ANALYSis | ANALYSe

The Small in Print Promoting the Modern to Post-war Canadians through Pattern Books, Journals, and Magazines1

George Thomas Kapelos is associate professor >Ge o r g e Th o m a s and past chair, Department of Architectural Science, Ka p e l o s Ryerson University (Toronto). He was president of the Society for the of in Canada (1980-1982) and member of the executive (vice- president and secretary) (1977-1980). In 2008 he May 1962 cover of the Canadian he was named a fellow of the Royal Architectural THomes and Gardens (CH&G) magazine Institute of Canada (FRAIC). His publications include presents an enticing image. Entitled “The Poolside Life,” the cover story depicts a “Looking and Seeing: Concrete and the Education scene of nonchalant typicality in the West of the Architect,” In Graeme Stewart and Michael Vancouver family home of Art and Patti McClelland (eds.), TOBrut, Toronto, Coach House Philips and their four children: suburban, Press, 2007, p. 54-55; “Finding Beauty: Toronto’s leisured, carefree, and completely modern Clean & Beautiful City Initiative,” ISoCaRP 3, Journal (fig. 1). 2 The ease with which the maga- of the International Society of City and Regional zine presented this as a matter-of-fact, Planners, 2007, p. 45-62; and Course Studies – everyday occurrence signalled a cultural Tracking Ontario’s Thames: An Exploration of the shift. A scant decade and a half before, Canada had been facing an unpreced- River, London, Museum London, 2001. ented housing crisis. Returning veterans were pressing for jobs; there were severe housing shortages across the country; and the infrastructure to accommodate new communities and the anticipated popu- lation surge was non-existent. In 1946, veterans staged a peaceful but pointed occupation of the old Hotel Vancouver. Led by a Canadian Legion sergeant-at- arms and climaxing two years of public agitation over the lack of housing, that event drew national attention to the country’s housing needs.3 Vancouver’s protesting veterans could hardly have imagined the idyllic future life, as pic- tured in the glossy pages of the maga- zine, that lay before them.

Shortly after the article appeared, the CH&G ceased publication,4 but the impact of its imagery and messages was apparent everywhere. Across the coun- try, modern, single-family of con- temporary design had become the norm. How did this dramatic change happen so quickly? What precipitated such wide- spread acceptance of a new style of liv- ing? How had the unimaginable become the quotidian? FIG. 1. “The Poolside Life,” CH&G, May 1962, cover.

