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Unclassified Usawc Military Studies Program Paper
UNCLASSIFIED USAWC MILITARY STUDIES PROGRAM PAPER The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Defense or any of its agencies. This document may not be released for open pUblication until it has been cleared by the appropriate military service or government agency. THE ROLE OF THE F-117 STEALTH FIGHTER IN SPECIAL OPERATIONS by Lieutenant Colonel Gregory T. Gonyea united States Air Force Dr. Douglas v. J~hnson II Project Advisor A roved for public: DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: PP d release~ distribution is unltmlte • U. S. Army War College Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania 17013 UNCLASSIFIED 1'" --~OUCEOBY:--N'l"iS.I l u.s. Department of Commerce _0_- l National Technical Information Service r Sprlngrield, Virginia 22161 '-----------~ ABSTRACT AUTHOR: Gregory T. Gonyea, Lt Col, USAF TITLE: The Role of the F-117 Stealth Fighter in special Operations FORMAT: Individual Study Project DATE: 15 April 1993 PAGES: 43 CLASSIFICATION: Unclassified Special operations, as the name implies, are not routine or normal. Neither is the F-117 Stealth Fighter. This paper discusses special operations doctrine, Air Force special operations doctrine, and the applicability of the F-117 to special operations. The capabilities, unit training programs, combat Rerformance, and future developments of the aircraft are used to justify increased integration of the F-117 and special operations communities. The F-117 can offer significant capabilities to the special operations arena. However, many limitations apply. This paper recommends F-117 representation on special operations staff and increased joint exercises to implement F-117 integration in limited special operations activities. -
1 17A Stealth Fighter Organizations
HISTORY AND LINEAGE OF THE F- 1 17A STEALTH FIGHTER ORGANIZATIONS DECEMBER 1991 SPECIAL STUDY HO-91-2 OFFICE OF HIST RY HEADQUARTERS, 37TH FPGHTER WING TWELFTH AIR FORCE TACTICAL AIR COMMAND INTRODUCTION In 1978, the Air Force awarded a full-scale development contract for the F-117A Stealth Fighter to Lockheed Corporation's Advanced Development Projects (the famous Skunk Works). Thirty- one months later, on 18 June 1981, the F-117A made its first flight. Meanwhile, the Tactical Air Command (TAC) decided to set up a group-level organization to guide the F-117A to an initial operating capability. That organization became the 4450th Tactical Group (TG), which officially activated on 15 October 1979 at Nellis AFB, Nevada. The 4450 TG began flying operations in 1981 from the Tonopah Test Range Airfield, located approximately 130 miles northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada. Lockheed test pilots put the Stealth Fighter through its early paces. The 4450 TG also operated the A-7D as a surrogate trainer for the F-l17A, and these operations continued until 15 October 1982 under the guise of an avionics test mis- sion. October 15th is important to the program because on that date Maj Alton C. Whitley, Jr. became the first 4450 TG pilot to fly the F-117A. The 4450 TG then achieved an initial operating capability with the F-117A in October 1983. The 4450 TG's mission continued to evolve under a cloak of secrecy--all Tonopah training flights conducted at night under the cover of darkness--until late 1988. On 10 November 1988, the Air Force brought the F-117A from behind a "black veil" by publicly acknowledging its existence. -
37Th TRAINING WING
th 37 TRAINING WING MISSION LINEAGE 37 Fighter-Bomber Wing established, 3 Mar 1953 Activated, 8 Apr 1953 Inactivated, 25 Jun 1953 Redesignated 37 Tactical Fighter Wing and activated, 26 Oct 1966 Organized, 1 Mar 1967 Inactivated, 31 Mar 1970 Activated, 30 Mar 1981 Redesignated 37 Fighter Wing, 1 Oct 1991 Inactivated, 8 Jul 1992 Redesignated 37 Training Wing and activated, 1 Jul 1993 STATIONS Clovis AFB, NM, 8 Apr-25 Jun 1953 Phu Cat AB, South Vietnam, 1 Mar 1967-31 Mar 1970 George AFB, CA, 30 Mar 1981 Tonopah Test Range, NV, 5 Oct 1989-8 Jul 1992 Lackland AFB, TX, 1 Jul 1993 ASSIGNMENTS Ninth Air Force, 8 Apr-25 Jun 1953 Pacific Air Forces, 26 Oct 1966 Seventh Air Force, 1 Mar 1967-31 Mar 1970 831 Air Division, 30 Mar 1981 Twelfth Air Force, 5 Oct 1989-8 Jul 1992 Second Air Force, 1 Jul 1993 WEAPON SYSTEMS F-100, 1967-1969 F-4, 1969-1970 F-4, 1981-1989 T-38, 1989-1992 F-117, 1989-1992 COMMANDERS LTC George W. Bacon, 8 Apr 1953 Col Wallace E. Hopkins, 27 Apr 1953 Col Stephen B. Mack, 4 May-25 Jun 1953 None (not manned), 26 Oct 1966-28 Feb 1967 Unkn, 1 Mar-5 May 1967 Col Raymond C. Lee Jr., 6 May 1967 Col Edwin A. Schneider, 15 May 1967 Col Leroy J. Manor, 15 May 1968 Col Harry B. Trimble, 1 May 1969-31 Mar 1970 Col Luther E. Thweatt, 30 Mar 1981 Col Joseph W. Ashy, 10 Aug 1982 Col Ronald C. -
