open forest 233.19 301.41 68.22 (+) 29.25 3. Scrub 19.26 29.95 10.69 (+) 55.50 4. Non forests 138.82 122.66 16.16 (-) 11.64

Table 2. Changes which have occurred in'the different categories of forest over in Valmiki Tiger Reserve between 1983 and 1989

Category Area (Sq. Km.)

1. Dense forest to open forests 176.22 2. Dense forest to scrub 1.66 3. Open forest to dense forests 115.53 4. Open forest to scrub 20.44 5. Open forest to non-forests 0.95 6. Scrub to open forests 14.50 7. Non-forests to open forests 14.02 8. Non-forest to scrub 3.09

REFERENCES

Agrawal, V. C. and Bhattacheryya, T. P. 1977. Report on a collection of mammals from Tripura Rec. zool Surv. India. 73 : 135-157 Agarwal, V. C., Das. P. K., Chakranorty. S., Ghose, R. K .. 'MandaI, A. K. Chakraborty. T. K .. Poddar, A. K Lal. J. P., Bhattacharyya, T. P., Ghosh M. K. 1991. Mammalia. State Fauna Series 3 : Fauna of West Bengal, Part I. 27-] 69. Anon. 1990. Project Tiger. Anon, 1993. A review of Project Tiger. MOEF, Govt. of India, New Delhi. Dasgupta, P. 1993. Visits to Madanpur-Ganauli Sanctuary and Gir Wildlife Sanctury. San.,ad News. 12(4). Director. Z.S.l. (Ed.). 1993. Fauna of Tiger Reserve: An Overview. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. Ellerman, J. R. 1961. The fauna of India, including Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon, Mammalia. 3 Rodentia. Part 1.. Govt. of India, Calcutta. CHAKRABORTY, BHATTACHARYA & DE : Mammals 41

Forest Survey of India. 1993. Status of Forest Cover in Project Tiger Reserves. MOEF. Govt. of India, New Delhi.

Ghosh, A. 1993. Important Fauna of Tiger Reserve. MOEF, Govt of India, New Delhi.

MandaI. A. K. 1990. Addition of the Fawn-coloured Mouse, Mus cervicolor Hodgson, 1845 [Rodentia : Muridae]. in the fauna of Sundarbans in West Bengal, India. Rec. zool. Surv. India 85 : 363-365 . Roberts, T. J. 1977. The Mammals of Pakistan. Ernest Ben Ltd., London and tonbridge. Shahi, S. P. 1977. Backs to the wall Saga of Wildlife in Bihar. India. East-West Press, New Delhi, Madras. Sinha, Y.P. 1976. New records of the Indian Seath-tailed Bat, Taphozous longimanus from Rajasthan with remarks on Winter fat deposition in Taphozous kachhensis. Sci. Cult., 42 : 168-170.

Sinha, Y. P. 1986. Bats of Bihar: Taxonomy and field ~ology. Rec. zoo I. Surv. India Dcc." Pap., No 77 : 1-60. Srivastava, J. L. 19:'3. Tiger census Report, VTR. pers. comm.

Fauna oj Valmiki Tiger Reserve:

PLATE 1

a. Shelter andbreedh:' ~ ground of Tiger in Valmiki Tiger Reserve b. Young of ..)cmoplu'fus "'('(uM /reallli S. CI-IAKRABORTY et. ,al. Mammal -

P TE 2

u. HiJt: of a freshly kiUeu 'pedmen of Cerrw.' wtic%r seized by the For~:,t D .. p ;,r llu~rd F al.lna 0/ Vabniki Tiger Reserre

PLATE 3

a. A pair of ndiu:1 Myna. Acrit/olil<'r('s ai.His in Valmiki Tiger Reserve b. Dwarf Rock Lizard. P.WlIlmopl.lilu,i, bltllilonhllw:\ ill Valmiki Tiger Reserve S. CHAKRA.BORTY el., a,(, MO/llmals

PLATE 4

b. Collection of firl!wood from V .. lmiki Tiger R~s",!·vc: F(IIJIlQ 01 Valnliki Figel' Re~ nl~

PLATE ~

;t. 'oIlection of bamboo from V 4l lmiki Tiger Resel'", C: b. Graz.ing of CaUlc in the, Valmiki Ti,ger Reserv~ S. CHAKRABOltTY et. al. Ma.m,ma/s

PL.ATE 6

,(t.. Construction work of Chhitauni-Bag,!':.a Ra i lw(~y Projed in Mundnnpur Range b. Destruction of f , ore;:~1 for the different dev1elopment projects in (he Valmiki Tlger j{c'..:n l ~ Zool. Surv. India Fauna of Conservation Areas No. 10 : Fauna of Valmiki Tiger Reserve: 43 - 50, 1998

AMPHIBIA

SUKUMAR RAY Zoological Survey of India. Calcutta

INTRODUCTION Skin more or less smooth, parotoids absent MICROHYLIDAE Nowadays special stress is given on the 3. No intercalary ossification (extra studies of fauna of Sanctuary, National Park and cartillaginous bone) between the Tiger 'Reserve of our Country. Basing on this distal and penultimate phalanges ...... RANIDAE aspect several Field trips have been conducted by An intercalary ossification between the distal and penultimate our department in Valmiki Tiger Reserve, West phalanges RHACOPHORIDAE Champaran district (Bihar) to assess the fanual account of the area. As a result 152 ex. of amphibians belonging to 1() species, 6 genera and Family 1. BUFONIDAE 4 families under order Anura have been collected, determined and reported for the first time from Family Bufonidae is represented in Valmiki the area. The order Apoda and Caudata are not Tiger Reserve by two species of the genus Bufo reported in this collections. Genus 1. Bulo Laurenti, 1768. Amphibian fauna of Bihar as a whole is little 1768. Bufo laurenti, ~ynops, Rept.. : 25 known. Boulenger (1890 & 1920), Annandale and Rao (1918) and Parker (1934) have recorded Key to the species of the. genus Bufo tmiphibians from different parts of India and 1. Head with bony' ridges, parotoids kidney-shaped adjoin~ng countries, but they also mention very ... melanostictus little about the amphibians from the State of Bihar. Without mentioning any place of collection in Head without bony ridges. parotoids flat (not particular Venkateswarlu and Murthy (1972) have kidney-shaped) stomaticus published a list of amphibians occuring in Bihar. Sarkar (1991) has published amphibians of Chota· 1. Bulo melanostictus Schneider Nagpur (South Bihar) in details. From the above (Common Indian Toad) account this is found that altogether 13 species of anurans have so far been recorded from Bihar. 1799. Bufo melanostictus Schneider, Hist Amph. 1 :216. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 1972. Bufo melanostictus Venkateswarlu and Murthy, Indian J. Zoo I. 13 (3) : 129. Class : AMPHmIA 1991. Bufo melanostictus Sarkar, Rec. zool. Surv. Order : ANURA India 89 (1-4) : 210. Key to the families Material examined: 1 ex., Valmiki Nagar, 13. xi. 1995; 1 ex., Manguraha, 5. ix. 1996. All coli . I. Jaws lootheless ... 2 S. Ray. Upper jaw topthed ... 3 Total length : 55 nun. 89 mm. from snout 2. Skin rough with to vent. well-developed warts, parotoids present ... BUFONIDAE Diagnostic character: Head broader than long, 44 Fauna of Valmiki TIger Reserve with cornified bonny ridges; snout rounded, nearly 8. ix. 1996 ; 1 ex., Bakri, 10. ix. 1996 ; 3 ex., equal the diameter of the eye ; nostril a little Gohardhana, F. R. House Compound, 11-12. ix. nearer to the tip of snout than to the eye; interorbital 1996 ; 1 ex., Ramnagar, 11. ix. 1996 ; 1 ex., width broader than that of upper eyelid; tympanum Bagha, 13. ix. 1996 ; 1 ex., Madanpur, 15. ix. very distinct, two third the diameter of the eye. 1996 ; 1 ex., Kotraha, 17. ix. 1996 ; 1 ex., Valmiki Fingers free. first a little longer than second, tips Nagar, 18. ix. 1996. All coIl. S. Ray. of finger and toes swollen. Toes nearly half­ Total length : 22 mm. 81 mm. from snout webbed. more than three phalanges of fourth toe to vent. free ; two oval (inner and outer) metatarsal turbercle present. Tarsometatarsal articulation Diagnostic Character : Head broader than reaches in between tympanum and eye. Dorsum long, without bony ridges ; snout rounded, nearly dark brownish, rough with several spiny warts, once the diameter of the eye ; nostrin nearer the parotoid large, kidney shaped. Venter dull whitish tip of snout than the eye; nostril nearer the tip with numerous small spiny warts. of snout than the eye; interrorbital width broader than that of upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, Distribution: Valmiki Tiger Reserve (Bihar). nearly once the diameter of the eye. Fingers free. As mentioned in the Material examined. Common first a little longer than second. tips of fingers and throughout the plains of India, and Andaman and toes swollen. Toes more than half webbed, two Nicobar. Elsewhere : Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri phalanges of four toe free ; two oval (inner and Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar, South China, Malaya outer) metatarsal tubercles present. Peninsula and Archipelago. Tarsometatarsal articulation reaches in between Remarks: First report from the area. Annandale tympanum and eye. Dorsum brownish, rough with and Rao (1918) and Venkateswarlu and Murthy several non-spiny warts, parotoids large, flat, not (1972) reported from Bihar and Sarkar (1991) kidney shaped. Venter dull-whitish with numerous from South Bihar. Big-seized toad. It is nocturnal small, non-spiny' warts. in habit and used for dissection in college Distribution: Valmiki Tiger.Reserve (Bihar). laboratories. and the males are used in pregnency As mentioned in the Material examined. Common diagnosis tests of human beings. throughout the plains of India from Jammu and Kashmir to Karnataka. and Assam in the east. Status : Common in Valmiki Tiger Reserve (Bihar). Elsewhere: Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Arabia. 2. Bujo Stonlaticus Lutken Remarks : First report from the· area. (Marbled Toad) Venkateswarlu and Murthy (1972) reported itftom Bihar and Sarkar (1991) from South ,:Bibar. 1863. Bulo nzelallostictus Lutken, Vidensk. Meddr Medium-sized toad. It is torrestrial and n<>et1Jtnal dansk naturh-Forell. 14 :305. in habit. 1972. Bufo stomaticus : Vcnkateswarlu and Murthy, Status : Very common in the area. Indian J. Zool. 13 (3) : 130. ) 991. Bufo stomaticus Sarkar, Rec. zool. Sun.'. Illdia. Family II. MICROHYLIDAE 89 (1-4):211. This family is represented by two genera, each Material examined: 2. ex., Madanapur, 6. vi, represented by a single species. 1993. S. Chakraborty. 2 ex., Kotraha. 4-5. xi. \ 995 ~ 2 ex., Gonouli, 8-11. xi. 1995, 2 ex., Key to the genera of the family. Valmiki Nagar, 12-13. xi. 1995 ; 2 ex .• F. R. MICROHYLIDAE House Compound, Manguraha, 4-5. ix. 1996 ; Two normal metatarsal tubercles present 1 ex .. Ganuaha, 6. xi. 1996 ; 1 ex., Chanpatia, Microhyla RAY : Amphibia 45

Two large, shovel shaped matatarsal tubercles China, South east Asia and Taiwan. (inner larger) present '" Kaloula Remarks : First report from the area. Venkateswarlu and Murthy (1 ~72) reported it from Genus Tschudi, 1838. 2. Microhyla Bihar andSarkar (1991) from South Bihar. Small 1838. Microhyla Tschudi, classif, Batr. : 71. frog generally found inside bush and under dry leC:lves spread over moist soil. They are nocturnal 3. Microhyla ornata (DumeriI and Bibron) in habit,. s'ometimes found in human dwel1ings (Ornate MicrohyIid) during rainy days. Status : Very common in the area. 1841. E;ngyst~ma ornatum Dumeril and Bibron, Erpet; Gen., 8 :745. Genus 3. Kaloula Gray

1972. Mfcroi)yla ornata : Venkateswarlu and 1831. ~aloula Gray, Zool. Misc., 1. : 38. Murthy: Indian 1. Zool. 13 (3) : 130: 1991. Microhyla ornata: Sarkar, R~c~ zoo I. Surv. 4. Kaloula pulchra Gray bldia 89 0-4) : 212. ' . (Painted Frog) Mat~rial examined: 1 ex., Kothraha, 5, xi, 1831. Kaloula pulchra Gray. Zoo I. Mise., 1 :38. 1995 ; 1 ex., Ganouli, 9. xi. 199~ ~ 1 ex., Valmiki Nagar~ 12. xi. 1995 ; 2 ex., Manguraha, '5. xi. 1972. Kaloula pulchra : Venkateswarlu and Murthy. 1996 ; 1 ex., Chanpatia. 8. xi. 1996 ; 1 ex., Bakri, Indian J. Zool. 13 (3) : 130. 10. ix. J996 ; 3 ex., qobardhana.F. R. House Materia.l examined : 1 ex.. Inside forest. Compound, 11. ix. 1~96·; I ex., Ram nagar, 11. Manguraha,5, xi. 1996. Collector S. Ray. ix. 1996 ; 2 ex., Ganou~i,)4. ix. 1996 ~ l' ex., Total length : 35 mm. from snout to vent. Madan pu r, 15. ix. 1996 ;.3 ex., Kotraha, 17. ix. 1996 ; 2 ex., Valmiki Nagar. 17. ix. 1996 ; All DiagnostiC Character: Head broader than colI. S. Ray.- long ; snout rounded, as long as the diameter of () the eye; nostril nearer to the tip of snout than "J Tota"[ length : 11 nun. 19 nun. from snout the eye; inter.r0rbital width much broader than to vent. "~ that of upper e,yelid ; tympanum hidden. Fingers Diagnostic Character : Head broader than free~ first shorter ~h'an .second .• tips bearing well­ long; anout obtusely pointed, a little longer than developed truncate' di~cs ; 'subarticldar tubercles the diameter of the eye ; nostril nearer to the tip of fingers and toes disinct. Toes one third webbed. of snout than the eye ; interorbital width a .little tips obtusely swollen ~ "inner ·metatarsal 'tubercle broader than that of upper eyelid ; tympanum .not well develped,. large. shovel-shaped. outer so distinct. Fingers free, first shorter than second, metatarsal tuber,:le small. shovel-shaped. :tip~ fl~ttened. Toes with a rudiment of web, tips Tibiotarsal articulation reaches the axil. Dorsum blunt, two small but distinct oval (inner and outer) rough w~th' scattered walts. and greyish with metatarsal tubercles present. Tibiotarsal reddish brown patches margined with black. Venter articulation reaches near to eye. Dorsum smooth, wrinkled on betly. granular on throat and under surface of thinghs, and light brownish. brownish with ~road darker markings. Venter smooth, dull whitish, little darker on throat. Distribution :. Valmiki Tiger Reserve (Bihar). Distribution : Valmiki ·Tiger Reserve (Bihar). As mentioned in the Material examined. West As mentioned in the Material examined. It is Bengal, Madhya Pradesh; Kamataka, Tamil Nadu widely distributed species in India and found all in India. Also Sri Lanka. over the plains of the Country upto an altitude of Remarks : First report from the area. 1524 metres, and Andaman. Elsewhere: Pakistan, Venkateswarlu and Murthy (1972) reported it from Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, South Bihar. Terrestrial and nocturnal in habit. Collected 46 Fauna of Valmiki Tiger Reserve from burrow under tree-trunk during day time. Valmiki Nagar, 13-14 xi. 1995 ;.2 ex., Manguraha, 4-5. ix. 1996 ; 1 ex., Ganuaha, 6. ix. 1996; 1 ex., Rare Status : Gobardhana, 11. ix. 1996 ; 1 ex., Dhungi river, 12. ix. 1996 ; I ex., Ganouli, 14. ix. 1996 ; 3 Family III. RANIDAE ex., Madanpur, 14. ix. 1996 ; I ex., Valmiki This family is represented in Valmiki Tiger Nagar, 16. ix. 1996. All coIl. S. Ray. Reserve by four species of genus Rana, and one Total length : 18 mm. 61 nun. from snout of genus Tomopterna. to vent. Key to the genera of family RANIDAE Diagnostic Character : Head broader than long ; snout generaIly rounded, equal or a little Outer metatarsal separated by web at least in the longer than the diameter of the eye ; nostril distal half Rana equidistant from the tip of the snout and the eye ; Outer metatarsal united or separated only in their interorbital width much smaller than that of the distal extremity ... Tomopterna upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, nearly once the Genus 4. Rana Linnaeus diameter of the eye. Fingers free, first equals second, tips pointed; subarticular tubercles of 1758. Rana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. Ed. 10.1. : 210. fingers and toes feebly prominent. Toes fully Key to the species of genus Rana webbed, tips swollen; a pointed digit-like inner metatarsal tube~cle present, outer metatarsal 1. Toes webbed upto the tips, inner metatarsal tubercle tubercle absent. Tibiotarasl articulation reaches

digitiform (toe like) ..... M ...... cyanophlyctis in beween posterior end of tympanum and nostrail. Toes not webbed upto the tips, inner metatarsal Dorsum darker with small wants. Venter whitfsh tubercle not digitiform ...... 2 and smooth. 2. Both inner and outer oval-shaped metatarsal Distribution: Valmili Tiger Reserve (Bihar). tubercles present ...... limnocharis As mentioned in the Material examined. Common Inner metatarsal tubercle present, Outer metatarsal throughout the plains of India, and upto 1846 m. tubercle absent ...... 3 in the Himalayas. Elsewhere : Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Afghanistan, Beluchistan, 3. Inner metatarsal tubercle blunt, not shovel-shaped Iran, South Arabia, Thailand and Sri .Lanka ...... tigerina Inner metatarsal tubercle sharp and shovel-shaped Remarks: First report from the area. Annandale ...... crassa and Rao (1918) and Venkateswarlu and Murthy (1972) reported from Bihar and Sarkar (1991) 5. Rana cyanophyctis Schneider from South Bihar. Medium-sized frog. The frogs (Skipping Frog) are generally found floating on the surface of water. 1799. Rana cyanophylYClis Schneider, H ist Amph. Status : Very common. 1 :137.