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This paper explores the interrelationship The significant number of built reflected in 2002 initiatives by the CMHC between Canadian housing production during that period, and their continued to encourage the renewal of these houses and architectural print media in English- existence, altered the Canadian hous- through improvements, as identified in language Canada in the decade follow- ing landscape dramatically and created two of their reports which focus on con- ing the end of the Second World War. It a new model for the ideal home. Many tinued rehabilitation (figs. 2-3).7 In fact, explores how print media and concomi- Canadians grew up in houses built in these houses comprise the largest stock of tant professional and government institu- the period just after the Second World architectural heritage from the post-war, tions operated to influence widespread War when returning veterans drove the modern period. They are undervalued consumer adoption of a modern archi- demand for affordable, first-time homes. and their conservation remains ignored tectural design vocabulary that became These small modern dwellings, emblem- and neglected. the norm for single-family housing of atic of a time of exponential growth and the late 1940s, 1950s, and beyond. The rising expectations, have a special place The significance of CMHC’s designs is paper also describes how the professional in the history of Canadian communities, twofold: first, the emphasis on quality architectural press of the 1940s promoted establishing the standard for suburban design, fostered by CMHC’s commis- modernism, mostly to architects. Simul- living in the years following the war. sioning of young architectural talent taneously, it explores how the content of to produce plans and prototypes, and, shelter magazines, focusing on the home The period 1946-1956, the first ten years secondly, the proliferation of new tech- and homeowner, popularized modern of the CMHC, heralded the 1957 incep- nologies and materials introduced into housing in a way that enabled homebuy- tion of the Canadian Housing Design the housing market. Yet, while the CMHC ers to identify with this new architecture Council, established to give a higher was active in promoting the design of and feel comfortable with it. profile to housing design and ultimately small, efficiently-arranged and archi- wresting CMHC’s leadership on housing tecturally-considered houses, it is not While the interplay between popular and design.5 In that same decade following solely responsible for the widespread professional press is not uniquely Can- the end of the Second World War, the acceptance among average Canadians. adian, this paper contends that the strong CMHC made available over five hundred Professional publications, initially the presence of the state, in this case the Cen- plans for small house types (and during Journal of the Royal Architectural Insti- tral (later Canada) Mortgage and Housing that period the definition of the “small” tute of Canada (JRAIC) and latterly the Corporation (CMHC), in the promotion house grew from under one thousand fledgling Canadian Architect (CA) maga- and design of single-family housing is square feet to close to two thousand zine, kept the idea of high design for the noteworthy. Through the agency of the square feet). Through its regional centres modern house in the eye of the archi- CMHC, builders were drawn to build mod- and local offices, the CMHC distributed tect, and the architect’s client, whether ern houses, and consumers were led to see these plans as well as advice to potential a single-family homeowner or a builder- these as the preferred choice for living. By homeowners and builders. developer. Builders and manufacturers operating both to guarantee financing for were also shaping the housing market new housing and to produce pattern books As a result, Canada’s post-war suburbs are in the post-war period, while capitalizing of commissioned modern house designs well stocked with CMHC-derived house on the demand for housing and home that would readily be amenable to finan- designs. While it is difficult to know the equipment and furnishings. They cap- cing, the CMHC created an environment exact number of single-family dwellings tured consumers with an attractive and whereby this new housing mode was not produced by this means, based on hous- unprecedented array of materials, goods, only sanctioned, but became widely desir- ing starts during that time period and the and equipment that would be at home able and prevalent. But the state could not value of mortgages financed, an estimate in these new, modern houses.8 have effected this without the participa- of approximately one million two hundred tion of the professions, the press, and the thousand would be reasonable.6 Many of It is the popular shelter magazine, and buying public. The convergence of profes- these houses, albeit changed and modi- for readers in English-speaking Canada sions, media, and national institution to fied over time, still serve their inhabitants for the purposes of this investigation it is bring about this new form of housing is and form the majority of housing stock in one magazine, the CH&G, which played an important yet unrecognized moment the older, near-in suburbs of all Canadian a pivotal role in disseminating informa- in Canada’s architectural history. cities. Their continued value is further tion on the new house. This publication,

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unique in English Canada during the per- iod, established norms of acceptability for these houses, provided standards for their occupancy and, most critically, promoted their comfort and liveability. Supported by a private sector anxious to meet the demands of a growing housing market, government agency, professional journal, and popular magazine came together to shape design expectations and ultimately the proliferation of a certain form of post- war single-family dwelling.

The ‘Flow’ of Mass Culture

This essay is framed by explorations of contemporary popular culture and the expression of this culture, especially FIG. 2. Many of the houses built as a result of CMHC pro­ FIG. 3. CMHC, 2002, Renovating Distinctive Homes: through the magazine.9 Maria Tippett grams still serve their inhabitants, although with One Storey Houses of the ’60s and ’70s, changes and modifications, and form the majority of Ottawa, Canada Mortgage and Housing argues that, for Canadians, particularly housing stock in the older, near-in suburbs of all Can­ Corporation, cover. those in English-speaking Canada prior adian cities. Their continued value is further reflected in recent initiatives by the CMHC to encourage the to 1945, the making of culture was renewal of these houses through improvements, as achieved through a combination of local identified in two 2002 reports by the CMHC which focus on their continued rehabilitation and upkeep. initiative and government intervention CMHC, 2002, Renovating Distinctive Homes: at the national level.10 Until the 1960s 1½ Storey Post-War Homes, Ottawa, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, cover. and the writings of Marshall McLuhan11 and other critics, popular media have not been recognized as important agents in cautionary advice about the effects of Chatelaine magazine and its impact on cultural production. Addressing the ques- studying individual threads of a subject, the lives of Canadian women.17 Her analy- tion of contemporary culture, Raymond instead of the subject in its entirety and sis builds on that author’s idea of the flow Williams identifies a ‘sociology of cul- recommends that scholars study the flow of mass culture;18 she examines a twenty- ture,’ which points to the informing spirit of material instead of “the discrete single year period of Chatelaine, systematically of a way of life, “manifest over a whole work, [because scholars are] in danger of analyzing content to identify themes and range of cultural activities.”12 Culture, he narrowing [the] notion of text too much prevalent ideas, in order to understand believes, in its broadest sense, embod- […] and by doing so missing the normal interrelationships and linkages.19 ies all forms of practice and production, characteristic of mass culture […] one of which converge to create a “signifying ‘flow.’”15 According to Raymond Williams, Utilizing that approach to explore the system through which social order is convergence is essential for an under- post-war house as an element of cul- communicated, reproduced, experi- standing of the ‘sociology of culture.’ tural expression and applying Raymond enced and explored.”13 The approach Williams’s ideas of convergence requires to culture includes not only traditional One important vehicle for cultural expres- a multi-faceted analysis, including an arts and forms of intellectual produc- sion is the magazine, which as early as the exploration of specific cultural institu- tion such as those explored by Maria 1890s had become the de facto arbiter of tions, professional journals, and popu- Tippett and others, but also, according the evolving social order and has recently lar media. As well, the analysis requires to Raymond Williams, “all of the signi- become a source for scholarly study of con- an understanding of both the material fying practices from language through temporary culture.16 Valerie J. Korinek has means of cultural production (architects the arts and philosophy to journalism, applied Raymond Williams’s notions of flow in practice and the CMHC) and the result- fashion and advertising.”14 He offers in the popular press in her investigation of ant forms of culture—in this case the