Goatsucker: Toward a Spatial Theory of State Secrecy
Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 2010, volume 28, pages 759 ^ 771 doi:10.1068/d5308 Goatsucker: toward a spatial theory of state secrecy Trevor Paglen Department of Geography, University of California at Berkeley, 507 McCone Hall #4740, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; e-mail: [email protected] Received 1 May 2008; in revised form 6 April 2010 Abstract. While the question of state secrecy has become a topic of much political debate, relatively little attention has been paid to the topic in academic literature. Most of the literature adopts one of several frameworks. In the legal literature, state secrecy has been examined as a historical and constitutional question. Social scientists have tended to follow Weber in examining secrecy as a question of regulation and bureaucracy or have focused on the cultural play of visibility and invisi- bility that is often characteristic of state secrecy. This paper, by way of contrast, uses the development of the F-117A `stealth fighter' as a case study to give a spatial account of secrecy. I show how state secrecy gives rise to numerous spatial, political, juridical, and even ecological contradictions and propose that a spatial understanding of state secrecy foregrounding these contradictions provides a fruitful basis for a deeper understanding of state secrecy. Late one night during the summer of 1984, two fighter pilots saw a ghost in the sky above Las Vegas. A single two-seat F-16 `Viper' fighter was on a routine flight over the city that night, its pilots alternating between watching instruments, checking in with ground controllers, and scanning the skies above. -
Aerospace Power Journal, Published Quarterly, Is the Professional Flagship Publication of the United States Air Force
Air Force Chief of Staff Gen John P. Jumper Commander, Air Education and Training Command Gen Donald G. Cook http://www.af.mil Commander, Air University Lt Gen Donald A. Lamontagne Commander, College of Aerospace Doctrine, Research and Education Col Bobby J. Wilkes Editor http://www.aetc.randolph.af.mil Lt Col Scott G. Wierschke Associate Editors Dr. Doris Sartor Maj Donald R. Ferguson Professional Staff Marvin W. Bassett, Contributing Editor Larry Carter, Contributing Editor http://www.au.af.mil Mary J. Moore, Editorial Assistant Steven C. Garst, Director of Art and Production Daniel M. Armstrong, Illustrator L. Susan Fair, Illustrator Mary P. Ferguson, Prepress Production Manager Aerospace Power Chronicles Luetwinder T. Eaves, Managing Editor http://www.cadre.maxwell.af.mil The Aerospace Power Journal, published quarterly, is the professional flagship publication of the United States Air Force. It is designed to serve as an open forum for the presentation and stimulation of innova tive thinking on military doctrine, strategy, tactics, force structure, readiness, and other matters of na tional defense. The views and opinions expressed or implied in the Journal are those of the authors and should not be construed as carrying the official sanc tion of the Department of Defense, the Air Force, Air Education and Training Command, Air University, or other agencies or departments of the US government. Articles in this edition may be reproduced in whole or Visit Aerospace Power Journal on-line at in part without permission. If they are reproduced, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil the Aerospace Power Journal requests a courtesy line. -
The Radar Game Understanding Stealth and Aircraft Survivability
A MITCHELL INSTITUTE STUDY The Radar Game Understanding Stealth and Aircraft Survivability By Rebecca Grant September 2010 A mitchell inStitute Study 1 Brig. Gen. Billy Mitchell On September 12, 1918 at St. Mihiel in France, Col. Wil- liam Mitchell became the first person ever to command a major force of allied aircraft in a combined-arms opera- tion. This battle was the debut of the US Army fighting under a single American commander on European soil. Under Mitchell’s control, more than 1,100 allied aircraft worked in unison with ground forces in a broad offen- sive—one encompassing not only the advance of ground troops but also direct air attacks on enemy strategic tar- gets, aircraft, communications, logistics, and forces beyond the front lines. Mitchell was promoted to Brigadier General by order of Gen. John J. Pershing, commander of the American Expeditionary Force, in recognition of his com- mand accomplishments during the St. Mihiel offensive and the subsequent Meuse-Argonne offensive. After World War I, General Mitchell served in Washington and then became Commander, First Provisional Air Brigade, in 1921. That summer, he led joint Army and Navy demonstration attacks as bombs delivered from aircraft sank several captured German vessels, including the SS Ostfriesland. His determination to speak the truth about airpower and its importance to America led to a court-martial trial in 1925. Mitchell was convicted, and re- signed from the service in February 1926. Mitchell, through personal example and through his writing, inspired and en- couraged a cadre of younger airmen. These included future General of the Air Force Henry H. -