1920. Rana cyanophlyctis : Boulenger, Rec. Indian 6. Rana limnocharis Boie Mus., 20 : 12. (Cricket Frog) 1972. Rana cyanophlyctis : Venkateswarlu and Murthy, Indian, J. Zool. 13 (3) : 129. 1835. Rana limnocharis (Boie), Wiegmann, N. Acta. Ad. Leop. Carol.. 17 (i) : 255. 1991. Rana cyanophlyctis : Sarkar, Rec. Zool. Surv. India. 89 (1-4) : 213. 1972. Rana limllocharis : Venkateswarlu and Murthy, Indian J. Zool. 13 (3) : 129. Material examined : I es., Kotraha, 7. vi. 1993, S. Chakraborty. 6 ex., Kotraha, 4-6. xi. 1991. Rana limnocharis : Sarkar, Rec. zool. Surv. 1995 ; 6 ex., Ganouli, 9- I 1. xi. 1995 ; 2 ex., India. 89 (1-4) : 212. RAY : Amphibia 47

Material examined: 4 ex., Kothra, 4-6. xi. 1972. Rana tigerina : Venkateswarlu and Murthy, 1995 ; 4 ex., Ganouli, 9-11. xi. 1995 ~ 13 ex., Indian J. Zoo I. 13 (3) : 129. V~miki Nagar, 12-14. xi. 1995 ; 3 ex., Manguraha, 1991. Raila tigerina : Sarkar, Rec. zool. Surv. India. 5. IX. 1996 ; 3 ex., Gaunaha, 6. ix. 1996 ~ 1 ex., 89 (1-4) : 215. Thori, 7. ix. 1996 ~ 4 ex., Gobardhana, 11. ix. Material examined : 1 ex., Kotraha, 7. vi. 1996 ; 1 ex., Dhungi river, 12. ix. 1996 ; 5 ex., 1993, S. Chakraborty. 1. xi,. Valmiki Nagar, 14, Madanpur, 13. ix. 1996 ; 3 ex., Ganouli, 15. ix. xi, 1995 ; 1 ex., Manguraha, 5. ix. 1996 ; 1 ex., 1996 ; 2 ex., Kotraha, '17. ix. 1996 ; 1 ex., Gaunaha, 6. ix. 1996; I ex., Thori, 7. ix. 1996 Valmiki Nagar, 18. ix. 1996. All coll. S. Ray. ~ 1 ex., Chanpatia, 8. ix. 1996 ~ 1 ex., Dhungi Total length : 19 mm. 47 mm. from snout river, 12. ix. 1996 ; 1 ex., Valmiki Nagar, 18. ix. to vent. 1996 ; 1 ex., Bakri, 10. ix. 1996 ; I ex .. F. R. House, Gobardhana, II. ix. 1996. All coIl. S. Diagnostic Character: Head generally as long Ray. as broad ; snout generally pointed, projecting 39 mm. 108 mm. from snout beyond the mouth, as long as or a little longer Total length : to vent. than the diameter of the eye, nostril nearer to the tip of snout than the eye; interorbital width much Diagnostic Character: Head as long as broad smaller than that of the upper eyelid; tympanum or a little broader than long; snout rounded or distinct, nearly two-third the diameter of the eye. pointed, projecting beyond the mouth, longer than Fingers free, first longer than second, tips swollen. the diameter of the eye ; nostril generally Subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes distinct. equidistant from the tip of the snout and the eye; interorbital width much smaller than that of the Toes half-webbed, normally three phalanges of upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, nearly equal to fourth toe free ; a distinct oval inner metatarsal the diameter of the eye. Fingers free, first longer tubercle, and a feedbly distinct outer metatarsal than second, tips not sharply pointed; subarticular tubercle persent. Tibiotarsal articulation reaches tubercles of fingers and toes not very distinct. in between tympanum and nostril. Dorsum geryish Toes entirely webbed tips not pointed; a blunt, and warty. Venter whitish and smooth. not shovel shaped inner metatarsal tubercle present. Distribution: ValmiJi -Tiger Reserve (Bihar). outer metatarsal tubercle absent. Tibiotarsal As mentioned in the Material examined. It is a articulation reaches in btween posterior end of broadly distributed species in India and found eye and nostril. The heels overlaping when the limbs are folded at right angles to the body. Dorsum almost all the biotopes of the Country, and olive green with darker spots, distinct warts and Andaman and Nicobar. Also Eastern Asia from long glandular folds. Venter whitish and smooth. Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and China to Japan. Distribution: Valmili Tiger Reserve (Bihar). As mentioned in the Material examined. It is Remarks: First report from the area. Annandale common throughout India from base of Himalaya and Rao (1980) and Venkateswarlu and Murthy to Southern part of the Country, and Andaman. (1972) reported it from Bihar and Sarkar (1991) Elsewhere : Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh. Sri from South Bihar. Small frog generally found Lanka, Myanmar, South China and Thailand. inside bush grown on moi;)t soil, and on moist forest bed covered with thick canopy of trees. Remarks: First report from the area. Annandale and Rao (1980) and Venkateswarlu and Murthy Status : Very common. (1972) reported it from Bihar and Sarkar (1991) from South Bihar. Commonest and largest species 7. Raila tigerina Daudin of edible frogs. It frequents inside the bushes (Indian Bull Frog) grown on the banks of ditches, ponds, canals and lakes. '()3. Rana tigerina Daudin, Hist. Rain. Gren. Crap., : 64. Status : common. Fauna of Valmiki Tiger Reserve 48

8. Rana crassa lerdon day inside the crevices on elivated walls of ditches, (Jerdon's Bull Frog) ponds, rivers and canals.

1835. Rana crassa Jerdon, J. Asiat. Soc .. Beng., 22 Status : common. : 531. Genus 5. Tomopterna Dumeril and B ibron 1972. Rana crassa : Venkateswarlu and Murthy, Indian J. Zoo I. 13 (3) : 129. 1841. Tomoptern.a Dumeril and Bibron, Erp. Gen., 1991. Rana crassa : Sarkar, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 8. : 443. 89 (1-4) : 215. 9. Tomopterna hreviceps (Schneider) Material examined: 2 ex., Manguraha, 5. ix. (Burrowing Frog) 1996 ; 1 ex., Thori, 15. ix. 1996 ; 3 ex,"", Chanpatia, 8. ix. 1996 ; 2 ex., Bakri, 10. ix. 1996 ; 1 ex., 1799. Rana breviceps Schneider, Hist Amph., 1 : 140 Ramnagar, 11. ix. 1996; 1 ex., F. R. House, 1920. Rana breviceps : Boulenger, Rec. In.dian Mus., Gobardhana, 12. ix. 1996 ; 1 ex., Bhgha, 13. ix. 20 : 103-105. 1999 ; 1 ex.,' Madanpu~, 15. ix. 1996; 1 ex., 1986. Tomopterna breviceps : Inger and Dutta. J. Valmiki Nagar, 17. ix. 1996. All colI. S. Ray. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc .. 83: 138. Total length: 39 mm. 68 nun. from snout 1991. Tomopterna breviceps : Sarkar, Rec. zool. to vent. Surv. India. 89 : (1-4) : 215. Diagnostic Character: Head a little broader Material examined: 4 ex., Manguraha, 4-5. t~an long ; snout generally beyond the mouth. ix. 1996 ; 1 ex., Bakri, 10. ix. 1996 ; 3 ex:, ~ longer than the diameter of the eye ; nostril R. House Compound, Gobar~hana; 11-12.' ~x:. generally equidistant from the tip of snout and the 1996 ; 2 ex., Ramnagar;.) 1. ix. 1996 ; 1 ex., eye; interorbital width much smaller than that of Babha, 13. ix. 199q ; 1 ex., ~adanptir," 15. ix. upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, nearly equal to 1996 ; 2 ex., Vah:nik,i Nagar;. 18. ix. 1996. All the diameter of the eye. Fingers free, first longer colI. S. Ray. than sedond ; subarticular tubercles of fingers Total length : '16 mm. - 52 mm. from snout and toes feebly distinct. Toes entirely webbed, penultimate phalange of fourth toe free. tips not to vent. pointed ; a highly developed, shovel-shaped inner Diagnostic Character: Head broader than metatarsal tubercle present, outer metatarsal long; snout rouneded. not projecting beyond the tubercle absent. Tibiotarsal articulation reaches mouth, shorter than the diameter of the eye ; the tympanum or the eye. The heels do not overlap nostril equidistant from the tip of the snout and when the limbs are folded at right angle to the the eye ; interorbital width is smaller than that of body. Dorsum light greyish with interrupted long the upper eyelid; tympanunl distinct, more or less warts. Venter dull whitish with darker sports on half diameter of the eye. Fingers free, first much throat. and smooth. longer than second, tips swollen, subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes well-developed. Toes Distribution : Valmili Tiger Reserve (Bihar). 1/4 to 1/2 webb~d ; a highly developed, large, As mentioned in the Material examined. West shovel-shaped inner metatarsal tubercle present, Bengal; Andhra Pr~desh. ; Kerala ; Tamilnadu; outer metatarsal tubercle absent. Tibiotarsal Orrissa and Uttar Pradesh in India. Also Sri Lanka. articulation reaches ax il or shoulder. Dorsum Remarks: First report from the area. Annandale greyish and warty. Venter whitish and granular. and Rao (J 980) and Venkateswarlu and Murthy Distribution: Valmiki Tiger Reserve (Bihar). ( 1972) repolted it from Bihar and Sarkar (1991) As mentioned in the Material examined. The from South Bihar. Fairly big-sized frog. Nocturnal species is available all over the plains of India. in habit. It is an edible burrowing frog that spends Also Sri Lanka, Nepal and Mayanmar. RAY : Amphibia 49

Remarks : First report from the area. eyelid ; tympanum distinct, about three-fourth V~swarlu and Murthy (1972) reported it from diameter of the eye. Fingers with rudimentary Bibar and Sarkar (1991) from South Bihar. web, first equals the second, tips of fingers and Medium sized frog. Burrowing and nocturnal in toes bear horse~shoe shaped distinct discs ; habit. One example of frog collected from subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes distinct. Oobardhana, one example of frog collected from Toes nearly three-fourth weebed, two phalanges Va I miki Nagar and another from Ramnagar of fourth toe free ; a distinct oval inner metatarsal possess broad mid-dorsal yellowish stripe from tubercle present. Outer metatarsal tubercle absent. $Qout to vent. Tibiotarsal articulation reaches in between _us : Common in Valmiki Tiger Reserve. posterior end of eye and tip of snout. Dorsum brownish with light darker sports and smooth. Family IV. RHACOPHORIDAE Venter dull whitish and granular. Distribution: Valmiki Tiger Reserve (Bihar). This family is represented in Valmiki Tiger As mentioned in the Material examined. The Reserve by one species of the genus Polypedates. species is available throughout the plains of India Genus 6. Polypedates Tschudi in general. Also Sri Lanka.

1838. Polypedates Tschudi, chassif, Batr. : 34. Remarks : first report from the area. Venkateswarlu and Murthy (1972) reported it from 10. Polypedates maculatus (Gray) Bihar and Sarkar (1991) from South Bihar. (Tree Frog) Medium sized frog. Nocturnal in habit. one 1832. Hyla maculata Gray. III Indian Zool. 1 pI. 82 example collected from the tree trunk of a Mango fig. 1 tree at Manguraha.

1986. Polypedates maculatus : Inger and Dutta, 1. Status : Rare. lJombay nat. Hist. Soc., 83 : 139. 1991. ,Polypedales maculatus : Sarkar, Rec. zool. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT $u-rv. India. 89 (1-4) : 216. The author is highly indebted to Dr. J. R. B. ~l examined : 1 ex., Kotraha, 7. vi. Alfred, Director, Zoological Survey of India for 19i~, ,8. ~hala'aborty. 1. ex., Valmiki Nagar, 13 providing facilities to carry out this work. To Mr. xi. 1995 ; lex., F. R. House. Manguraha, 5. ix. A. K. Sarkar, Ex-Scientist- SE of Z. S. 1. and to 1996; 1 ex., F. R. House, Gobardhana, 12 ix. Dr. S. K. Chanda, Scientist-SE of our department 1996. All coIl. S. Ray. for kindly going' through the manuscript. Tottlilength ': 32 mm. '- 61 mm. from snout to vent. SUMMARY l)iagnostic Character: Vomerine teeth 'present. The paper is consisting of 152 examples of Head broader than long, skin on head free ; snout anurans belong to 10 species, 6 genera and 4 pointed. projecting a little beyond the mouth, families. All the species are recorded for the first generally longer than the diameter of the eye ; time from the area. Keys and short diagnostic nostril nearer the tip of the snout than the eye ; characters of the species have been added in the interorbital width broader than that of the upper paper for deteflTlination of the species. 50 Fauna of Valmiki nger Reserve

REFERENCES

Annandale, N. and Rao, C. R. N. 1918. The tadpoles of the "families Ranidae and Bufondae found in the plains of India. Rec. Indian Mus .. 15 (3) : 25-40. Boulenger, G. A. 1890. The fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia. London (Taylor & Francis), PP. xviii + 541. Boulenger. G. A. 1920. A monograph of the South Asian, Papuan, Melanesian and Australian Frogs of the Genus Rana Rec. Indian Mus.. 20 : 1-226. Inger. R. F. and Dutta, S. K. 1986. An overview of the amphibian fauna of India J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc .. 83 (Supplement) : 135-146. Parker, H. W. 1934. A monograph of the Frogs of family Microhylidae ; London (Trustees of British Museum), pp. viii + 208, 67 fig. Sarkar, A. K. 1991. The amphibians of Chota Nagpur (Bihar), India. Rec. zool. Surv. India 89 : (1-4) : 209-217. Venkateswarlu, T. and Murthy, T. S. N. 1972. Fauna of Bihar State (India), 2-Amphibia. Indian J. Zoot.. 13 : (3) : 129-130. Zool. Surv. India Fauna of Conservation Areas No. 10 : Fauna of Valmiki Tiger Reserve: 51 - 64, 1998

REPTILIA S. SUR, N. C. GAYEN, SMT. G. DASGUPrA & S. RAHA Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta

INTRODUCTION 1. Malanochelys tricarinata Blyth The present paper is based on a collection Order II SQUAMATA made from Valmiki Tiger Reserve covering north­ Sub Order: SAURIA east part of Bihar including West Champaran District. Most of the species listed were collected Family 2 GEKKONIDAE from Madanpur, Kotraha, Valmikinagar, Genus (2) HEMIDACTYLUS Gobardhana and Munguraha area of the Reserve 2. Ifemidactylus brookii Gray Forest. A few specimens from adjacent area will probably be additions to the reptiles fauna of 3. Hemidactylus leschenaulti Dum & Bibr. Valmiki Reserve Forest. The diverse fauna of the 4. Hemidactylus flaviviridis RuppeU reserve forest is due to its varied ecological 5. Hemidactylus Jrenatus Dum & Bibr. conditions. Valmiki Tiger Reserve forest covers an area of 910 sq. km., of which 335 sq. Ion., Family 3 AGAMIDAE has been decleared core area. The Reserve forest Genus (3) CALOTES extends over hills and plains. Mixed forest includes 6. Calotes versicolor (Daudin) plantations as well as natural patches of Sisso, Khair, Segun, Sal, Amla and also bamboo cane, Genus (4): SITANA bushes and stretches of grassland. Large number 7. Sitana ponticeriana Cuvier of rainfed as well as overflowing streams and nullahs criss cross the forest. These res\llt in Family 4 SCINCIDAE various habitats. Genus (5) MABUYA The species Ophiophagus hannah, Phytho,I. 8. Mabuya carinata (Schneider) molurus and varanus bengalensis were observed in the field and are probably rare, although they. 9. Mabuya macularia (Blyth) are found in the reserve forest area. Genus (6): RIOPA The authors anticipate that the fauna will increaSe with more intensive field surveys. 10. Riopa albopunctata Gray In the present paper, a dichotomous key to the 11. Riopa punctata (Gmelin) genera and species for identification in the. field Genus (7): SCINCELLA has been provided, in addition to the s~atus of every species has been included. 12. Scincella sikkimensis (Blyth)

LIST' OF SPECIES Genus (8): SPHENOMORPHUS Systematic List 13. Sphenomorphus maculatum (Blyth) Sub Order (2) : SERPENTES Order I TESTUDINES Family 5 TYPHLOPIDAE Family I BATAGURIDAE Genus (9) RAMPHOTYPHLOPS Genus (1) MELANOCHELYS 52 Fauna of Valmiki Tiger Reserve

14. Ramphotyphlops braminus (Daudin) 1. Melanochelys tricarinata (Blyth)

Family 6 : BOIDAE 1856. Geoemyda tricarinate Blyth, J. Asiat. Soc. Genus (10): PYTHON Bengal, 24. p. 714.