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post-war single-family house. By means tion on housing and popular culture for signified by a “really positive and creative of a close reading of two periodicals and the period of the magazine’s life, from effort toward modern architecture.”25 CMHC books over the period 1924 to 1962.21 Throughout that period She was unequivocal in her advocacy for of the greatest flux in the Canadian hous- of social-aesthetic transformation, the this new form: “One of the most hopeful ing marketplace, that being the decade consumer remains a constant, both as facts about both modern housing and following the close of the Second World target and participant.22 modern architecture is that they are not War, we begin to comprehend how the a separate subject.”26 landscape of new housing, built mostly While the CMHC was the engine that on the edge of Canadian urban areas, can produced house designs and financed Catherine Bauer was predominantly pre- be understood and evaluated. their construction through mortgage occupied with multiple housing, which support, the architectural profession she believed would be the best way of Before addressing the dialectic of the readily engaged with the CMHC, creat- providing housing in contemporary soci- modern house as an instrument of ing high-level design output. However, ety; however, she did believe that the social change and as an aesthetic ideal, it was the magazine and the way it was single-family dwelling would persist as we must first understand the interplay conceived, read, and interpreted that a type. Turn-of-the-century progressiv- among Canada’s pre-eminent agent became the vehicle of normalization and ism, she conceded, “can be found in the of housing production: the CMHC, the cultural acceptance for the new modern typical suburban house of a progressive agents and institutions of architectural small house, legitimizing it, moderating and fairly wealthy American of the per- design, notably the architectural profes- and tempering its impact, providing infor- iod.” Such houses reflected the “vague sion represented through the pages of mation on its liveability, and showing the idea that good taste had something to the JRAIC, the agents of popular taste way for its acceptance by the post-war do with simplicity” and that there was and consumption, as depicted in the consumer. It is the flow of these forces “a snobbism in favour of sunlight and popular shelter press, especially the and the convergence of disparate com- against useless objects.”27 CH&G magazine, the most widely read ponents into the form of contemporary, and popular English-language publi- modern houses that created the domin- Catherine Bauer’s advocacy of modern cation of its kind during the period,20 ant fabric of the post-war Canadian sub- housing rested on social and technical and the consumer, whose predilections urban landscape and material culture, reform and her energies were focused and inclinations had been pent up dur- which persist today.23 at the level of policy and government ing years of economic depression and agency. Others took a different tack, the ensuing war. We must also under- The Modern Single-family primarily through the agency of the stand how the shelter magazine and its House: the “Quiet Revolution” press, to engender positive popular feel- readers (mostly female) moderated the in Residential Design ings about the new forms of architec- dialectic of the modern house, mak- ture. English architect and critic Francis ing it palatable for mass consumption. In 1934, following an extensive tour of Reginald Stevens Yorke became a cham- In addition, the CMHC’s model house new European housing, Catherine Bauer pion of modernism and brought its mes- plans, initially selected by means of a presented a summary of what she called sage to a wider audience of architects competitive process, gained widespread “modern housing” across the contin- and patrons in Britain in the 1930s and acceptance through their regular publi- ent. In her opinion, “‘modern housing’ 1940s. As the author of The Modern cation in pattern books. By examining […] has certain qualities and embodies House, first published in London in 1934, the English-language Canadian profes- certain method and purposes, which and the founding secretary of the Mod- sional press and how it viewed and pro- distinguish it sharply from the typical ern Architecture Research Group (MARS) moted the small, modern, single-family residential environment of the past in Britain, he popularized modernity in house, particularly through publishing century.”24 A number of case studies the United Kingdom, particularly its the work of young Canadian architects, detailed the basic principles or “vital appropriateness for the villa, or single- we can explore the interpretation and standards” of European housing, which family house. Yorke continued to write adaptation of the modern single-family she listed. Measured against these stan- about the house, updating it for post- home by the public. In particular, the dards, she was impressed by what she war readers.28 Francis R.S. Yorke’s writ- CH&G was a primary source of informa- identified as “not reform, but new form” ings for a number of British architectural