Lessons from Stealth for Emerging Technologies
MARCH 2021 Lessons from Stealth for Emerging Technologies CSET Issue Brief AUTHOR Peter Westwick Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................ 2 The Origins of Stealth ..................................................................................... 3 Lessons of Stealth ............................................................................................ 6 Strategic implications: unintended consequences and strategic inertia .......................................................................................................................... 6 Blue-collar technology and the shop floor ...................................................... 8 The role of scientific and engineering disciplines in new technologies ........................................................................................................... 10 Competition as spur to innovation .................................................................. 10 The importance of mid-level program managers ....................................... 12 Need for long-term investments ..................................................................... 13 Public-private collaboration .............................................................................. 14 International origins of key ideas .................................................................... 15 The costs (and benefits) of secrecy ................................................................ 17 What Has -
Stealth Technology
REPORT STEALTH TECHNOLOGY SUBMITTED TO:- A.P RAMANDEEP SHARMA SUBMITTED BY :- HARSHIT OBEROI JATINDER SINGH SUMEET PALTA STEALTH TECHNOLOGY SR NO INDEX PAGE NO. 1 INTRODUCTION 2 2 HISTORY 2 3 WHAT IS STEALTH? 3 4 WHAT IS RADAR? 4 5 ADVANTAGES 7 6 DISADVANTAGES 7 7 FURURE 9 PCTE Page 1 STEALTH TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION Stealth or low observability (as it is scientifically known) is one of the most misunderstood and misinterpreted concepts in military aviation by the common man. Stealth aircraft are considered as invisible aircraft, which dominate the skies. With an additional boost from Hollywood action movies, stealth is today termed as the concept invincibility rather than invisibility. Though, the debate still continues on whether stealth technology can make an aircraft invincible it was found that stealth aircraft are detectable by radar. The motive behind incorporating stealth technology in an aircraft is not just to avoid missiles being fired at is but also to give total deniability to covert operations. This is very much useful to strike targets where it is impossible to reach. Thus we can clearly say that the job of a stealth aircraft pilot is not to let others know that he was ever there. HISTORY In England, irregular units of gamekeepers in the 17th century were the first to adopt drab colours (common in the 16th century Irish units) as a form of camouflage, following examples from the continent. Yehudi lights were successfully employed in World War II by RAF Shorts Sunderland aircraft in attacks on U-boats. In 1945 a Grumman Avenger with Yehudi lights got within 3,000 yards (2,700 m) of a ship before being sighted. -
Stealth Secrets of the F-117 Nighthawk
Stealth Secrets Of The F-117 Nighthawk STEALTH SECRETS OF THE F-117 NIGHTHAWK It’s developement was kept under wraps for 14 years, but by 1991, the F-117 nighthawk had become a household word. Aviation History March 1996 by Don Holloway Television viewers who tuned to the Cable News Network (CNN) on the evening of January 16, 1991, were treated to a rare live preview of wars to come. Correspondents Bernard Shaw and Peter Arnett, broadcasting live from their room in Baghdad’s AlRashid Hotel, were covering the state of alert of Saddam Hussein’s Iraq. Five-and-a-half months after Iraqi forces invaded the emirate of Kuwait - and 17 hours after the deadline for their withdrawal set by the coalition opposing them - Baghdad had taken shelter beneath the strongest concentration of air defenses in the world. These included 76 surface-to-air missile (SAM) launchers and nearly 3,000 anti- aircraft artillery (AAA or triple-A) guns. Iraqi radar operators scoured the moonless skies for the first indica-tion of approaching aircraft, but they saw nothing. “We haven’t heard any planes yet,” noted Shaw, wondering aloud whether Boeing B-52 bombers flew so high they couldn’t be heard. Six hundred and fifty miles almost due south, at Khamis Mushayt in southwestern Saudi Arabia, U.S. Air Force pilots of the 37th Tactical Fighter Wing also were glued to the CNN newscast. Two hours earlier, some of their squadron mates had departed King Khalid Air Base in the first airstrike of the war. One of their targets, located on the west bank of the Tigris River, was the 370-foot AlKark Communications Tower, which transmitted CNN’s television signal to the outside world. -