15. Python molurus (Linnaeus) 1869. M'elanochelys tricarinata Gray, Proc. Zool London. : 187. Genus (11) : ERYX Material examined: Bihar, West Champaran, 16. Eryx john;; john;; (Russell) Munguraha, 1 ex., 8.9.96 and Gobardhatta. 1. Family 7 : COLUBRIDAE ex., 11.9.96, Call. S. Sur & Party. Genus (12): SIBYNOPHIS Diagnostic character: Carapace elongated 17. Sibynophis sagittarius (Cantor) tricarinate, shell arched with steep sides; carapace keels low; marginals unserrated; axillary ~es Genus (13) : PTYAS present, inguinal absent; plastron long, nQ1;f;hed 18. Ptyas mucosus (Linn.) posteriorly; head moderate; snout short tnincate; skin of the posterior of the forehead divided into Genus (14) : AMPHIESMA large shiel~s; fingers half webbed; toes almost 19. Amphiesma stolata (Linn.) free; the outer surface of fore limbs with enlarged Genus (15) : XENOCHROPHIS scales, Carapace dark olive; grey black or reddish brown, with pale yellow keels, plastron yellow or 20. Xenochrophis piscator (Schneider) orange, head and limbs grey black. A red stripe Genus (16) : L yeODON extend from the nostri~s, across the eyes, to the neck, another from the angle of the jaws to the 21. Lycodon striatus (Shaw) neck, in both the side of the head reason. <:Jenus (7) : BOIGA Distribution : Valmiki Tiger Reserve Forest itS 22. Boiga trigonata (Schneider) stated above under mf;lterial. Elsewhere : The Genus (18): DENDRELAPHIS species is distributed along the Himalayan JOOt hills from U. P. to Arunachal ~sl)~ Assam 23. Dendrelaphis pic~us (Linn.) (Manas.Tiger Reserve), Bihar (Chaibassa, Vicil)ity Genus (19) : CHRYSOPELEA of Gandak Dam) Arunachal Pradesh (Dafla biUi), and West Bengal (J alpalauri Dist. of North 24. Chrysopelea ornata (Shaw) Bengal). Family (8): ELAPIDAE Remarks : A terrestrial species, the tricarinate Genus (20) : BUNGARUS hill turtl~ is found in gr~sland along· the river I . 25. Bungarus Jasciatus (Schn¢i.der) Ganga and Br.ibmaputra at the foQt . of the -HimalayAS as well as the billy country in' the Genus (21) : NAJA vicinity, ~ forest types utilised being moist.. 26. Naja naja (Linn.) deciduoui as well as wet evergreen.

Genus (22) : OPHIOPHAGUS Status :' .The s~ies is listed in SchedUle I of .the Iodi. Wildlife (Protection). A..;:t. of 1972. 27. Ophiophagus hannah (Canter) Order II SQUAMATA Family 1. BATAGURIDAE Suborder SAURIA Genus (1) Melanochelys Grary; 1869. S. SUR : et. at : Reptilia 53

KEY TO THE FAMILIES 1906. Hemidactylus brooki Annandale, Mem. Asftl1 .. Soc. Beng. 1 : 183. 1. Top of head with symmetrical shields., ...... 2. ·Material examined: Valmiki Tiger Reserve Top of head without symmetrical shields .. 3. Forest Bihar, Ganouli, 2 ex., 8.11".95'& 10.1 t.95, Valmikinagar 1 ex., Manguraha, 3 ex., 4.9_96, 2. Body covered with osteodermal plates, Call. S. Sur & Party. femoral pores absent ...... Scinc~dae. Measurement: Snout to vent 21-40 min. tail 3. Eye with movable eyelids, digits free .... 4. 22-45 mm. Eye without movable eye lids; digits clawed Diagnostic character: Head moderate· large, Gekkonidae. snout obtusely pointed. 8 to 10 upper and ~ 7" to 4. Tongue not duh-shaped ...... Agamidae 9 lower labials. Back with conical tu13ercles arranged in regular rows colour brown or varying Family : GEKKONIDAE shades of grey with brown spots, whitish below. Femoral and preanal pores vary from 15 to 27. Key to the species of genus Hemidactylus Distribution : Valmiki Tiger Reserve in Bihar. 1. Enlarged dorsal tubereles numerous, Elsewhere; Throughout the Indian region. It also stronghly keeled arranged in regular occurs in Southeast and Western Asia and the longitudinal series ...... 2. northern half of Africa. '

Enlarged dorsal tubercles not numerous, Remarks: Although a domestic gecko but is feebly keeled, not regular by arranged . .4. also found far away fron1 human habitations.

2. Free distal phalanx of inner digit half as Status : Common .. long as the dilated portion ...... 3. 3. Hemidactyius leschenaulti Dumeril & Bibron. 3. Dorsal tubereles large, back with dark spots ...... brookii. (Bark Gecko)

4. Free distal phalanx of inner digit half as 1836. Hemidactylus leschenaulti Dum & Bibr. Erp. long as the dilated portion, males with Gen. 3. : 364. femoral pores only ...... 5. Material examined: Valmiki Tiger Reserve Pree distal phalanx of inner digit not half Forest Bihar Valmikinagar 1 ex., 12.11.95. Kothra as long as the dilated portion ..... frenatus 2 ex., 5.11.95 & 18.9.96, Manguraha 1 ex .. 8.9.96, ColI. S. SUr & party. 5. Tail with enlarged tubereles above; 9 to 11 lamellae under the fourth toe leschenaultii Measurement: Snout to vent 35 to 42; tail 36 to 40 mm. Tail with enlarged tubereles above 11 to 14 Diagnostic character: Body stout with a lateral lamellae under the fourth toe ...... jiaviviridis fold upper labials 10 to 12 and lower 8 to 10. Body dorsally .. covered with fine granu les Genus 2 Hemidactylus, Oken 1817. iiltermixed with small tubercles irregularly scattered scales on the belly small rounded, 2. Hemidactylus brookii Gray imbricate. 9 to 11 lamellae under the fourth toe, (Brook's Gecko) 6 to 7 under the first. 10 to 17 femoral on each side in the males. Grey above an,d white below. 1845. Hemidactylus brookii Gray, Cat. Liz. Brit. Back with conspicuous wavy cross bars. A dark Mus. : 153. line from the eye to ear on each side of the head. 54 Fauna of Valmiki Tiger Reserve'

Distribution : Valmiki Tiger Reserve Forest Measurement : Snout to vent 30 mm, tail in Bihar as mentioned in the material. Elsewhere 32 mm. : Sri Lanka and peninsular India. Diagnostic character : Snout obtusely pointed, Remarks : It is found mostly on large trees head rather large, 1st toeless than half of length where it conceals under bark several feet above of second; male with a continuons series of 23 or ground. more preano-femoral pores; dorsal tubercles Status : Common. scattered or partly in linear arrangement or absent. Dark browmish dorsally and dirty whitish belo~ .. 4. Hemidactylus flaviviridis Ruppell A dark stripe through the eye to the sides arid groin. Flanks with dark spots. (Yellow-bellied House Gecko) Distribution : Valmiki Tiger Reserve Forest in 1835. H emidactylus fla vi vi ridis RuppeU. Neue Wirb. Bihar. Elsewhere: Widely distribut~d in south Faun. Abyss, 18 Page PI. VI. fig. 2. India, Sri Lanka, Indo Malaya and Indo-China. Material examined: Valmiki Tiger Reserve Remarks. : It is a common house-gecko in Forest, Bihar, Kothra, 3 ex., 18.9.96, 4.11.95, south India. The species is recorded for the first 6.11.95, Ganouli, 1. ex., 8.11.95, Valmikinagar time from Valmiki Tiger Reserve Forest. 1. ex., 13.11.95, Manguraha, 1 ex., 4.9.95, ColI. S. Sur & party. Status : Common.

Measurement: Snout to Vent 45 to 18 rom., Family 3 : AGAMIDAE tail 50 to 79., Key to the genera of the family AGAMIDAE. Diagnostic Character: Moderately large house gecko, with 12 to 15 upper and 10 to 12 lower 1. Body not depressed ...... 2. labials, 7 to 10 lamellae under the first and 11 to 14 under the fourth toe. Tail swollen at the 2. Dorsal crest present, five toes onl)' .' Calotes base. Body greyish above with five greenish brown * Dostal Crest absent. four toes only.... Sitana indistinct bands edged with white posteriorly. Genus (3) : Calotes Rafinesque, 1815. Belley white, scales with minute black dots.

Distribution : Valmiki Tiger Reserve Forest, 6. Calotes versicolor (Daudin) Bihar, Elsewhere: This species occurs from the shores of the Red Sea and around the Coasts of (Common Garden Lizard) Arabia and Iran, across northern India to West 1802. Agama versicolor. Daudin Hist. Nat. Repr. 3 Bengal and south to the vicinity of Mumbai. : 395. Remarks : It often in houses. It changes its 1853. Calotes Versicolor, Jerdon. 1. Asiat. Soc. Bellg. colouration. 22: 470. Status : Common. Material examined : Valmiki Tiger Reserve Forest-Bihar: Gonouli, 2 ex., 8.11.95 & 14.9.96 5. Hemidactylus frenatus Dumeril & Bibron. Gaunaha 6 ex., 7.9.96, Chanpatia, I ex., 11.9.96, Kotra, 4.11.95, Valmikillagar, 1 ex., 12.11.95, (South Asian Gecko) Thori, 4 ex., 10.9.96. ColI. S. Sur & Party. 1836. Hemidactylus Jrenatus Dumeril & Bibron Measurement: Snout to vent 38 to 55 mm., Erp. Gen. Paris 3 : 366. tail 45 to 155 rom., !y1aterial examined: Valmiki Tiger Reserve Diagnostic Character : Body is laterally Forest, Bihar. Manguraha, 1 ex., 8.9.96, ColI. compressed, head oval, dorsal scales strongly S. Sur & party. keeled. Two distinct spines on each side of head S. SUR : et. al : Reptilia 55 behind tympanum. Dorsa-nuchal crest well Family 4 : SCINCIDAE developed extending from nape to above vent in Key to the genera of the family Scincidae the male. Tail long and rounded. Greyish brown above with dark transverse bars, belly whitish 1. Pterygoid bones seperated from one another, with dark streaks. Tail with dark brown cross bar. the palated notch reaching towards to the level of Head and shoulders of males tum orange or scarlet the centres of the eyes ...... Mabuya red. It exhibits considerable colour variation. Pterygoid bones not separated from one another, Distribution : Valmiki Tiger Reserve Forest in the palated notch not reaching towards to the level Bihar. Elsewhere: widely distributed throughout of the centres of the eyes ...... 1. the Indian subcontinent and most of SE Asia. 2. Limbs present, usually well developed, no Remarks : An arboreal diurnal lizard of supra nasal. Tympanum not exposed ...... 3. gardens, hedges, scrubland and forest. Supra nasal present, limbs short or vestigial, body stout or elongated. Tympanum exposed .. .Riopa. Status : The commonest lizard of India. 3. Lower eyelid scaly ...... Sphenomorphus Genus (4) : SITANA CUVIER, 1829 Lower eyelid with a more or less transparent disc...... Scincell(l 7. Sitalla ponticeriana Cuvier Genus (5): MABUYA Rafinesque, 1826. (Fan-throated lizard) Key to the species of the genus M abuya 1844. Sitana pOllticeriana Cuvier Reg. Allim Rept. pI. 10 : fig. 2. Franta-nasal broder than long ...... carinate Material examined: Valmiki Tiger Reserve Franta-nasal not broader than long ...... macularia forest, Bihar. Mangurah : 1 ex., 5.9.96, Valmikinagar, 2' ex., 17.9.96, Kothra 1 ex., 8. Mabuya carinata (Schneider) 18.9.96, Chanpatia, 2 ex., 8.9.96, Call. S. Sur (Common or Brahminy Skink) & party. 1801. Scincus carinatus Schneider, Hist. Amph. 2 : Measurement : Snout to Vent 25 to 35 mm., 182. tail 55 to 60 mm. 1887. Mabuya carinata Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 3: 181. Diagnostic character: A small lizard easily distinguished among the other agamid lizards by Material examined : Valmiki Tiger Reserve its four toes. Body compressed, dorsal scales Forest, Bihar : Valmikinagar; 1 ex., 12.11.95, Kothra, 1 ex., 6.11. 95, Ganou/i, 1 ex., 10.11.95. pointing backwards and upwards, strongly keeled, Call. S. Sur & Party. no dorsal crest. Male with a gular pouch. Tail very long. Dorsally light or dark brown with a Measure1J1ent : Snout to Vent 76 to 130 mm., series of dark-brown, black edged rhomboidal tail 97 to 160 mm. spots on the back; belly whitish. Diagnostic Character: Head shields arranged symmetrically, one pair of nuchals, Fronto-nasal Distribution : Valmiki Tiger Reserve Forest, broader than long. Dorsal and lateral scales Bihar. Elsewhere: Whole of India up to the limit subequal with 3 or 5 distinct keels; 30-34 scales of the Ganges in the east. Out side India-Sri round the body. Digits moderately long, with Lanka. smooth or obtuse keeled lamellae, from 14-18 Remarks : Swift runner, inhabits all biotops under the 4th toe. Adult light bronze above with 4-6 rows of black dots on the back. A light band except the heavy rainfall forest and deserts. from behind the eye to the base of the tail. Belly Status : Common. white or yellow. 56 Fauna of Valmiki Tiger Reserve