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journals in the 1930s and 1940s brought ern House Today, written for American The Magazine, the (Female) him into close contact with practising readers by Katherine Morrow Ford and Reader, and the Advance architects. He understood that archi- Thomas H. Creighton: of the Modern Agenda: tects who wished to explore new forms Modernity or ‘Modified’ of architecture could not use large com- A quiet revolution has taken place in Modern? missions as the focus for experimenta- residential design in the last decade (which tion: “Since the architect can gain real deserved to be documented rather fully; The late nineteenth century witnessed experience of new construction only in revolution, not evolution, because the the publication of an unprecedented actually work, he is most likely wrench has been violent, if usually polite) number of mass-circulation titles in the to find in the villa the most easily access- […] The revolt has done this: it has swept English-speaking world, which included ible unit for research.”29 away the need for thinking in static terms magazines whose primary concern and of tightly enclosed, inward looking ; focus was domesticity.35 While the rela- Born into the British upper class, but and it has substituted the privilege of using tionship of the popular press to modern- not into wealth, and trained in archi- free, open, outward-looking space. This has ity in general goes beyond the scope of tecture, Francis R.S. Yorke turned to implied both a technical and an emotional this investigation, certain aspects of the writing as a means of economic sur- readjustment.33 topic are relevant here. Several genres of vival and “proving his credentials as a magazines intersected in the domain of modernist.”30 Serving for many as the Through the designs of architects prac- interior design, including women’s con- first introduction to European Modern- tising in the USA, such as Hugh Stub- sumer titles, professional art and archi- ism, The Modern House was drawn from bins, Marcel Breuer, and Philip Johnson, tecture journals, and trade journals for his contributions to the leading maga- Katherine Morrow Ford and Thomas H. the building and industries.36 zines and reviews of the day, including Creighton detailed that revolution with In the first half of the twentieth century, The Architectural Record, Architecture ample evidence, depicting eighty-five a specific kind of journal evolved, which Design and Construction, Building, residential designs of the period. The mediated between the architectural pro- The Master Builder, and L’Architecture houses were comfortable, spacious, open, fession, predominantly male, and a clien- d’aujourd’hui.31 The Modern House was light-filled, and clearly contemporary in tele, which was understood to be largely so easily written and laid out, as Jeremy approach and appearance. Nevertheless, female and credited with “the active role Melvin stated, that “an impoverished, even though well underway, the revolu- in ‘producing’ the domestic interior as a inexperienced architect could turn to tion remained to them incomprehensible. complex designed project.”37 The Modern House as a source book, “The odd thing about this revolution,” almost a religious text.”32 Throughout they mused, “is that it has not been Throughout the twentieth century and the 1930s Yorke continued as the advo- widely or generally understood, despite on national and international scales, cate of modernity through his own col- increasing attention to its results on the the magazine brought the representa- umns in periodicals such as Architects’ part of the consumer press and […] the tion of designed objects into the reader’s Journal and Architectural Review. professional journals.”34 physical environment. Indeed, the popu- lar magazine became not only the means Catherine Bauer and Francis R.S. Yorke Their views were typical of post-war for readers to engage with contempor- represented the two poles within which writings on the architecture of - ary ideas, but also the embodiment of the debate on modernism was framed: tic space. They exuberantly promoted modernity, “a complex object, in many the progressive and populist sentiment, a new form of housing that was tak- respects the epitome of Baudelairean which argued for modern housing as a ing hold in the post-war marketplace modernity: ephemeral, fleeting and social necessity, and the aesthetic experi- in North America in a long-anticipated contingent.”38 Through reading about the ment, which saw it as a design expression revolution. Nevertheless, in spite of modern in architecture and design, the of the zeitgeist [spirit of the age]. Trans- their acknowledgement of the role mass consumer was primed and predisposed to lated into the North American context, media was playing in popularizing this new modes of form and design. During this dialectic was labelled as revolutionary new form of design, they did not see periods when resources were few, maga- in both spatial and social terms. Typical how the popular press was interpreting zines suggested that actual consumption is the 1951 introduction to The Mod- and shaping public acceptance. may not be necessary: modernity could