Plasma Aerodynamics Since the End of the Cold War Dennis C
Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2012 Plasma Aerodynamics since the End of the Cold War Dennis C. Mills Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES PLASMA AERODYNAMICS SINCE THE END OF THE COLD WAR By DENNIS C. MILLS A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2012 Dennis C. Mills defended this dissertation on April 19, 2012. The members of the supervisory committee were: Jonathan Grant Professor Directing Dissertation Michael Ruse University Representative Frederick Davis Committee Member Edward Wynot Committee Member Rafe Blaufarb Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii To my mother and my wife. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This journey began back in junior high school around 1970 when I first realized I enjoyed history. Many people helped along the way and I truly wish I could personally thank each and every one of them for the achievement of a life-long dream. They assisted in this long journey and I am forever in their gratitude. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. -
Brochour SCR.CDR
This monograph categorizes and summarizes the work of P. Y. Ufimtsev, and is mainly connected with research on edge diffracted waves. This research stemmed from practical considerations and focused on the development of approximate methods to calculate the scattering of electromagnetic waves from real objects. “The Lockheed F–117 Stealth Fighter and the Northrop B–2 Stealth Bomber play key roles in today’s United States Air Force. These were the first two major aircraft designs to employ the principles of Pyotr Ufimtsev’s Physical Theory of Diffraction (PTD). Ben Rich, who oversaw the F–117 project as head of Lockheed’s fabled Skunk Works, refers to Professor Ufimtsev’s work as “the Rosetta Stone breakthrough for stealth technology.” At Northrop, where I worked on the B–2 project, we were so enthusiastic about PTD that a co-worker and I sometimes broke into choruses of “Go Ufimtsev” to the tune of “On, Wisconsin.” And so today the rather abstract physics and mathematics developed by this charming and unassuming old-world gentleman are influencing military strategy and tactics and thus helping shape history - not just through the F–117 and the B–2, but through the many military systems of many kinds that now incorporate stealth technology based on PTD.” From the “Foreword”, by Kenneth M. Mitzner. Contents: Introduction; Review of Edge Diffraction Techniques; Chapter 1 Diffraction of Electromagnetic Waves at Black Bodies: Generalization of Kirchhoff-Kottler Theory; Chapter 2 Edge Diffraction at Convex Perfectly Conducting Bodies: Elements -
Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia
SIBERIAN BRANCH OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY ARCHAEOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY & ANTHROPOLOGY OF EURASIA Number 1 (25) 2006 Published in Russian and English CONTENTS PALEOENVIRONMENT. THE STONE AGE 2 A.P. Derevianko. The Lower Paleolithic Small Tool Industry in Eurasia: Migration or Convergent Evolution? 33 S.V. Leshchinskiy. Lugovskoye: Environment, Taphonomy, and Origin of a Paleofaunal Site 41 V.N. Zenin, S.V. Leshchinskiy, K.V. Zolotarev, P.M. Grootes, and M.-J. Nadeau. Lugovskoe: Geoarchaeology and Culture of a Paleolithic Site 54 S.V. Leshchinskiy, E.N. Maschenko, E.A. Ponomareva, L.A. Orlova, E.M. Burkanova, V.A. Konovalova. I.I. Teterina, and K.M. Gevlya. Multidisciplinary Paleontological and Stratigraphic Studies at Lugovskoe (2002 – 2004) THE NEOLITHIC 70 V.A. Zakh. Periodization of the Neolithic in the Tobol-Ishim Forest Zone THE METAL AGES AND MEDIEVAL PERIOD 84 Yu.F. Kiryushin, P.V. Volkov, and K.Yu. Kiryushin. A Plate with an Anthropomorphous Representation from Tytkesken-2: Chronological and Technological Aspects of the Torgazhak Tradition in the Altai-Sayan Highland 89 Yu.Yu. Shevchenko. Lower Levels of the Ilinsk Underground Monastery in Chernigov, Hegumens of the Monastery, and the “Jerusalem Trace” in Cave Architecture DISCUSSION ISSUES IN THE STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ART 110 O.V. Kovaleva. Petroglyphs of the Barsuchy Log Mound ETHNOLOGY 117 G.P. Vizgalov, S.G. Parkhimovich, T.N. Glushkova, E.V. Kireyeva, and A.V. Sutula. Early 17th-Century Textiles from Mangazea PHOTOETHNOGRAPHY THE NORTHWESTERN ALTAI: FOUR SEASONS 132 Winter. History of the Turata Kazakhs ANTHROPOLOGY 145 V.G. Moiseyev.