Distribution : Valmiki Tiger Reserve 10. Riopa albopunctata Gray Forest,Bihar. Elsewhere : widely distributed in (Brown Dwarf Skink) the Indian penisula, outside India-SriLanka, Nepal and Bangladesh. 1846. Riopa albopunctata Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. 18 Remarks : A terrestrial diurnal lizard. : 430. Status : Very Common. Material examined: Valmiki Tiger Reserve Forest-Bihar. KQthra, 1 ex., 7.6.93. ColI. S. 9. Mabuya macularia (Blyth) Chakraborty. Measurement: Snout to vent 43mm., tail 51 (Bronz~ Grass Skink) nun. 1853. Euprepes macularius Bl.yth, J. Asiat. Soc. Diagnostic Character: Limbs reduced, body Beng. 22 : 652. elongated, lower ~yelid scaly; nuchal indistinct. 1887. Mabuya macularia Boulenger, Cat. Lix. Brit. Ear opening distinct with 1 or 2 minute lobules Mus. 3 : 182. on anterior margin. Tympanum deeply sunk. Body scales subequal or dorsal scales a little lager than Material examined : Valmiki Tiger Reserve the laterals, 12-15 lamellae under 4th toe. Tail Forest-Bihar Valmikinagar, 1 ex., ] 2.11.95, thicker at basco Brown or reddish brown above, Ganouli 2 ex., 11.11.95 & 9.11.95, Kothar, 4 ex., each scale with a distinct dark spot, fonning 4.11.95, Gobardhana, 2 ex., 9.9.96, ColI. S. Sur. longitudinal series. Yellowish white below. & party. Distribu'tion : Valmiki Tiger Reserve Forest in Measurement: Snout to vent 27~32 mm.~ tail Bihar. Elsewhere : Widely distributed in India 30-35 rom., . . from Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, 'Madhaya Pradesh, Diagnostic character : Sma~l size~ supranasal Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Bengal and Assam, absent, lower eyelid witJl large transparent disc. Outside-Napal. ear opening absent~ ~O .scales· round the body; Remarks: Lives under loose soil. dorsal scales la,rgest. Limbs short, pentadactyle. Tail with enlarged .pUlter: '~ody olive-greenish Status: Common. above wi'th 'shining'.inetanic'lustrre. A light stripe from supraciliary ,edge ,to tail base. Tail pinkish. 11. Riopa punctata (Gmelin). . Distribution :. Val!h.iki Tiger Reserve Forest­ (Dotted Garden Skink) Bi.ha~. Elsewhere: Indian peninsula. Outside India : Paki~um, Sri lanka, Bangladesh, South East and 1799. Scincus punctaflls Gmelin ,.Hist. Amphib: 197. East Asia. 1845. Riopa p,ullctata Gray, ,Cat. Liz. Brit. Remarks: It is terristrial, diurnal, insectivorus Mus. : 96. in habit. Material exanlined : Valmiki Tiger Reserve Status : Common. Forest, Bihar; Valmikinagar; 1 ex., date 12.11.95, Kothra, 5 ex., 4-7. 11-95 Ganouli, 3 ex., 8.11.95., Genus: Riopa Gray. 1839. Coil. S. Sur & party. Measurement: Snout to vent 22 to 54 mm., Key to the species of the genus Riopa tail 27 to 65 mm., Lower eye lid scaly, ear opening with 1 or 2 Diagnostic character: Elongated snake like minute lobules on anterior margin .. .albopunctata body with 5 fingers and 5 toes limbs. Lower Lower eye lid with an undivided transparent eyelid with an undivided transparent disc. Body disc ...... pUllctata. scales smooth, 24-22 scales round middle of body S. SUR : et. al : Reptilia 57 and 62-76 scales down middle of back. Umbs not Genus (8) : Spbenomorpbus Pope, 1935 developed, 4th toe quite longer than lrd, 11-14 13. Sphenomorphus maculatum (Blyth) lamellae under 4th toe. Tail thick at base. Colour brown above, each scale with a dark spm fonning 1853. Lissonota maculata BlythJ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. a longitudinal series; belly yellowish white. 22: 653. Distribution: Valmiki Tiger Reserve Forest­ 1935. Sphenomorphus maculatus C. H. Pope, Rept. Bihar, Elsewhere: Whole of India, except the China New York, 483. north-east. Outside India-Sri Lanka, Tonking Man­ Material examined: Valmiki Tiger Reserve soan Myanmar. Forest-Bihar, Kothra 1 ex.!, 7.11.95. C911. S. Sur Remarks : Lives under loose soil, diurnal, & party. insectivorous Measurement: Snout to vent 46 mm., tail 34 mm. States: Common. Diagnostic character : Body not elongated. Genus (7) : ScinceUa Mittleman, 1950. limbs well developed, rostral flat or concare prefrontals rather small, separated from one 12. Sclncella sikkimensis (Blyth) another, no nuchals; supra-orbital region prominent, 5 supra oculars, first longest. 5 the 1154. Mocoa sikkimensis Blyth J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. smallest, 10 to 12 supraciliaries; 2 loreals, 12: 652. tympanum not deeply sunk; 7 supralabials, the l'S2. Scincella -sikkimensis Mittlemen, Smithsonin. 5th and 6th below the eye, separated from it by Misc~ Coil. Washington, 117 (17) : 30. small scales, 38 to 42 scales round the body. Tail tapering gradually to a point. The leg reaches to Material examined : Valmiki Tigctr Reserve the elbow. Bronzy or brown above. whitish below. foreSt-Bihar: Kothra, 1 ex., 7.11.95, Coli. S. Distribution : Valmiki Tiger Reserve Forest­ Sur &. party. Bihar, as mentioned in the material. Elsewhere : ~easurent.ent : Snout to vent 23 rnm., tail 20 The Eastern Himalayas North Bengal, Assam & mm. Andaman and Nicobar Island. Outside India. S.W. Yunnan, Myanmar and Siam. 7;»agnostic character: Dorsal seal. distinctly targe than laterals. 22 to 24 scates fOun' the body, Remarks: It is a common oviparous lizard of ear without projecting lobules ear-opening smaller the Eastern Himalayas. The species is recorded th~ ,palpebral disc. the adpressed limbs do not for the 1st time from Valmiki Tiger Reserve Forest meet.or the leg may reach to the wrist; digits more of Bihar. c6n1f>tessed, t 5 to 17 lamellae beneath the 4th Status: Common in the Eastern Himalayan toe.• ronze-brown above with black, sometimes range. with small gold spots or short streaks arranged in longitudinal series, a dark brown stripe along Suborder : SERPENTES the upper part of the side of the head, neck and Family 5 : TYPHLOPIDAE body, pale bluish or whitish below. Genus (9) : Ramphotyphlops Fitzinger, 1843. Distribution: Valmiki Tiger Reserve Forest­ Bihar as mentioned in the material. Elsewhere : 14. Ramphotyplzlops branlinus (Daudin) The Ea~tc:rn Himalayas, Nurth Bengal, Bihar. (C.olnnlon Blind SWlkc) Outside India : Nep11L South Tibet.

\'gt)3. Eryx l'1raminu" j)(/ lI!h n. Ii Nat. Rept. RenulI1..s : Oviparous layin-g 4 to 6 e~. It is 1" 7 .' 279. -f~ 3~OOO and 10.000 feet altitude: Stunt.\ : Common in the Eastern Himalayan l%6. Ramphutypl!{O!J.\ ii/UI//II/US Rubb. Ann. & Mag. naT. His!. l) : h,)7- A7(). area. 58 Fauna of Valmiki TIger Reserve

Material examined: Valmiki Tiger Reserve Material examined: Seen in the field but not Forest Bihar. Valmikinagar, 1 ex., 5.11.95 and collected. Description based on literature. Gobardhana, 1 ex., 9.9.96. ColI. S. Sur & party. Diagnostic Character: Head flattened with a Measurenlent : Total length 115 mm. long snout; neck distinct. Head covered with large (Maximum). shields; labials pitted. Nostril large, directed Diagnostic character ~ Head bluntly rounded. upwards and situated high on the snout. Rostral Eyes indistinct. Rostral large, snout rounded; 4 and first two labials with sensory pits. Eyes smalls, upper labials, last two in contact with ocular. pupil vertical, iris flecked with glod. Chin with Nasal suture terminating at the edge of preocular. mental groove. Tail short and prehensile tapering Body uniformly cylindrical. Tail very shot ending abruptly. Colour greyish, whitish, or yellowish in in a small short stiff point 20 scales round the adults and in the young often a very. pretty shade body. Colour brown or blackish brown above lighter below, snout, anal region and end of tail of pink. A dark streak from eye to nostril in young pale. mayor may not be present in adult. A conspicuous dark, oblique band from eye to nape. On the back Distribution : Valmiki Tiger Reserve Forest, of head and nape is a large lance shaped mark Bihar. Elsewhere: Throughout the Oriental region, with a pale centre, Often fading anteriorly in Africa, Mexico and New Guinea. Introduced by adult. The body with series of large, roughly human agency in severals island of the pacific. quadrate patches from neck to tail dorsally. Remarks: Lives beneath the soil or stones and debris. They have also been found in floodplain Distribution : Valmiki Tiger Reserve Forest, forest under logs and stones. Often seen inside Bihar. Elsewhere : The range of the nominate is houses. It is a blind non-poisonous snake and confmed to peninsular India to the extreme limit recorded 1st time from this locality. of Sind and Punjab in the north-west and 'to Bengal Status : The most widespread species in the in the north-east. Also Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and genus. Nepal.

Family 6 : BOIDAE Remarks : These large non-poisonous snakes inhabit dense as well as open forest with rocky Key to the genera of the Family BOIDAE outcrops near marshes and streams.

A supraorbital bone; teeth to the premaxilla; Status : Protected under Schedule I of the head covered with large shields; labials India Wild life Act. 1972. pitted ...... Python. No supraorbital bone; No teeth on the premaxilla; Genus (11) Eryx Daudin, 1803 head covered with small shields; labials not pitted ...... Eryx. 16. Eryx lohnii johnii (Russell)

Genus (10) Python Daudin, 1803 (John's Sand Boa)

15. Python molurus (Linnaeus) 1801. Boa John;; Russell, Ind. Serpe 2 : 18 & 20 PIs 16 & 17. (Indian Rock Python) ]943. Eryx johnii Smith, Fauna Brit. indo 3 1758. Co/uher molurus Linnaeus Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 113-114. Stockholm, : 225. Material examined: Valmiki Tiger Reserve 1943. Python rnolurus Gray, Zool. Misc. Forest-Bihar: Valmikinagar, 1 ex., 13.11.95, ColI. London: 44. S. Sur & party. S. SUR : et. al : Reptilia 59

Measurement : Snout to vent 235 nun, tail Dentary bone not freely movable on the 15mm. articular ; usually less than 30 maxillary Diagnostic Character: Head not distinct from teeth ...... ; 4. neck, snout broad edge shaped, rostral shield wide 4. Scales in 15 to 19 rows ...... 5. and heavy, nostril slit like between enlarged nasals, upper labiasl 9 to 12, lower labials 13-18, mental 5. Internasal destinctly narrowed anteriorly groove present, no chin shields ; eye completely Xenochrophis. surrounded by 9 to 12 small scales, body robust, Internasal broadly truncate anteriorly ..... cylindrical with very little taper; tail completely Amphiesma. blunt. Body scale small, smooth. Head scales a little larger than back scales. Eye small ; pupil 6. Head elongate, distinct from neck ...... 7. vertically elliptical ; iris spotted with ruddy gold. Tail short, stumpy, rounded at its end and in 7. Maxillary teeth 20-28 ...... Ptyas. general form very similar to the head. Colour 8. Maxillary teeth 18-20, subequal ; Scales in sandy grey or yellcwish above, the scales edged 17 rows ...... Chrysopelea with dark borwn or entirely brown above, the scales edged with dark brown or entirely brown 9. Pupil vertical ...... Boiga above ; uniform or with more or less distinct dark 10.Pupil horizontal ...... Dendrelaphis transverse bands ; these bands usually distinct on the tail ; lower parts whitish, spotted with dark Genus (14) Amphiesma Dumeril & B ibron, 1854 brown or almost entirely brown. Distribution : Bihar : Valmiki Tiger Reserve, 19. Amphiesma stolate (Linnaeus) Forest, W. Champaran District, as stated in the material. Elsewhere : Widely destributed in the (Striped keelback) plains of the Indian subcontinent In hills, up to 1758. Coluber stolate Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 10th about 600m elevation. Ed: 219 and 12th Ed. 1966: 379 Remarks : That the snake has two he~ds is belief held all over the country due to its stumpy 1854. Amphiesma stolatam, Dumeril & Bibron. Erp. rounded tail and in general from is similar to the Gen. Paris, 7(1) :727. head. It is a non poisonous snake arid 1st time Material examined: Valmiki Tiger Reserve recorded from this locality. Forest, Bi~ar : Munguraha. 2 ex., 8. 9.9.1996. CoIl. S. Sur & party. St~tus : Recorded as common in some areas. Measurement: Snout to vent 152 to 288 Family 7 : COLUBIDAE rom, tail 47 to 82 nun., Sub-family: COLUBRINAE Diagnostic Character: Internasal broadly Key to ~he genera of sub family COLUBRINAE truncate anteriorly; nostrils slightly directed upwards. 8 upper labials. 3rd, 4th and 5th touching 1. All the teeth solid ...... 2. the eye. Nasals not touching the 2nd upper labials, All the teeth not solid, last 2 or 3 mixillary rostral touching 6 shields, a single anterior temporal. Scales in 19 rows, strongly keeled, teeth grooved ...... 10. except the outer rows, which in smooth. Colour 2. Hypapopbyses present throughout the olivaceous brown. A pair of conspicuous bulf vertebral cloumn ...... 3. stripes covering one whole or two half rows of scales front neck or forebody to tip of tail. Head 3. Dentary bone freely moveble on the olivaceous-brown, whitish, yellowish, orange on articular; 30 to 50 maxillary teeth present tips. Belly white with some small scattered black Sibynophis spots. 60 Fauna of Valmiki Tiger Reserve

Distribution : Valmiki. Tiger Reserve Forest, from Baluchistan to Assam and into upper West champaran Dist. of Bihar: as mentioned in Myanmar. the material. Elsewhere : The whole of India. Remarks: Frequent water and is very common Remarks: A remarkably inoffen~ive and gentle in tanks paddy fields pools and rivers. Non snake, common in fields, grassy and q.Jltivated poisonous snake and 1 st recorded from this areas of open country during the rainy season. It locality. is a non poisonous snake and first time recorded Status: The commonest freshwater snake. from this locality. Status: A common snake in the plains. Genus (13) Ptyas Fitzinger, 1843.

Genus ,( 1S) Xenochrophis Gunther, 1864-. 18. Ptyas mucosus (Linnaeus)

20. Xenochrophis piscator (Schneider) (Cheekered keelback) 1758. Coluber mucosus Linnaeus, Mus. Ad. Frid. 1 (Cheekered keel back) : 37 and SYst. Nat. Ed. 10. 1758 : 226 1799. Hydrus piscator Schneider, Hist. Amph. 1 : 1861. Ptyas mucosus, E.D. Cope Proc. Acad Nat. 247. Schi. Philadelphia 12 : 563. 1965. Xenochrophis piscator. Malnate and Minton, Material examined: Valmiki Tiger Reserve Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 117 : 19. Forest Bihar. Munguraha 1 ex., .9.1996. CoIl. S. Material examined: Valmiki Tiger Reserve Sur & party. Forest, Bihar. Valmikinagar, 13.'11.95. Coil. S. Measurement: Standard length 1290 1335 Sur & party. mm., Measurement : Snout to vent 430 mm. tail Diagnostic character : Maxillary teeth 20 to 215 rnm., 28. Head long, distinctly wider than neck; snout bluntly pointed; rostal higher than wide; nostril Diagnostic Character: Head slightly flattened, between naslas and first upper labial; 3 loreals, distinct from neck ; snout bluntly pointed, rostral 2 preocular, 2 postocular, 8 upper labials, 4th and wider than high. Internasal distinctly narrowed 5th touching eye, 9 or 10 lower labials. Eyes large anteriorly ; nobtril between nasals ~ single large and lustrous. Scale rows at midbody 17 and 14 loreal ; eye moderate size, with round pupil, 9 to 12 two bead-lengths before vent. Body robust, supralabials, 4th & 5th touching the eye, the 6th compressed, tapering towards both ends. Tail excluded by the lowest postocular, Body stout ~ cylindrical about one-fourth total. Colour scales in 19 rows, more or less -distinctly keeled, olivaceous brown or dull tan to dark olive brown except the outer one or two rows which are smooth. scales on the posterior part irregularly marginal Colour yellowish or olivaceous above with black with black forming a raticulate pattern to fonn spots quincuncially arranged; belly uniform crossbars. Lips and ventral scales marginal with black. Belly greyish white. whitish or yel1owish, head olive-brown abo.ve, with two oblique black streaks, one below, the Distribution : Valmiki Tiger Reserve Forest, other behind the eye. The dorsal spots are arranged Bihar : as mentioned in the material. Elsewhere in five seles, namely, a vertebral 2 dorso-Iateral : Throughout the Indian sub-continent, Sir Lanka and Myanmar. In the west, extends to Afganistan and 2 lateral. Together they form a chess-board and Turkestan. In the east, to south China. pattern. Remarks: Diurnal in habits but in populated Distribution : Valmiki Tiger Reserve Forest, areas may not be commonly seen during the day. Bihar : as mentioned in the material. Elsewhere It is a non poisonous snake and 1st time recorded : It in found throughout the Indian subcontinent from this locality. S. SUR : et. al : Reptilia 61

Status : A common snake in all parts of the Genus (12) Sibynopbis Fitzinger, 1843. country. 17. Sibynophis sagittarius (Cantor)

Genus (17) Boiga Fitzinger, 1826. (Cantor's Black Headed Snake)

22. Boiga trigonata (Schneider) 1839. Calamaria sagittaris Cantor, Proe. Zoo!. Soc. (Indian Gamma or Cat Snake) London: 49.

1802. Coluber trigonatus Schneider, in Beehst. 1943. Sibynophis sagittarius. Smith, Fauna Brit. Transl Laeep. 4 : 256. India, 3 : 280.

1943. Boiga trigonata. Smith, Fauna Brit. Ind. 3 : Material examined: Valmiki Tiger Reserve 349-350. Forest, Bihar: Valmikinagar, 1 ex., 7.11.1995. CoB. S. Sur & party. Material examined : VaImiki Tiger Reserve Forest, Bihar. Munguraha 1 ex., 9.9.1996, and Measurement : Snout to vent 180 mm., tail 51 Gounaha, 2 ex., 6.9.96., CoIl. S. Sur & party. mm. Diagnostic Character: Snout broad and more Measurement Snout. to vent 305 to x rounded, 7 supralabials. 3rd and 4th touching 610 mm. tail 73 to 137 rom, Standard length eye; parieteal touches both postoculars. Colour 450-470 mm, light brown above, with a vertebrl series of black Diagnostic Character: Head triangular, much dots; greyish brown on the sides, the colour wider than thin neck, rather flat, rostal strongly occupying four scale rows, and bordered above concave below, slightly wider than high; nostril with black; head nape dark brown or black, with large between nasals; loreal present; eye large, a larger elongate oval patch of yellow on each with vertically elliptical pupil, 1 preocular and 2 side of the back of the head. Lower parts yellow, postoculars; 8 supra labials, 3rd 4th and 5th with a black dot on the outer edge of each ventral touching eye. 10-11 lower labials. Scales in 21 scale. : 21 : 15 rows. Ground colour yellowish brown, Distribution : Valmiki Tiger Reserve Forest, sandy or fawn, uniform or mottled with darker Bihar, as mentioned in the material. Elsewhere: shades. Dorsally a series of dark 'Y' shaped mark North-eastern India from the Central and Northern which meet at the centre and resemnble India to Bangladesh. arrowheads. The marking fade before or at the Remarks : It is a non poisonous snake and 1st vent. Belly white. Head with a pair of lung-shaded time recorded from this locality. brown patches often bordered with black. A narrow dark streak from behind eye to gape. Status: Indeterminate.