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be performed simply by reading about follows, to shed light on the complexities Throughout that period, the magazine that consumption.39 and nuances in the creation of the mod- played an important and consistent role ern, domestic realm. in the life of the homemaker45 and in the Canada was no exception. In 1958, in establishment of norms and behaviours.46 a brief from the CMHC to the United Modernism anticipated an increased Valerie J. Korinek’s close reading of Chatel- Nations on the state of housing in Canada, participation of women in the design of aine, a publication of the Maclean Hunter an anonymous writer described the rela- the modern home. The MARS group, for group that also produced the CH&G, tionship between the female consumer, example, included the appointment of reveals that the magazine provided many the magazine, and norms and attitudes Elizabeth Denby as a housing consultant, women an opportunity to challenge preva- toward housing design in Canada: whose role was to effect the improvement lent assumptions about the home, their of domestic facilities. Her focus, however, roles in the family, and expected norms of [A]s hired domestic help is more expensive remained on spaces identified tradition- appropriate behaviour.47 Rhodri Windsor and less tractable than mechanical aids ally as the domain of the female, most Liscombe’s analysis of Western Homes and in household operation, housewives are notably the .41 Rhodri Windsor Living (WH&L), a popular shelter magazine left alone to manage their domains with Liscombe suggests that such spaces were published in Vancouver for a western machines and their infant children with a “‘fe-maled’ surrogate to male agency Canadian audience, explores paternalis- difficulty […] Norms of taste and behaviour and preference,” as kitchen designs were tic attitudes and the modernist domestic in Canadian residential areas, certainly instigated predominantly by male archi- agenda which he contends entrapped in suburban areas, are heavily influenced tects who mobilized a knowledge base women.48 Valerie J. Korinek does not focus by Canadian and American advertisers derived primarily from male performance in any detail on the relationship between of consumer goods and the leadership in industry and the military.42 Veronica reader and specifics of the domestic inter- given editorially in the weekly and monthly Strong-Boag confirms the gendered realm ior. Rather, her discussion centres on the magazines of this Continent.40 of the suburb, which, she believes, sup- magazine’s social realm, its profound influ- ported the notion that “women’s basic ence on readers, and its importance in A number of critics have extensively re- satisfactions came through service to shaping the feminist agenda of the 1950s evaluated these norms of taste and behav- others in the domestic sphere.”43 and 1960s. Women readers, she reveals, iour, which are integral to the creation of were not mute or passive in their accept- the domestic realm, and have placed a But did women accept what the designers ance of views presented by the magazine. particular focus on the post-war suburb, were bringing upon them, and did they act Chatelaine was widely and continuously the interrelationship of media and maga- with one accord? Not necessarily. Joy Parr’s read, even when readers disagreed with zine reader, and the roles played by each study of Canadian homemakers, designers, editorial stances, and its pages provided a to shape the post-war suburban environ- and manufacturers exposes the struggle forum not only for information but also as ment. Men and women played multiple between designer and client in the first a basis for communication among women roles in this world; the dynamics between two decades after the Second World across Canada. Women were active partici- media images and reality as it was lived War. 44 The domestic ideal envisioned by pants in the shaping and reshaping of the were complex; and the impact on post- the designer did not always reflect the modernist agenda to fit their own particu- war culture, although profound, was realm of the housewife. Post-war women lar conditions. neither straightforward nor predictable. did not blindly embrace modern tenets of Recent scholarship has focused on the purity of form, functionalism, and machine The modernity of the house, anticipated interrelationship between designer, typ- aesthetic, especially as they impacted the by Francis R.S. Yorke, advocated by Cath- ically the male architect, and his andro- kitchen, living , and other spaces of erine Bauer, and promoted by magazine gynous, hermaphrodite client: the male the domestic interior. Joy Parr suggests editors, did not go unchallenged and, husband-client (wage earner and de facto that many women read the small scale more importantly, was often transgressed mortgage-reducer), and the female wife- and practical plainness of modern, post- to suit the circumstances of the homebuyer client (homemaker and de facto domestic war housing as cottage-like rather than and homemaker. Joy Parr’s presentation stabilizer). Feminist research has focused contemporary. Women, she contends, sub- of the transgressive reading of modern- on the latter: the woman as reader, client, verted the modern ideal, and created their ity takes shape in her discussion of the and consumer. A summary of this research own interpretation of modernity. furniture industry. In the chapter entitled