Distribution : Valmiki Tiger Reserve Forest Genus (19) Chrysopelea Boie, 1826. Bihar: as mentioned in the material. Elsewhere : The whole of the peninsular India to Baluchistan 24. Cyrysopelea ornate (Shaw) (pakistan) in the west to Assam in the east. Sri (Golden Tree Snake) Lanka, Nepal and Bangladesh. 1802. Coluber ornatus Shaw, Gen. Zool. London Remarks : Essentially arboreal, frequenting 3 (2) : 477. bushes, scrub or trees, usually close to ground. It is a non poisonous snake and 1st time recorded 1807. Chrysopelea ornata, Boje, Isis, Oken Jena 20 : Col. 546. from this locality. Material examined: Valmiki Tiger Reserve Forest. Status : A fairly common snake in India Bihar: Valmikinagar : 1 ex., 18.9.1996. CoIl. S. Sur ascending up to about 150 m. & party. 62 Fauna of Valmiki TIger Reserve

Measurement : Snout to vent 431 nun., tail and the Eastern Himalayas to Southern China. 142 nun., Common in many places, both in the hills and in the plains. Diagnostic Character : Head distinct from neck; eye large with round pupil; internasals Remarks : It is a non poisonous snake and 1st shorter than the prefrontals; loreal elongate; 1 time recorded from this locality. large preocular; 2 postoculars; temporals 2+2; 9 Status : Common. supralabials, 4th just touching, 5th and 6th below the eye~ last ventral shield divided, colour green Genus (16) Lycodon Boie, 1836. above, each scale with a black median line; a series of large reddish or orange vertebral spots 21. Lycodon striatus (Shaw) present. (Shaw's Wolf Snake) Distribution : Valmiki Tiger Reserve Forest, 1802. Coluber striatus Shaw, Gen. Zool. 3. : 527. Bihar as stated in the material : Orissa Western 1870. Lycodon _striatus, Stoliczka, J. Asiat. Soc. Ghats. Elsewhere: The whole of the Indo-chinese Beng. ~9 : 200. region. Remarks: It is a common snake with diurnal Material examined: Valmiki Tiger Reserve Fotest, Bihar: Munguraha 1 ex., 20.9.96, CoIl. habits and found in human habitations. S. Sur &. patty. Status : Cornmon. ~~1fl : Snout to vent 250 nun., tail Genus (18) DendreJaphis Boulenger, 1890. SU i1lm'9 Diagnostic Character : Snout projecting 23. Dendrelaphis pictus (Gmelin) beyond the lower jaw; anterior nasal larger than the posterior; loteal in contact with the internasal, (Painted Bronze-back) not touching tbe eye; a preocular. 8 supralabials. 17 scales found the mid body. Colour dark brown 1758. Coluber aheatulla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. Ed. with 13 white crossbars on body which divide on 10 : 225. the sides to enclose triangular spots of the body 1934. Dendrelapis pictus, Mertens, Arch. Hydrobiol, colour. Belly and upper lip white. Stuttgart 12(4): 693. Distribution : Valmiki Tiger Reserve Forest, Material examined: Valmiki Tiger Reserve Bihar. as stated in the material. Elsewhere : Forest Bihar: Munguraha 1 ex., 10.9.1996, Peninsular India, Westwards to Iran and to the CoIl. S. Sur & party East up to Bihar. Also Sri Lanka. Measurement : Snout to vent 305 mm., tail Remarks : A timed snake which hides its head 98mm., beneath its coil if disturbed. It is a non poisonous snake and 1st time recorded from this locality. Diagnostic Character: Snout broadly rounded; internasals usually a little shorter than the Status: Indeterminate. prefrontals; temporals 1+2; 9 supralabials 4th touching, 5th and 6th below the eye; vertebral Family 8 : ELAPIDAE scales enlarged not broader at mid-body than the Key to the genera of the family ELAPIDAE scales of the outer row. Scales in the 15 rows; a black temporal stripe present. 1. Maxillary bone extending forwards beyond the palatine ...... 2 Distribution : Valmiki Tiger Reserve Forest, Bihar, as mentioned in the material. Elsewhere : Maxillary bone not extending forwards The whole of the Indo-chinese region from Bengal beyond the palatine ...... Bungarus. S. SUR : et. al : Reptilia 63

2. Vertebral series of scales enlarged ...... Genus (2): NAJA LAURENTI, ] 768 Ophiophagus. Vetebral series of scales not 26. Naja naja (Linnaeus) enlarged ...... 3. (Indian Cobra) 3. Scales in 15-25 rows on the body; scales oblique ...... Naja. 1758. Coluber naja Linnaeus Syst. Nat. ] Oth ed: 221. 1907. Naja naja Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., Genus (20) Bung~ Daudin, 1803. Washington, 58 : 394.

25. BURlfi'1,I.& fasciatus (Schneider) Material examined: Valmiki Reserve Forest, Bihar. Munguraha, 2 ex., 6.9.1996, CoIl. S. Sur (Ban~d Krait) & party. 1801. PseudoboaJascir;.tus Schnewer, Hist. Amph. Measurement: Snout to vent 327 to 770 mm., 2: 283. tail 46 to 147 mm.,

1803. Bangarus iqscia.tus, Daudin, fflsJ. Nat. Rtpt. Diagnostic Character: Head depressed with 5: 263. ~ott, rounded snout. Nostrils large, pupil round. Head shields glossy, body with a more or less Milterial CX(Jmined : Valmiki Ti~r ~serve distinct groove down the spine~ 1 preoculars and Forest, Bihar. Munguraha, 1 ex., 10.9.1996, CoIl. 3 postoculars. 7 upper labials, 3rd largest, touching S. Sur & party. both nasal and eye. 8 lower labials, small traingular shield (cuncate) between 4th and 5th lower labial Measurement : Sn~ut to vent 470 mm, tail at oral margin. Scale rows across widest part of 48 mm., hood usually 25 and 13-15 rows just anterior to vent. Extremely variable in coluration and Diagnostic Character : Head broad and markings. Three races are recognised on the basis depressed, snout short, eye black, pupil very faintly of hood patter.n. Indian cobras generally buff, outlined in yellow. Neck distinct. Body smooth brown or black in colour. The dorsal pattern and glossy. A prominent ridge down the back and usully consits of light or dark bands, cross-bars, tail ending bluntly, usually more or less swollen variegations or reticulations which disappear as at the tip. Alternately banded with black and age advances. yell~w bands, completely encircling the body. Nape Distribution : Valmiki Tiger Reserve Forest, has large, elongate, black patch, rounded behind. Bihar. as mentioned in the material. Elsewhere: Top of the head with a yellow 'V' mark. occurs from Indian subcontinent to Southern China in the East to the philIipines; South Distribution: Valmiki Tiger Reserve Forest, Andaman, Sri Lanka. Bihar, as mentioned in the material. Elsewhere: Remarks : This species is found in all types North-east Peninsular India, the southern most of vegetation Plains, Jungles, open fields and even record being Hyderabad. Also found in Assam in the areas heavily ppopulated by man. Frequently and Bangladesh. Occurs throughout the Ind9- found near or in water. A strong swimer. chinese subregion. Status : Common.

Remarks : It is a poisonous snake in notuma} Genus (22) : Ophiophagus Gunther, 1842. habit. Frequents moist places and the vicinity 22. Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor) water. First time recorded from this locility. (Hamadryad; King Cobra) Status: Common in some parts of its 1836. Hamadryas hannah Cantor, Asiat. Research. distributional range. 19 (1) : 87. 64 Fauna of Valmiki TIger Reserve

1945. Ophiophagus hannah Bogert, Copeia, Ann. SUMMARY Arbor: 47. This paper deals with 27 species of reptiles, Material examined: Material not collected but seen in the Valmiki Forest Range. Description including 14 species of snakes (11 non-poisonous based on literature. and three poisonous) in 14 genera; 12 species of Description: Head flat; snout rounded and lizards in seven genera; and one species of turtle, eyes with moderately round pupil, Scales smooth, collected during 1995-96 from Valmiki Tiger oblique, those of the vertebral series and the outer Reserve, Bihar. Most of the species are being 2 rows larger than the others, 17 or 19 rows upon reported for the first time from the area. A the neck, 15 at mid-body and in front of the vent. dichotomous identification key to the 27 species In the enterior part of the body only the vertebral rows of scales is enlarged; in the hinder part of is also provided. th. ~ body the median three rows may be enlarged. The overall colouration is olive green or yellowish but the tail is almost antirely jet black. The lower surfaces are whitish. Head olivaceous brown. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Distribution : Valmiki Tiger Reserve Forest Authors are highly indebted to Dr. J. R. B. area, Bihar. Director, Zoological Survey of India, for providing Elsewhere : In the Peninsular India it occurs us all sorts of facilities to carry out this work, we in the dense forests of Western Ghats and in the also express out sincere thanks to Dr. S. K. forest of the hills, plains, estuaries of Orissa, Bengal Assam and Andamans. Chanda, Scientist SE, Z.S.I., and Indranil Das, for helping us and going through the manuscript, Remarks : It is a deadly poisonous snake and diurnal in habits. Its main diet snakes. All species and Shri B. Duttagupta and S. S. ghatak for their including poisonous snakes being taken. help in various ways to prepare the paper. Thanks Status: Not a common snake in India. The are also due to the Department of Forests, Govt. species is listed in Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife of Bihar, (Valmiki Tiger Reserve Range) for (Protection) Act of 1972. providing necessary help in our field work.

REFERENCE

Annanda\e, N. 1906. Notes on the Indian tortoises J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 2 : 203-206 Boulenger, G. A. 1890. The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia Batrachia, Taylor and Francis, London xvm + 541 pp. Daniel. J. C. 1983. The book of India reptiles. Bombay Natural Hist. Soc. (X+141 pp. pIs. Photos). Oxford University Press Bombay 141 pp. Das. I. 1991. Colour guide to the turtles and tortoises of the Indian sub-continents. R. & A publishing Limited, Portishead Avon England. VI+ 153 pp, PIs, Maps. Sharma. R. C. 1969. Two lizards of genera Mabuya Fitzinger and Riopa Graya (Scincidae) From India, Bull. S),st. Zoo I. Calcutta, 1 (2) 71-75. Smith, M. A. 1935. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Amphibia, Vol. 2 Sauria. Taylor and Francis London. XII + 440 pp. Figs. Map. Smith, M. A. 1943. The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma, Reptilia and Amphibia Vol. 3 Serpentis. Tailors and Francis London XII + 583 pp. Fig. Maps, Smith, M. A. 1931. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol I. Loricate. Testudines. Taylor and Francis. London, 185 pp. Zool. Surv. India Fauna of Conservation Areas No. 10 : Fauna of Valmiki Tiger Reserve: 65 - 77, 1998

INSECTA: HEMIPTERA

B. BISWAS & ANIMESH BAL Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta

Valmiki Tiger Reserve in the District of West 3. Haphsa velitaris (Distant) Champaran of Bihar, was not surveyed previously for its fanual wealth until recently it was done by Genus 4. Platypleura Amy. & Servo the survey parties from Zoological Survey of 4. Platypleura polita (Walker) India, Calcutta, under the Fauna of conservation area project. Family 2. CERCOPIDAE The present paper is dealt with Hemipteran insects of the Valmiki Tiger Reserve, Bihar which Genus 5. Abidama Distant comprises 35 species belonging to 32 genera 5. Abidama producta (Walker) distributed over 10 families of the order Hemiptera.

Diagnostic characters and distribution of each Genus 6. Clovia S tal species have been provided in the present study. 6. Clovia puncta (Walker) It also has included the keys for suborders and families of Hemiptera found in the said reserve. Family 3. FULGORIDAE All the species constitute new locality records from the District of West Champaran including Genus 7. Alcathous Stal the Valmiki Tiger Reserve, Bihar. 7. Alcathous fe cia lis Stal The present study will increase our knowledge of the fauna of Hemiptera from Bihar. Proper Genus 8. Pyrilla Stal survey and study in the area may reveal more faunal diversity of Hemiptera which are yet to be 8. Pyrilla purpusilla Walker known. Suborder 2. HETEROPTERA Classified list of Hemiptera from Valmiki TIger Reserve, Bihar Series 1. GEOCORISAE

Family 4. COREIDAE Suborder 1. HOMOPTERA Genus 9. Clavigralla Spin. Family 1.. CICADIDAE 9. Clavigralla gibbosa Spin. Genus 1. Balinta Distant Genus 10. Cletus Stal 1. Balinta octonotata (Westwood) 10. Cletus bipunctatus (Westwood) Genus 2. Huechys Amy. & Servo Genus 11. Leptocorisa Latr. 2. Huechys sanguinea (De Geer) 11. Leptocorisa acuta (Thunberg) Genus 3. Haphsa Distant 66 Fauna of Valmiki Tiger Reserve

Genus 12. Riptortus Stal 26. Physopelta s.chlanbuschi (Fabricius)

12. Riptortus fuscus (Fabricius) Family 8. REDUVIIDAE Riptortu.s linearis (Fabricius) 13. Genus 24. Ectomocoris Mayr

Family 5. L YGAEIDAE 27. Ectomocoris atorx (Stal)

Genus 13. Horridipamera Malipatil Genus 25. Ectrychotes Burm.

14. Horridipamera nietneri (Dohm) 28. Ectrychotes pilicornis (Fabricius)

Genus 14. Metochus Scott Genus 26. Leptocephala Lap.

15. Metochus uniguttatus (Thunb.) 29. Leptocephala guerini Lap.

Genus 15. Paromius Fieber Genus 27. Pirates Servo

16. Paromius exiguus (Dist.) 30. Pirates affinis Servo

Genus 16. Rhyparothesus Scudder Genus 28. Polididus Stal

17. Rhyparothesus sparsus (Dist.) 31. Polididus armatissimus Stal

Family 6. PENTATOMIDAE Genus 29. Sirthenea Spin.

Genus 17. Agonoscelis Spin. 32. Sirthenea jlavipes (Stal)

18. Agonoscelis nubila (Fabr.) Genus 30. Sycanus Amy. & Servo

Genus 18. Amauropepla Stal 33. Sycanus varsicolor Dohm

19. Amauropep/a denticulata Hagl. Series 2. HYDROCORISAE

Genus 19. Eusarcocoris Distant Family 9. BELOSTOMATIDAE

20. Eusarcocoris guttiger (Thumb.) Genus 31. Diplonychus Laporte

21. Eusarcocoris ventralis (Westwood) 34. Diplonychus molestus (Dufour)

Genus 20. Macroscytus Fieber Family 10. NEPIDAE

22. Macroscytus subaenus (Dallas) Genus 32. Laccotrephes Stal

Family 7": ·PYRRHOCORIDAE 35. Laccotrephes ruber (Linn.)

Genus 21. Antilochus Stal Key to the suborders and families of the order Hemiptera found in Valmiki Tiger Reserve, Bihar. 23. Antilochus coqueberti (Fabr.) 1. Head deflexed, gular region small and Genus 22. Dysdercus Amy. & Servo membranous, or wanting ; the fore pairs of wings usually of uniform consistency 24. Dysdercus koenigii (Fabricius) throughout ; pronotum small ; trochantines large ; base of rostrum extending between Genus 23. Physopelta Amy. & Servo anterior coxae ; tarsi 1-3 segmented. 25. Physopelta gutta (Burmeister) Suborder .... :. Homoptera 2 BISWAS & BAL : Insecta: Hemiptera 67

Head porrect, gular region sclerotized ; 7. Antennae elongate, usually four jointed, forewings usually sc1erotized basally and inserted on the upper portion of the sides of membranous ; apically pronotum large ; the head; legs moderate, apices of the femora trochantines small ; base of rostrum not not no dulosely clavate ...... Coreidae touching anterior coxae ; tarsi commonly 3 Antennae inserted below a line from the centre segmented...... Suborder ...... Heteroptera 4 of the eye to the apex of the ...... face - 8 2. Head with three ocelli and distinct frons 8. Ocelli present ...... Lygaeidae ...... Cicadiadae OceiIi absent ...... Pyrrhocoridae -head with two ocelli and frons not distinct, ...... 3 9. Head somewhat elongated, oval but not triangular in shape; abdomen with a pair of 3. Tegulae usually present, lA and 2A of fore long, slender, non retractile posterior wings joined apically to form a "Y" vein ; appendages ; hind coxae short, free and hind coxae immobile ; antennal pedicel with rotatory ...... Nepidae numerous sensilla and a large sense organ on basal segment of flagellum ...... Fulgoridae Head nearly triangular anteriorly, abdomen with a pair of short, flat, retractile posterior Tegulae absent, 1A and 2A of fore wings not appendages; hind coxae broadly jointed to the fonning a "Y" vein; hind coxae mobile ; hind thoracic pleura ...... Belostomatidae legs with tibiae elongate and bearing one or two large lateral spines and double apical Family 1. CICADIDAE group of small spines ...... Cercopidae Genus 1. Balinta Distant 4. Generally terrestrial Heteroptera ; antennae longer than head, gula with rostral groove ; 1905. Balinta Distant, A. M. N. H .. (7) 15 : 383. legs not modified for swimming ...... Series Geocorisae - 5 1. Balinta octonotata (Westwood)

Aquatic Heteroptera ; antennae shorter than 1842. Cicada octonotata Westwood. Arc. Ent., 2 : head and usually concealed beneath it, gula 34. flat without rostral groove; hind legs modified 1906. Balinta octonotata : Distant, Fauna Brit. India for swimming ..... Series Hydrocorisae - 9 Rhynohota. 3 : 148. 5. Scutellum reaching at least to the base of the Material examined: 1 ex., Madanpur, 88 km .. membrane or at least half as long as the N. W. of Bettiah ; WestChamparan, 12. vi. 1993, abodomen sometimes covering the whole of colI. S. Chakraborty. the abdomen and anal appendages Diagnostic character : Head black with the Pentatomidae basal margin of front and vertex dark ochraceous, Scutellum neither reaching to the base of the two central angulated fasciae to rresonotum membrane nor to the middle of the abdomen connected with the cruciform elevation, abdomen ...... 6 reddish ochraceous ; tegmina dark shining fuscous 6. Rostrum not bent at the base lying in repose with four pale creamy spots, situate one near against the under surface of head ...... 7 base, two at the centre, and one near costal apex; wings sanguineous with the apical and posterior Rostrum stout, bent at base as in repose, it margin fuscuos. does not lie against the under surface of head ; hemelytra complete, membrane Length : <3 a : Expansion tegmina 60 to 64 distinct ...... mm. Excluding tegmina 25 to 27 mm. Reduviidae Distribution : Bihar (West Champaran) ; 68 Fauna of Valmiki TIger Reserve

Assam; Sikkim. Elsewhere; Myanmar. Genus 4. Platypleura Amy. & Servo

Genus 2. Huechys Amy. and Servo 1843. Platypleura Amy. & Serv., Hem., : 465.

1843. Huechys Amy & Serv., Hem., : 464. 4. Platypleura polita (Walker)

2. Huechys sanguinea (Da Geer) 1850. Oxypleura polita Walker, List. Hom .• 1 : 29. 1906. Platypleurapolita: Distant, Fauna Brit. India, 1773. Cicada sanguinea De Geer, Mem .. 3 : 221. Rhynchota, 3 : 61. 1906. Huechys sanguinea : Distant, Fauna Brit. Material examined: 1 ex., Madanpur, 88 lan. India. Rhynchota 3 : 157. N. W. of Bettiah ; WestChamparan, 12. vi. 1993, Material examined: 1 ex., Ganauli, 94 km. colI. S. Chakraborty. N. W. of Bettiah, West Champaran, 5. vi. 1993, Diagnostic characters: Tegmina and wings colI. S. Chakraborty. pale hyaline, and with transverse veins at bases Diagnostic characters: Body black, two large of apical areas; head, pro and mesonotum spots to mesonotum and abdomen sanguineous, brownish ochraceous ; pronotum with one or two base of the abdomen black ; tegmina black, wings central spots and incisures black, mesonotum with fuscous interior and anal area paler, rostrum four subconical spots, a central lanceolate spot, passing the intennediate coxae. and two small black spots in front of cruciform Length : Expansion tegmina : 43 to 65 mm. elevation a fascia between eyes· and interior area Excluding tegmina 17 to 25 mm. of the opercula black, abdomen black with the tympanal coverings, a spot on each side of anal Distribution : Bihar (West Champaran) ; segment ochraceous. Assam; West Bengal. Elsewhere: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra. Length: Expansion tegmina 70 nun. Excluding tegmina 23 nun. Width between pronotal angles Genus 3. Haphsa Distant 12 to 12.5 mm.

1905. Haphsa Distant, A. M. N. H., (7) 15 : 64. Distribution : Bihar (West Champaran); Kerala. 3. Haphsa valitaris (Distant) Family 2. CERCOPIDAE 1897. Cosmopsaltria valitaris Distant, A. M. N. H., (6) 20 : 18. Genus 5. Abidama Distant

1906. Hapsa valitaris : Distant, Fauna Brit. India, 1908. Abidama Distant, Fauna Brit. India. RhYl1chota 3 : 100. Rhynchota, 4 : 114. Material examined : 1 ex., Ganauli, 94 km. N. W. of Bettiah, West Champaran, 5. vi. 1993, 5. Abidama producta (Walker) colI. S. Chakraborty. 1851. Sphenorhina producta Walker, List. Hom .. 3 : Diagnostic characters : It differs from its 696. closely allied species H. nicomache by the greater 1908. Abidama producta : Distant, Fauna Brit. length of rostrum which passes the posterior coxae; India. Rhynchota. 4 : 114. the drosal surface of the abdomen is more black Material Examined: 1 ex., Govardhana, West and less castaneous than H. nicomache. Champaran, 31.x.1994, coil. T. P. Bhattacharyya Length : 0 a Expansion tegmina : 80 mm. and party. Excluding tegmina 27 mm. Diagnostic characters: Head, pronotum, body Distribution: Bihar (West Champaran). beneath black, apex of scutellum and tegmina BISWAS & BAL ,: Insecta : Hemiptera 69 rufotestaceous~ the apical margin of later broadly basal area spotted· with fuscous, costal area spotted black, metasternum and legs dark sanguineous ; with dark fuscous, wings orange yellow with a face laterally and longitudinally striate. few discal fuscous spots near anal area, abdomen Length : Including tegmina 7 to 9 mm. above bright reddish ochraceous with six black spots, beneath pale luteous; legs ochraceous Distribution : Bihar (West Champaran); annulated with piecous. Assam; Bengal; Maghalaya. Eleswhere; Myanamar. Length : Tip of cephalic process to apex of abdomen 15 mm. Expansion Tegmina 3 mm. Genus 6. Clovia Stal Distribution: Bihar (West Champaran) ; South 1866. Clovia Stal, Hem. Afr., 4 : 75. India.

6. Clovia puncta (Walker) Genus 8. Pyrilla Stal

1851. Ptyelus puncta Walker, List. Hom., 3: 718. 1859. Pyrilla Stal, Berliner, Ent. Zeit., 3 : 326.

1908. Clov;a puncta: Distant, Fauna Brit. India. 8. Pyrilla perpusilla (Walker) Rhynchota, 4: 94. 1851. Pyrops perpusilla Walker, List. Hom., 2: 296. Material examined: 4 exs., Manguraha, West Champaran, 24.x.1994, coll. T. P. Bhattacharyya. 1950. Pyrilla perpusilla : Qadri and Aziz, Publ. Aligarh Muslim Univ. (Zool. Sir.) 2 : Diagnostic characters : Pale tawny brown; 1-33. tegmina with a small black spot at posterior angle of inner margin ; head a little shorter than the Material examined : 1 ex., Ganauli, 94 km. medial length of pronotum, anterior central area N. W. of Bettiah, West Champaran, S.vi.1993, with three pale longitudinal lines, a piceous spot coll. S. Chakraborty, and party. behind each anterior coxae. Diagnostic characters : Dorsal ridge of the Length : 6 mrn. cephalic process is less prominent in front of central ridge than behind; body and legs Distribution : Bihar (West Champaran); ochraceous ; tegmina yellowish white with apical Gujarat; Maharashtra; Sikkim; West Bengal. area and outer claval margin spotted with black spots. Family 3. FULGORIDAE Length: Expansion tegmina 18 nun. Excluding Genus 7. Alcathous Stal tegmina 19 mm.

1863. Alcathous Stal. Jr. E. S., (3) 1 : 577. Distribution : Bihar (West Champaran); Madhya Pradesh ; Maharashtra ; Orissa ; Tamil 7. Alcanthous fecialis Stal Nadu; West Bengal.

1863. Alcathous /ecialis Stal, Jr. E. S., (3) 1 : 577. Family 4. COREIDAE 1906. Alcathousfecialis: Distant, Fauna Brit. India. Rhynehota, 3 : 197. Genus 9. Clavigralla Spin. Material examined: 1 ex., Tribeni, 11 km. of 1837. Clavigralla Spin., Ess., : 200 Ganauli, West Champaran, 10.vi.1993, colI. S. Chakraborty. 9. Clavigralla gibbosa Spin. Diagnostic characters : Cephalic process a 1837. Clavigralla gibbosa Spin., Ess., : 202 little recurved, tegmina ochraceous, venation 1904. Clavigralla gibbosa : Distant, Fauna Brit. purplish red, apical third of tegmina reticulate, India. Rhynchota, 1 : 401. 70 Fauna of Valmiki Tiger Reserve

Material examined : I ex., Ganauli, 94 km. Genus 11. Leptocorisa Latr. N. W. of Belliah, West Champaran ; 8.vi.1993, 1825. Leptocorisa Latr., Fam. Nat., : 421. coIl. S. Chakraborty. Diagnostic characters: Ochraceous, punctate ; 11. Leoptcorisa acuta (Thumb.) pronotum conically tubercute on disk, the lateral 1783. Cimex acuta Thumberg, Nov. ins. Sp., 2 : 34. angle produced into active black spines directed a little forward and upward, membrane pale 1904. Leptocorisa acuta : Distant, Fauna Brit. India. hyaline, legs luteous posterior femora spined Rhynchota, 1 : 410. beneath near apices, a faint central, castaneous Material examined: 8 exs., Govardhana, West annulation to tibiae, posterior area of pronotum, Champaran, 24.x.1994, coIl. T. P. Bhattacharyya apical area of corium and spots on connexivum and party; 1 ex., Manguraha, West Champaran, castaneous. 23-24.x.1994, coIl. T. P. Bhattacharyya. Length : 8-10 mm. Width between pronotal Diagnostic characters : Body beneath pale angles 4-5 mm. greenish above brownish olivaceous; antennae fuscous, base of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th joints Distribution : Bihar (West Champaran); luteous ; a small tubercle near each lateral pronotal Kamataka ; Maharashtra. angle and a central carinate line to pronotum. Length : 13-15 mm. Genus 10. Cletus Stal Distribution: Bihar (West Champaran) ; West 1859. Cletus Stal, Freg. Eug. Resa. Ins. Hem., : 236. Bengal. Eleswhere. China, Malayan archipelago.

10. Cletus bipunctatus (Westwood) Genus 12. Riptortus Stal

1842. Coseus bipunctatus Westwood, Hope Cat., 2 1950. Riptortus Stal, Ofv. Vet. AK. Forh., : 460. : 23. 12. Riptortus fuscous (Fabricius) 1904. Cletus bipunctatus : Distant, Fauna Brit. India. Rhunehota, 1 : 393. 1798. Lygaeus fuscus Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl., : 539. Ma.~erial examined: 7 exs., Ganauli, 94 km. "N. W. of Bettiah, West Champaran, 8. vi. 1993, 1904. RiptortusJuscus: Distant, Fauna Brit. India. coli. S. Chakrabarty. Rhynchota, 1 : 414. Diagnostic characters : Ochraceous to pale Material examined: 1 ex., Ganauli, 94 lqn. N. W. of Bettiah, West Champaran, 6. vi. 1993, ochraceous, corium roseate with its lateral margin colI. S. Chakraborty. and a small spot on inner apical margin convexivum pale luteous ; pronotum with posterior Diagnostic characters : This species differs area roseate and lateral angles shortly and acutely from R. pedestoris by the partial or total absence of the pale laevigate sternal spots ; posterior margin produced ; abdomen above ochraceous with black of pronotum and a lateral fascia on each side of transverse markings on basal area, antennae the ,head not extending beyond base of antennae, reddish ochraceous with apical joint fuscous. lateral pronotal spines black. Length : 9-10 mm. Width between pronotal Length : 13-17 mm. width between- pronotal angles 3.5 to 4 mm. angles 3-4 mm. Distribution : Bihar (West Champaran) ; Distribution : Bihar (West Champaran), Karnataka; Maharashtra; West Bengal. Karnataka, Maharashtra, West Bengal. Elsewhere; Myanmar, Sri Lanka. Eleswhere; Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Malay Peninsula. BISWAS & BAL : Insecta: Hemiptera 71

13. Riptortus linearis (Fabricius) Remarks : This species is known to occur in 1775. Lygaeus linearis Fabr., Syst. Enr., : 710. tiller of Ficus bengalensis and on grass. Colour varies from deep castaneous to fuscous. 1904. Riptonus linearis : Distant, Fauna Brit. India. Rhynchota, 1 : 415. Genus 14. Metochus Scott Material examined: 1 ex., Ganauli. 94 km. 1847. Metochus Scott, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4) 14 N. W. of Bettiah, West Champaran, 5.vi.1993, : 433·434. colI. S. Chakraborty. Diagnostic chatacters : Dark yellowish 15. Metochus uniguttatus (Thumb.) brown ; the apex of the scutellum and a spot at 1822. Pendulinus uniguttatus Thumb., Hem. rostr. the middle of the posterior pronotal angle pale Cap., 4: 6. luteous ; lateral pronotal spine small, less acute 1988. Metochus uniguttatus: Mukhopadhaya, Rec, and disk with no distinct rugosity; posterior 1.001. Surv. India, Occ. paper No. 107 : 56. femora with a ventro-Iateral row of spins. Material examined: 2 exs., 11 km. N. E. of Length : 14-16 mm. width between pronotal Ganauli, West Champaran, IO.i.1993, coIl. S. angles 3 to 3.5 mm. Chakraborty. Distribution : Bihar (West Champaran) ; Diagnostic characters : Piceous ; antennae, Kamataka ; West Bengal. Elsewhere; Myanmar, tibiae and tarsi, brownish ochraceous, corium Lanka. Sri ochraceous, a transverse fasciae near inner angle and apical margin black; a central spot o~ Family 5. LYGAEIDAE posterior lobe of pronotun and strongly constricted Genus 13. Horridipamera Malipatil near middle, membrane fuliginous, speckled with ochraceous and a same spot at the apical angle 1978. Horridipamera Malipatil, Aust. J. Zool., of corium. Suppl. Series No. 56 : 89. Distribution : Bihar (West Champaran); Assam; Andaman; Karnataka: Meghalaya. 14. Horridipamera nietneri (Dohm) Elsewhere: Myanmar, China, Malay. 1860. Plociomerus nietneri Dohrn, Ent. Zeit., 21 : 404-405. Genus 15. Paromius Fieber

1988. Horridipamera nietneri : Mukhopadhyay, Rec. 1860. Paromius Fieber, Eur. Hem. : 45, 170-171. zoo I. Surv. India. Occ. Paper No. 107. 16. Paromius exiguus (Distant) Material examined: 4 exs., Govardhana, West Champaran, 29-31.x.1994, colI. T. P. '1883. Pamera exigua Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. Bhattacharyya and party. Lond., : 434. Diagnostic characters : Head, scutellum and 1988. Paromius exiguus : Mukhopadhyay, Rec. zoot. anterior lobe of pronotum black ; two small greyish Surv. India, Dec. paper No. 107 : 63. white spot a little before apical angle of corium Material examined: 7 exs., Govardhana, West lateral margin of which luteous, bases of Champaran, 27-31.x.1994, coIl. T. P. intermediate and posterior femora, tibiae, apices Bhattacharyya. of anterior femora and base of tarsi and apex of scutellum, luteous. Diagnostic characters : Anterior lobe of pronoturn is shorter and elongate than the allied Length : 6.5-7 mm. species P. seychelles us, femora, body beneath Distribution: Bihar (West Champaran) ; West piceous ; membrane pale fuscous, veins greyish, Bengal. antennae infuscated. 72 Fauna of Valmiki TIger Reserve

Length : 7 mm. spots to sternum and abdomen ; anterior lateral areas of the scutellum with scattered luteous Distribution: Bihar (West Champaran). rugosities. Genus 16. Rhyparothesus Scudder Length : 10-11 mm.

1962. Rhyparothesus Scudder, Can, Ent., 95 : 983. Distribution : Bihar (West Champaran); Karnataka ; Kashmir ; Maharashtra ; Meghalaya ; 17. Rhyparothesus sparsus (Distant) Nagaland ; West Bengal. Elseswhere : Myanmar, China, Japan, Malay Peninsula, Sri Lanka. 1904. Aphanus sparsus Distant, Fauna Brit. India. Rhynchota, 2 : 81. Genus 18. Amauropepla Stal 1988. Rhyparothesus sparsus : Mukhopadhyay, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Dec. Paper No. 107 : 54. 1867. Amauropepla Stal, Ofv. vet. AK. Forh., : 502. Material examined: 4 exs, Govardhana, West Champaran, 28-29.x.1994, coIl. T. P. 19. Amauropepla denticulata Hagl. Bhattacharyya and party. 1868. Amauropepla dentieulata Hagl., stene Ent. Diagnostic characters; Piceous, speckled with Zeit. 29 : 151. ochraceous; pronotum broad, lateral margin 1904. Amauropepla denticulata : Distant, Fauna ampliated, a little recurved, lateral margin of Brit. India, Rhynehota, 1 : 29. corium ~peckled with ochraceous; apex of Material examined: 1 ex., Govardhana, West scutellum ochraceous ; membrane fuliginous, basal Champaran, 29.x.1994, coli. T. P. Bhatta~haryya. area piceous apical area mottled with fuscous. Diagnostic characters: Lateral lobes of the Length : 7 mm. head a little longer than the central lobe, but Distribution : Bihar (West Champaran) ; widely divergent at their apices; antenniferous Maharashtra. tubercles spinous; brownish ochraceous body thickly punctate ; basal angle of scutellum, anterior Family 6. PENTATOMIDAE area of pronotum and a central longitudinal line on it, head and piceous. Genus 17. Agonoscelis Spin. Length : 8-9 rnm. 1837. Agonoscelis Spin., Ess., : 327. Distribution': Bihar (West Champaran) ; 18. Agonoscelis nubila (Fabricius) Assam. Eleswhere : Myanmar.