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“Maple as Modern,” she contends that ences—a flexible space, a view through established and charged with a number modernism was not an aesthetic project, an expanse of glass, efficient storage.” of responsibilities including the adminis- but one of reconciliation and accommoda- Spurred by the domestic consumption tration of the National Housing Act 1944, tion, between the forces of the world of industry, the resulting “modified mod- whose mandate was both monetary and the 1950s and the needs to address the ern” created “an elastic conception of social.55 The CMHC enabled financing of diverse pulls of family, financial exigency, modernity that made it the functional housing, including loans to prospective and comfort. By example, the restyling of equivalent of a process of selection.”52 homeowners and builders, and guaran- maple furniture in the late 1940s and 1950s tees to institutions and local governments was a response to the conditions of the In effect, the housing consumer was to support housing initiatives. A small modern home and family. It was “readily allowed to choose aspects of modern- component focused on housing research recognizable, relatively invulnerable, and ity, without necessarily having to ascribe and community planning.56 inherently companionable.”49 Rather than to the entire ideal. These “modernisms” being simply about change, modernism propelled the single-family home to the The subsequent impact of government- was about making change amenable. centre of a post-war cultural debate, ren- sponsored CMHC activity on the Canadian dering moot any single idea of how the housing industry has been well docu- That kind of re-adaptation of modern- house should look. At the same time, the mented.57 Its influence on the architec- ity is given a specific definition by David potential for a multiplicity of forms and tural profession and design community Smiley in his exploration of the interrela- ideas to coexist within the idea of the was to encourage design innovation to tionship between ideas of the home and modern house provided unprecedented facilitate housing production and provide the cultural apparatus through which the opportunities for architects and housing cost-saving opportunities in new hous- home was represented. He identifies an providers to develop houses in a myriad ing.58 While scant attention has yet to be ambiguous relationship between popu- of forms and functional arrangements paid to the cultural value of the CMHC’s lar magazines and architectural journals to satisfy the growing demands of first- activities on the design professions and to in their representation of modernity.50 In time homebuyers. It is in this milieu that Canadian design culture in general,59 the his survey of New York’s domestic culture the activities of the CMHC can best be breadth of the CMHC’s agenda, embra- in the period immediately following the explored and understood. cing design, pragmatic and socially ideal- Second World War, like Joy Parr, he iden- istic (and echoing the dialectic posed by tifies two overlapping views of domes- The State and Housing Bauer and Yorke), is suggested by David tic modernism, one based on aesthetic Production in Canada Mansur, first president of the CMHC, in his production and the other socially driven. after 194553 introduction to the CMHC’s first national The former, which he calls “production- design competition: “Home building sig- based modernism,” looked to technology With the end of the Second World War, nifies many things—a lasting source of to solve the housing problem. The latter, attention focused on the urgent issue of happiness, a kindly environment in which or “socially-derived modernism,” believed housing. In 1947 the Canadian Welfare to raise children, a closer tie with com- that modern living could be achieved in Council summarized the situation: munity life, a new stake in the land.”60 a house of either traditional or modern appearance. Socially-derived modernism, The future health, vigour and stability of the Almost immediately after its formation, David Smiley contends, stressed a life of nation will depend greatly upon the housing the CMHC expanded one aspect of its man- convenience and flexibility that was freed conditions under which the people live and date to embrace the promotion of contem- of the aesthetic rigors of high modernism. raise their children […] The opportunity porary housing design with an emphasis He labels that approach “modified mod- for every Canadian family to enjoy a on the single-family home, a specific activ- ernism” or “a new style from which bits decent house and a healthy neighbourhood ity that continued to the early 1970s. The and pieces could be selected and com- environment should be a primary objective CMHC’s organizational model, supporting bined with other styles.”51 Images of new of national policy.54 that mandate, consisted of a centralized ways of living circulated by both popular administration with decentralized regional and professional magazine resulted in a The government acted quickly to address offices and local branch offices. The latter reformulation of the idea of the modern the anticipated demands of Canadians served local and regional constituencies, house as “a sum of attributes and experi- for new housing. In 1946 the CMHC was providing information for prospective