1775. Cimex nubila Fabricius, Syst. Ent., : 712. Genus 19., Eusarcocoris Distant

1904. Agonoscelis nubila : Distant, Fauna Brit. 1904. Eusarcoeoris Distant, Fauna Brit. India. India, Rhynchota, 1 : 189. Rhynchota, 1 : 165. Material examined: 3 exs., Govardhana, West 20. Eusarcocoris guttiger (Thunberg) Champaran, 28.x.1994, colI. T. P. Bhattacharyya and party; 1 ex., Kutraha, 70 km. N. W. of 1783. Cimex guttiger Thunb., Nov. Ins. Sp., 2 : 32. Bettiah, West Champaran, 28.v.1993, coil. S. 1904. Eusarcoeoris guttiger : Distant, Fauna Brit. Chakraborty. India. Rhynchota, 1 : '165. Diagnostic characters : Body ochraceous, Material examined : 3 exs., Madanpur, 88 beneath and legs luteous, abdomen and lateral km. N. W. of Bettiah, West Champaran, margin of sternum, connexivum orange yellow, 14.vi.1993, colI. S. Chakraborty. body covered with black punctures, membrane fuliginous, veins piceous ; a double lateral black Diagnostic characters: Pale luteous, anterior BISWAS & BAL : Insecta: Hemiptera 7J area and lateral margin of the pronotum, apical N. W. of Bettiah, W. Champaran, 8.vi.1993, coil. margin of scutellum and a large spot near each S. Chakraborty. basal angle of scutellum luteous ; bronzy black Diagnostic characters : Head black, ocelli punctures nearly confluent on head, body beneath, red ; pronotum brassy black with posterior margin legs and antennae ochraceous with the apical joint dull chestnut, the lateral margin, the centre and piceous ; abdomen, central area of sternum black. anterior margin posterior portion of disk, thickly Length: 5.Z to 5.5 mm. width between pronotal punctured. angles 4.5 mm. Length : 8-9.? mm. Distribution : Bihar (West Champaran) ; Distribution : Bihar (West Champaran); Maharashtra ; Nagaland ; Sikkim ; West Bengal. Maharashtra. Elsewhere: Myanmar, China, Japan.

Family 7. PYRRHOCORIDAE 21. Eusarcocoris ventralis (Westwood) Genus 21. Antilochus Stal 1837. Pentatoma ventralis Westwood, Hope Cat., 1 : 36. 1863. Antilochus Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., 7 : 393. 1904. Eusarcocoris ventralis: Distant, Fauna Brit. India. Rhynchota, 1 : 167. 23. Antilochus coqueberti (Fabricius)

Material examined: 2 exs., Govardhana, West 1803. Lygaeus coqueberti Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng., : Champaran, 30.x.1994, colI. T. P. Bhattacharyya ; 222. 2 exs., Govardhana, West Champara, 27.x.1994, 1902. Antilochus coqueberti : Distant, Fauna Brit. coll. T. P. Bhattacharyya. India. Rhynchota, 2 : 101. Diagnostic characters: Ochraceous brown, Material examined: 2 exs., Ganauli, 94 km. anterior area of pronotum luteous with two N. W. of Bettiah, W. Champaran, 6.vi.1993, coil. transverse black spots ; central disk of abdomen S. Chakraborty. and head brassy black ; apex of scutellum often Diagnostic characters : Antennae, eyes, margined with black punctures and a large rounded membrane black, interior angle and apical margin spot near each basal angle of scutellum, luteous ; of membrane brownish ochraceous; body and antennae and legs ochraceous. base of first joint of antennae sanguineous ; Length: 5.5-6.5 mm. Width between pronotal pronotum with the anterior discal area margined angles 4 to 4.5 mm. with black punctures, posterior margin twice as broad as anterior margin ; anterior femora spined Distribution : Bihar (West Champaran) ; beneath near apex. Karnataka; Maharashtra; West Bengal. Elsewhere: Mynamar, Malay Peninsula. Length: 17 to 19 mm. Distribution : Bihar (West Champaran); Genus 20. Macroscytus Fieber Assam ; Meghalaya ; Sikkim. Elsewhere: Bhutan.

1851. Macroscytus Fieber, Eur. Hem., : 83, 362. Genus 22. Dysdercus Amy. & Servo

22. Macroscytus subaeneus (Dallas) 1843. Dysdercus Amy. & Serv., Hem., : 272.

1851. Aethus subaeneus Dallas, List. Hem., 1 : 116. 24. Dysdercus koenigii (Fabricius) 1904. Macroscytus subaeneus : Distant, Fauna Brit. 1775. Cimex koenigii Fabricius, Syst. Ent .. : 719. India. Rhynchota, 1 : 96. 1929. Dysdercus koenig;; : Hussy. Gen. Cat. Hem .. Material examined: 1 ex., Ganauli, 94 km. 3: 92. 74 Fauna of Valmiki TIger Reserve

Material examined: 1 ex., Kutraha, 104 km. 26. Physopelta schlanbuschi (Fabr.) N. W. of Bettiah, West Champaran, 29.v.1993, 1787. Cinex schlanbuschi Fabr., Mant. Ins., 2: 299. colI. S. Chakraborty. 1902. Physopelta schlanbuschi : Distant, Fauna Diagnostic characters: Body ochraceous with Brit. India. Rhynchota, 2 : 99. head, rostrum, lateral margins of pronotum, body beneath, sanguineous scutellum, a discal spot to Material examined,' 1 ex., Madanpur, 88 km. corium, membrane, antennae, apex of rostrum N. W. of Bettiah, West Champaran, 14. vi. 1993, and legs black, posterior margins of the sternal colI. S. Chakraborty. and abdominal segments, anterior collar to Diagnostic characters : Body sanguineous, pronotum and anterior margin to prosternum two black spots on anterior lobe of pronotum, two creamy white. large transverse spots near anterior margin of Length : 9-16 mm. posterior lobe, a rounded discal spot to corium membrene, antennae, apex of rostrum, tibiae and Distribution : Bihar (West Champaran) ; tarsi black ; apex of scutellum and base of first Assam; Karnataka; Meghalaya; Nicobar joint of antennae sanguineous. Islands; Sikkim; West Bengal. Elsewhere Myanmar, Sri Lanka. Length : 13-16 mm. Remarks : This bug corrnnonly known as Distribution : Bihar (West Champaran) ; 'cotton stainers' is considered as serious pest of Assam. Elsewhere : Myanmar, China. cotton (Gossypium herbaceum) and also known to attack musk mellow and cabbages. Family 8. REDUVIIDAE Genus 24. Ectomocoris Mayr Genus 23. Physopeita Amy. & Servo 1865. Ectomocoris Mayr, Verh. Zool. Ges. Wien.15 Physopelta & Serv., Hem. : 271. 1843. Amy. : 438.

25. Physopelta gutta (Burm.) 27. Ectomocoris atrox (StM)

1834. Pyrrhocoris qutta Burm., Nov. Act. A cad. 1855. Pirates atrox Stal, Dfv. Vet. AK. Forh, : 187. Leop .. 16 : 300. 1902. Ectomocoris atrox: Distant, Fauna Brit. 1902. Physopelta qutta : Distant, Fauna Brit. India. India. Rhynchota. 2 : 296. Rhynchota. 2 : 97. Material examined .. 1 ex., Tribeni, 11 km. N. Material examined,' I ex., Ganauli, 94 km. W. of Ganauli, West Champaran, lO.vi.1993, N. W. of Bettiah, West Champaran, 15.vi.1993, colI. S. Chakraborty and party. coil. S. Chakraborty. Diagnostic characters : Hemelytra purplish Diagnostic characters: Reddish ochraceous, basal spot to head, pronotum, antennae, scutellum, black, spots to the connexivum, a spot at the base basal area of corium, rostrum, sternum, legs, of membrane ochraceous; anterior femora and three sub lateral spots to abdomen and abdominal apical halves of intermediate and posterior femora insisures fuscous ; a discal rounded spot and apical black; antennae pilose, ochraceous ; first joint angles of corium, and the membrane black. black its base ochraceous. Length : 15-17 mm. Length: 12 to 18 mm. Distribution : Bihar (West Champaran) ; Distribution ~ Bihar (West Champaran) ; West Assam; Meghalaya; Elsewhere : Myanmar, Bengal; Elsewhere : Myanmar, China, Malay japan, Sri Lanka. peninsula. BISWAS & BAL : Insecta: Hemiptera 75

Genus 25. Ectrychotes Bunn Distribution : Bihar (West Champaran) ; West 1835. Eetryehotes Burm., Handb., 2: 237. Bengal. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka.

28. Ectrychotes pilicornis (Fabricius) 27. Pirates Servo 1831. Pirates Serv., Amm. Se. Nat., 23 : 215. 1787. Reduvius pilieornis Fabricius, Mant., 2: 311.

1902. Eetryehotes pilieornis : Distant, Fauna Brit. 30. Pirates affinis (Serv.) India. Rhynehota, 2 : 314. 1831. Peirates affinis Serv., Am. Se. Nat., 23: 216. Material examined: 1 ex., Ganauli, 94 km. N. W. of Bettiah, West Champaran, 8. vi. 1994, 1902. Pirates' affinin : Distant, Fauna Brit. India. colI. T. P. Bhattacharyya. Rhynehota, 2 : 299. Diagnostic characters: Body coral red, with Material examined: 1 ex., Tribeni, 11 km. N. red anterior lobe of pronotum, legs, sternum, the E. of Ganauli, West Champaran, 10. vi.1993, transverse fasciae to 4th and 5th ventral segments colI. S. Chakraborty. and the 6th and anal segments bluish black; Diagnostic characters : Reddish black ~ antennae, membrane, interior area of corium, pronotum and scutellum olivaceous; anterior apical half of clavus and a spot on last dorsal pronotal lobe with longitudinal striae at disk and abdominal segment black; trochenters, coxae, oblique on lateral areas, and posterior lobe bases of intermediate and anterior femora and transversely rugulose; antennae pilose, second tarsi coral red, apices of the tarsi black. joint about as long as pronotum ; anterior and Length : 12-13 mm. intermediate femora spined beneath. Distribution : Bihar (West Champaran) ; Uttar Length: 17 to 21 mm. Pradesh. Distribution : Bihar (West Champaran) ; Assam ; Maharashtra ; Meghalaya ; Elsewhere : Genus 26. Lopocephala Lap. Myanmar, Java, Malay peninsula.

1832. Lopoeepha/a Lap., Ess. Hem., : 12. Genus 28. Polididus Stal

29. Lopocephala guerini Lap. 1858. Polididus Stal, Ofv. Vet. A.K. Forh., ; 448.

1832. Lopoeephala guerini Lap., Ess. Hem., : 12. 31. Polididus armatissimus (Stat) 1902. Lopoeephala guerini : Distant, Fauna Brit. India. Rhynehota, 2 : 331. 1859. Polididus armatissimus Stat Ofv. Vet. A.K. Forh. : 376. Material examined: 3 exs.,Govardhana, West Champaran, 29.v.l994, colI. T. P. Bhattacharyya 1902. Polididusarmatissimus: Distant, Fauna Brit. India. Rhynehota, 2: 386. and party. Material examined: 1 ex., Govardhana, West Diagnostic characters : Antennae violaceous Champaran, 29.x.1994, coil. T. P. Bhattacharyya. black excluding base, basal joint is little longer than the second, sanguineous, scutellum, inner Diagnostic characters : Head, pronotum, area of corium, membrane, intermediate and scutellum abdominal Inargins, femora spinous ; posterior femora apices of the tibiae and tarsi scutellum with three spines; head with the violaceous black, head transversely impressed postocular a little longer than the ante ocular area ; behind eyes and pilose ; posterior pronotal angle frrst joint of rostrum distinctly longer than the rounded or suhnodulose. second, and the anteocular portion of head. Length: 16 to 17 mm. Length : 10 mm. 76 Fauna of Valmiki TIger Reserve

Distribution : Bihar (West Champaran) ; pronotum, basal margin and lateral angles of Maharashtra ; West Bengal. Elsewhere: Myanmar, posterior lobe, apex of scutellum, about apical China, Japan, Philippines. third of corium, basal margin of membrane, connexivum, apex of rostrum, prostemum, coxae Genus 29. Sirthenea Spin. and costal spots sanguineous.

1840. Sirthenea Spin., Ess. Hem., : 100. Length : 18-21 mm. Distribution : Bihar (West Champaran) ; West 32. Sirthenea jlavipes (Stal) Bengal. Elsewhere: Myanmar. 1855. Rasahus flavipes Stal, Ofv. Vet. A.K. Forh. : 187. Family 9. BELOSTOMATIDAE 1902. Sirthenea/lavipes : Distant, Fauna Brit. India. Genus 31. Diplonychus Laporte Rhynchota, 2 : 303. 1833. Diplonychus Laporte, Guerin s Mag, Zool., 2 Material examined,' 2 exs., Govardhana, West : 18. Champaran, 28.x.1994, coll. T. P. Bhattacharyya and party. 34. Diplonychus molestus (D~four) Diagnostic characters: Antennae pilose, first 1863. Appasus molestus Dufour, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., joint not reaching apex of head, second about as : 395. long as anteocular portion of head, body black ; head, anterior lobe of pronotum pale castaneous ; 1906. Sphaerodema molestus: Distant, Fauna Brit. India. Rhynchola, 3 : 36. first joint of antennae, base of second and third excluding base, base and apex of clavus, base and 1980. Diplonychus molestus : Venkata Rao, J. a subclaval apical spot to corium, luteous. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 77: 299. Length: 19-21 mm. Material examined: 1 ex., Manguraha, West Champaran, 24.x.1994, colI. T. P. Bhattacharyya. Distribution : Bihar (West Champaran) ; Assam; Nagaland. E~sewhere : Borneo, China, Diagnostic characters : Body length varying Hong Kong, Japan, Java, Philippines. from 13.5 - 17.5 rom., a little broader in width than the related species rusticum. Posterior angle Genus 30. Sycanus Amy. & Servo of pronotum a little more obtuse and less acute than those of rusticum, anterior tarsal claws 1843. Sycanus Amy. & Serv., Hem, : 360. moderately well developed and longer; ventrolateral stripe of fine hairs on the abdomen 33. Sycanus varsicolor (Dohrn) is broader. 1859. Sycanus varsicolor Dohrn, Stett., ent. Zeit., Distribution : Bihar (West Champaran); 20: 96. Delhi; Jammu and Kashmir; Orissa; West Bengal. Elsewhere :. Malacca, Sumatra. 1902. Sycanus varsicolor : Distant, Fauna Brit. India. Rhynchota, 1 : 355. Family 10. NEPIDAE Material examined,' I ex., Manguraha, West Champaran, 22.x.1994, coIl. T. P. Bhattacharyya. Genus 32. Laccotrephes Stal Diagnostic characters: Head about as long 1865. lAccotrephes Stal, Hem. Afr., 3: 186. as pronotum and scutellum together ; basal joint of antennae a little shorter than anterior femora ; 35. Laccotrephes ruber (Linnaeus) scutellar spine sanguineous, short, erect, apex 1764. Laccotrephes ruber, Linnaeus, Mus. Lud, actue not bifid ; body black with anterior lobe of Ulr., : 165. BISWAS & BAL : Insecta: Hemiptera 77

1906. Laccotrephes ruber : Distant, Fauna Brit. India. Rhynchota, 3 :'18. Distribution : Bihar (West Champaran); Jammu & Kashmir; Kerala; Maharashtra; 1989. Laccotrephes ruber : Thirumalai, Rec, zool, Meghalaya ; Orissa ; Tamil N adu ; Uttar Pradesh ; Surv. India, Dcc. paper, 118 : 29. West Bengal. Elsewhere: China, Formosa, Japan, Material examined: 1 ex., Manguraha, West Nepal, Pakistan. Champaran, 24.x.1994, coll. T. P. Bhattacharyya and party. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Diagnostic characters: Adult insects 30 35 The authors are grateful to Dr. J. R. B. Alfred, nun in length excluding abdominal appenadages, Addl. Director in-charge, Zoological Survey of breadth between posterior pronotal angles 7 9 India for ecouragement. Thanks are. due to Dr. S. nun. ; abdome above reddish yellow in colour ; K. Mitra, Scientist - SF for numerous courtesies. prostemum convex at the middle provided with Co-operation rendered by Dr. L. K. Ghosh, retired a small tuber at the anterior region ; abdominal scientist and staff, members of Hemiptera Section appendages distinctly longer than the body. is thankfully acknowledged.

REFE~NCES

Distant, W. L. 1904. The Fauna 0/ British India including Ceylon and Burma, Rhynchota, 1 : 1-435.

Distant, W. L. 1902. The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma, Rhynchota, 2: 1-503.

Distant. W. L. 1906. The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma, Rhynchota. 3 : .1-503.

Distant, W. L. 1908. The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma, Rhynchota, 4 : I.-50 1.

Mukhopadhyay, A. 1988. Taxonomic study of Lygaeidae (Hateroptera : Insecta) from West Bengal (India). Rec. zoo I. Surv. India, Dcc. paper No. 107 : 1-72.

Stal, C. 1865. Hemiptera A/ricana, 3 -: 1-191.

Schaefer, C. W. 1965. The morphology and higher classification of Coreoidea (Hemiptera : He~eroptera. Part III. The families Rhopalidiae, Alydidae and Coreidae). Mise Publ. ent. Soc. Am., College Park, S : 1-76.

Thirumalai, G. 1989. Aquatic and semiaquatic Hemiptera (Insecta) of Iadavi Hills, Tamil Nadu, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Dcc. paper, 118 : 1-63.

Venkatesan, P. and Raghunatha Rao, T. K. 1980. Description of a new species and key to Indian species of Belostomatidae, J .. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc .• 77 : 299-303.

Zool. Surv. India Fauna of Conservation Areas No. 10 : Fauna of Valmiki Tiger Reserve: 79 - 84, 1998

PARASITIC NEMATODES

S. R. DEY SARKAR Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta

INTRODUCTION Order : STRONGYLIDA

The auther undertook fanuistic Surveys of some Superfamily : STRONGYLOIDEA areas of the Valmiki Tiger Reserve, West Champaran district, Bihar during October Family : CHABERTIIDAE (Popova, 1952 Subfam.) November, 1994 and January, 1996, in the course Lichtenfels, 1980 of which some nematodes were collected from some vertebrate hosts. The present paper deals Subfamily: OESOPHAGOSTOMINAE with this material which comprises 14 species of Railliet, 1916 19 genera of 17 familiesw and 5 orders. Most of these are fairly well known but forming new host Genus. Kuntzistrongylus Lichtenfels, 1880 or locality records. The classification followed for higher texa is more or less based on CIH Kuntzistrongylus Sp. Keys. Material : Two 0 0 (Subad.), four ~ ~ ~ Order: ENOPLIDA Z.S.1. Reg. No. WN 718; host - Indian Bush Rat (GolWlda sp.); location-intestine; locality -Ganuli, Superfamily : TRICHINELLOIDEA West Champaran district, Bihar; 14-1-1996; CoIl - S. R. Dey Sarkar. Family : TRICHURIDAE Remarks: In the absence of adult males specific Subfamily : CAPILLARIINAE identification is not possible. However, the genus is recorded for the first time from India. Genus. Capillaria Zeder, 1800 Superfamily : TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA Capillaria Sp. Family : TRICHOSTRONGYLIDAE Material: Two ~ ~ ; 2.5.1. : 2.5.1. Reg. No. Leiper, 1912 WN 717; host-Greater yellow Bat (Scotophilus Subfamily : TRICHOSTRONGYLINAE h. heathi); location-intestine; locality - Leiper, 1912 Naurangia, West Champaran district, Bihar; 2-XI-1994; Coll - S. R. Dey Sarkar. Genus. Trichostrongylus Looss, 1905

Remarks: In the absence of males specific Trichostrongylus pigmentus (Y. Linstow, identification is not possible. Its occurrence in 1904) Hall; 1916 Scotophilus h. heathi from West Champaran, Bihar forms the first host and locality records. It Material: Several 0 0 and ~ ~; Z.S.l. Reg. may be noted that the incidence of infection by No. WN 719; host - Indian Gerbil (Tatera indica); this genus appears totally insignificant. location - intestine, and liver; locality - 80 Fauna of Valmiki Tiger Reserve

Govardhana, West Champaran district, Bihar; Order: ASCARIDtDA 31-X-1994; Coll- S. R. Dey Sarkar. Superfamily : COSMOCERCOIDEA Remarks, : ~e species was originally reported Family : COSMOCERCIDAE ·.from the Black-~aped·hare (Lepus nigricollis) at (Raillict, 1916 Subfam.) Travassos, 1925 Rainna~ Southern Province, Srilanka (then Ceylon). It is' also reported from Orissa, Subfamily: COSMOCERCINAE Railliet, 1916 Meghalaya, Rajasthan cpld West Bengal, India, Genus. Oxysomatium Railliet and Henry, 1916 from the same host. It is now recorded for the first ,time .from ,a b.ost' and from a new locality. The Oxysomatium macintoshi (Stewart, 1914) incidence of-infection in the host is high is shown Karve, 1927 by the fact that all the three hosts examined, found infected by these parasites. Material: Two ~ ~; 2.8.1. Reg. No. WN 722; host - Bufo melanostictus; location - rectum; Family : MOLINEIDAE Durette - Desset and locality - Govardhana, West Champaran district, Chabaud, 1977 Bihar, 31-X-1994; ColI - S. R. Dey Sarkar. Subfamily : MOLINEINAE Skrjabin and Remarks : This species is quite widely Schulz, 1937 distributed in India. Genus. Oswaldocruzia Travassos, 1917 Superfamily : HETERAKOIDEA Oswaldocruzia goezei Skrjabin and Schulz, 1952 Family : HETERAKIDAE Raillict and Henry, 1912 Material: Three 0 0, four ~ ~., Z.S.I. Reg. No. WN 720; host - Bufo melanostietus ; location Subfamily : HETERAKINAE Inglis, 1967 - intestine; locality - Govardhana, West Genus. Heterakis Dujardin, 1845 Champaran district, Bihar; 31-X-1994; Coll - S. R. Dey Sarkar. Heterakis spumosa Schneider, 1866 Remarks: This species is a synonyms of Material: Three five ~ ~ . 2.8.1. Reg. Oswaldocruzia filiformis (Goeze, 1782) 00, , No. WN 723; host Rattus rattus; location - Travassos, 1917, and has a world-wide intestine; locality - Kotraha, West Champaran distribution. district, Bihar; 9-i-1996; Coll- S. R. Dey Sarkar. Order : OXYURIDA Remarks : This species has world-wide Superfamily : OXYUROIDEA occurrence and has been reported from rats and bandicoots. Family : OXYURIDAE Cobbold, 1864 Family : ASCARIDllDAE Travassos, 1919 Genus. Syphacia Scurat, 1916 Genus. Ascaridia Dujardin, 1845 Syphacia muris (yamaguti, 1935) Yamaguti, 1941 Ascaridia galli (Schrank, 1788) Freeborn, 1923 Material: One ~; 2.S.1. Reg. No. WN 721 ; host Rattus rattus; location - rectum; locality Material: One 0, two ~ ~. 2.S.1. Reg., No. - Kotraha, West Champaran district, Bihar; WN 724; host - domestic fowl; l~ation - intestine; 09-01-1996; Coli - S. R. Dey Sarkar. locality - Manguraha, West Champaran district, Remarks : The species in recorded for the first Bihar; 24-X-1994; ColI - S. R.· Dey Sarkar. time from Bihar. It may be noted that the incidence Remarks : This species has world-wide of infection by this species appears totally occurrence and has been reported from ducks, insignificant. hens and rarely from cat. DEY & SARKAR : Parasitic Nematodes 81

Superfamily : SUBULUROIDEA Order: SPIRURIDA Family: SUBULURIDAE (Travassos, 1914) Superfamily : PHYSALOPTEROIDEA York and Maplestone, 1926. Family : PHYSALOPTERIDAE Subfamily: SUBULURINAE Travassos, 1914 (Raillict, 1893 Subfam.) Leiper, 1908 Genus. Subulura (Subulura) Molin, 1860 Subfamily: PHYSALOPTERINAE Railliet, 1893

Subulura (Subulura) Sp. Genus. Physaloptera Rudolphi, 1819

Material: One ~ ; Z.S.1. Reg. No. WN 725 ; : Physaloptera temminki Soota and host collared Scops owl (otus bakkamoena) : Chaturvedi, 1971 location - caeca; locality - Govardhana, West Champaran district, Bihar; 28-X-1994; M{Jterial : Four 00, 3 ~ ~ ., Z.S.l. Reg. No. Call - S. R. Dey Sarkar WN 728; host Greater yellow bat (Scotophilus Remarks :. In the absence of a male specific heathi heathi); location - Stomach; locality - identification is not poss,ible. The incidence of Manguraha, West Champaran dist, Bihar; infection in the host appears to. be low. 22-X-1994; Coll- S. R. Dey Sarkar ; Four 00, Six ~ ~ ., 2.5.1. Reg. No. WN-729; locality - Subulura (Subulura) Sp. Naurangia, West Champaran, Bihar; 02-xi-1994; host, location and collector same as above. Material: Two ~ ~ ; Z.S.1. Reg. No. WN 726; host Rattus rattus; location - rectum; Remarks : Soota and Chaturvedi (1971) locality - Kotraha, West Champaram district, described Physaloptera temminaki from Bihar;"9-i-1996; Call - S. R. Dey Sarkar Scotophilus temminki from Nagpur. It is now recorded for the first time from a new locality. Remarks : In the absence of a male specific identification is not possible. The incidence of 2. Genus. Pseudophysaloptera Baylis, 1934 infection by this genus is very low.

Superfamily : SEURATOIDEA Pseudophysaloptera soricina Baylis, 1934 Family: SEURATIDAE (Hall, 1916) Material: Fourteen 0 0, seventeen ~ ~ ,. Railliet, 1906 Z.S.1. Reg. No. WN 730; host - house shrew Subfamily : SEURATINAE, Hall, 1916 (Suncus murinus caerulescns); location - Stomach; locality - Manguraha, West Champaran Genus. Seuratum Hall, 191~ district Bihar; 23-X-1994; Coll- S. R. Dey Seuratum Sp. Sarkar. Fourteen 00, Fourteen 9 ~ ~ Z.S.l. Reg. No. Material: Four ~ ~ ; Z.S.I. Reg. No. WN WN-731; 24-x-1994; host, location and collector 727 ; host Indian False Vampire (M~ghderma same as above. lyra); location - intestine; locality - Manguraha, West Champaram district, Bihar; 22-xi-1996; 3 00, 4 . ~9., 2.5.1. Reg. No. WN-732; Co~I - S. R. Dey Sarkar locality - Kotraha, West Champaran district, Bihar; 6-i-1996; host, location and collector same Remarks : In the absence of a male specific , as above. identification is not possible. The genus is parasites of Chiraptera and rodents. Its occurence in Remarks: The species was originally reported Megaderma lyra fr9m West Champaran, Bihar from Crocidura sp. from Africa and subsequently forms the first host and locality records. from Suncus caeruleus from SriLanka (then 82 Fauna of Valmiki Tiger Reserve

Ceylon), South China and Sorex p. personatus Z.S.l. Reg. No. WN 735; host - spotted owlet from North America. Now, it is recorded from (Athene brama); locality - Govardhana, West another shrew, Suncus murinus caerulescens and Champaran district, Bihar; 28-X-1994; location from a new locality. It may be noted that the and collector same as above. incidence of infection by this species in the host Remarks : This species is widely distributed is very high. in India. It is now recorded for the first time Superfamily : SPIRUROIDEA from Bihar.

Family : SPIROCERCIDAE Subfamily : HISTOCEPHALIANE Gendre 1922 (Chitwood and Wehr, 1932 Subfam.) Chabaud, 1975 Genus. Viguiera Seurat, 1913 Subfamily : SPIROCERCINAE Chitwood and Viguiera majumdari Dey, 1979 Wehr, 1932 Material: Two 0 0, four ~ ~ . Z.S.l. Reg. Genus. Cylicospirura (Gastronodus) , . No. WN 736; host -Haircrested Drongo (Dicrurus. (S. N. Singh, 1934 gen.) hottentotus); location - .under horny layer of Cylicospirura (Gastronodus) stresseni gizzard; locality - Manguraha, West Champaran (Singh 1934) district, Bihar; 24~X-1994; CoIl - S. R. Dey Sarkar. Material: Three 0 0, four ~ ~ . Z.S .1. Reg. , Remarks : The species was described by De No. WN 733; host - house shrew (Suncus murinus (1969) from Dicrurus m. macrocercus from caerulescens); location - Stomach nodules; Burdwan, West Bengal. It is now recorded from locality - Manguraha, West Champaran district, Bihar; 22-X-1994; ColI - S. R. Dey Sarkar. another species of drongo, Dicrurus hottentotus and from a new locality. Remarks : This species was reported from Hydrabad, India. It is now recorded for the first Viguiera Sp. time from Bihar.

Material: One ~., Z.S.I. Reg. No. WN 737 ; Superfamily : HABRONEMATOIDEA host wood pecker (Dinopium sp); location - Family : HABRONEMATIDAE under horny layer of gizzard; locality­ (Chitwood and Wehr, 1932 Ivaschkin, 1961) Govardhana, West Champaran district, Bihar; Subfamily : HABRONEMATINAE 28-X-1994; ColI - S. R. Dey Sarkar. 3 Q ~ ,. Chitwood and Wehr, 1932 2.5.1. Reg. No. WN 738; host Greater Racket tailed drongo (Dicrurus paradiseus); location - Genus. Habronema Diesing, 1861 under horny layer of gizzard; locality - Madanpur, West Champaran district, Bihar; 17-i-1996; Habronema imbricatum Maplstone, 1930 ColI - S. R. Dey Sarkar.

Material: One 0, two ~ ~ ,. Z.S.l. Reg. No. Remarks : In the absence of a male specific WN 734; host collared scops owl (otus identification is not possible. bakkamaena); location - under honny layer of gizzard; locality - Manguraha, West Champaran Superfamily : ACUARIOIDEA district, Bihar; 23-X-1994; CoIl - S. R. Dey Fatnily : ACUARIIDAE (Railliet, Henry and Sarkar. 4 0 0, 5 ~ Q and 2 fragments of females ; Sisoff 1912 subfam.) Chitood and wehr, 1934. DEY & SARKAR : Parasitic Nematodes 83

Subfamily: ACUARIINAE Railliet, Material: One 0; Z.S.l. Reg. No. WN 741; Henry and Sisoff, 1912 host - Black drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis); location - neck muscles; locality - Naurangia, West Genus. Acuaria Bremstlr, 1811 Champaran district, Bihar; 3-xi-1994; ColI - S. R. Dey Sarkar. Acuaria anthuris (Rudolphi, 1819) Railliet, Henry and Sisoff, 1912 Remarks : Soota and Chaturvide (1971) described the species from drongo (Dicrurus Material: Two 00, Z.S.I. Reg. No. WN hottentatus) from Hitaru (Nepal). Soota (1981) 739; host - while bellied drongo (Dierurus reported this species from Ra~ket-tailed drongo caerulescens); location - under horny layer of (Dicrurus sp.) from AandamaH. It is now recorded gizzard; locality - N aurangla, West Champaran from another species of drongo from a new locality. district, Bihar; 3-xi-1994; Coll-S. R. Dey Sarkar. Superfamily : FILARIOIDEA Remarks. : This species is widely distributed in India. It is now recorded for the first time from Family : ONCHOCERCIDAE (Leiper, 1911) a new host and from a new locality. Subfamily : SPLENDIDOFILARIINAE Chabaud and Choquet, 1953. Superfamily : THELAZIOIDEA Family : THELAZIIDAE Skrjabin, 1915 Genus. Chandlerella York and Maplestone, 1926.

Subfamily: THELAZIINAE (Skrjabin 1915 Chandlerella bosei (Chandler 1924) York fam.) Baylis and Daubney, 1926. and Maplestone 1926.

Genus. Thelazia (Thelaziella) Travassos, 1918 Material: One 0 , two ~ ~; Z.S.l. Reg. No. WN 742; host - Shama (Copsychus malabaricus); Thelazia (Thelaziella) Sp. location - body cavity; locality - Manguraha, West Champaran district, Bihar; 23-x-.1994; Material: One ~ ; Z.S.I. Reg. No. WN 740; host - Black drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis); location Coll - S. R. Dey Sarkar. - eye; locality - Naurangia, West Champaran Remarks: The specis is originally reported by district, Bihar; 3-xi-1994; Coll-S. R. Dey Sarkar. Chanldler (1924) from Racket-tailed drongo Remarks : In the absence of a male specific (Dicrurus paradise us = Dissemurus paradise us) identification is not possible. It is to be noted that is the Zoological garden, Calcutta and from a the incidence of infection by this genus appears 'crow' from Madras. It is now recorded for the first time from a new host and from a new locality. totally insignificant. SUMMARY Superfamily : DIPLOTRIAENOIDEA The paper deals with· parasitic nematodes Family : DIPLOTRIAENIDAE (Skrjabin, collected from vertebrate hosts from the Valmiki 1916 Subfam) Anderson, 1958. Tiger Reserve. West Champaran distlict, Bihar. Subfamily·: DICHEILONEMATINAE Wehr, It includes 14 species contained in 19 genera 1935. belonging to 17 families .and 5 orders. Most of them forming new host or locality records. Genus. Hamatospiculum Skrjabin, 1916. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Hamatospiculum nepalensic Soota and Chaluruvedi, 1971. The author is indebted to the Director, Fauna of Valmiki TIger Reserve 84

Zoological Survey of India, Calcuuta for giving the hosts. Finally I wish to acknowledge Dr. laboratory facilities during this work. The author Amalendu Chatterjee, Scientist - 'SE', Incharge is also thankful to Shri A. K. Podder, Asstt. of the Nemathelminthes Section, Zoological Zoologist and Shri T. P. Bhattacharyya Sr. Survey of India. Zoological Asstaint fro taking pains in collecting

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