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work with community media and builders to spread the word to consumers, suppli- ers, and homebuilders.

The 1946 Canadian Small House Competition

In 1946, in response to the pressing need for post-war single-family housing, the CMHC together with the Royal Architec- tural Institute of Canada (RAIC) developed an innovative program: the first “small house competition […] to obtain hous- ing plans suitable to the varying needs of Canada’s major regions.”63 In addition to the central problem stated by the com- petition brief, the design of an affordable house for a veteran and his family as well FIG. 4. CMHC, 1947, 67 Homes for Canadians: Attract­ FIG. 5. C anadian Small House Competition, Ontario Region, ive House Plans designed especially for Can­ second prize, J.C. Parkin, Toronto. The comment reads as criteria of professionalism and cost, the adian requirements including prize winners “This design was carefully considered for first place competition addressed geographic varia- of the Canadian Small House Competition, but the arrangements and the small size Ottawa, Canada Mortgage and Housing Cor­ of the kitchen and its general design characteristics tions, with prizes awarded to entries on a poration, February, cover. relegated it to second place. It has a very compact regional basis. The program for this house and functional plan.” Results of the 1946 Small House Design Com­ was not new, following that of the ‘Type petition, published in JRAIC, January 1947, p. 14. C’ house promoted by Wartime Housing Limited (WHL), established to meet war- homebuyers, builders, and lending institu- ambitions to meet the new agendas of time housing needs.64 tions. The central administration, located housing. According to Gitterman, Nicolls in Ottawa, had among its many respon- “was enthusiastic about house design, The importance both the CMHC and sibilities the Housing Research and Com- and some of the designs [they] worked the RAIC placed on that competition munity Planning Group (HR&CPG), which on in those days were the genesis of the is reflected in the composition of the was charged with technical investigations, CMHC house-design program.”61 competition jury, which included indi- planning research grants, educational viduals prominent in Canadian architec- grants, and housing design. The CMHC’s organizational structure par- tural circles. Professional advisor Harold alleled the development and promotion Lawson (Montreal) guided a jury con- Two architects figured prominently in that of contemporary housing design at both sisting of Humphrey Carver (Toronto), group at its inception: Frank Nicolls (until national and local levels. In Ottawa, at Ernest Cormier (Montreal), L.R. Fairn 1946) and Sam Gitterman, who became the centralized national office, the idea (Nova Scotia), William Gardiner (Van- chief architect of the CMHC in 1946 and of promoting high standards of housing couver), L.J. Green (Winnipeg), Monica continued on as senior advisor until 1965. design took shape. In 1948 approximately McQueen (Winnipeg), and Bruce Rid- Sam Gitterman had graduated from the seventy-seven thousand dollars were dell (Hamilton), as well as Ernest Ingles McGill School of Architecture in 1935 and devoted to “architectural investigations.” (London, Ontario), representing the had worked in the offices of Max Kalman By 1965 the CMHC was spending approxi- Brotherhood of Electrical Workers. The in Montreal before joining the Dominion mately one and a half million dollars for judges expressed the desire to promote Housing Administration in the late 1930s. similar work, this time under the rubric “novel and interesting designs for future Frank Nicolls was an American-trained of “housing research and community house construction.”65 An astonishing architect who had previously worked planning.”62 While the central administra- three hundred and thirty-one entries for the US Federal Housing Administra- tion addressed housing at a conceptual were received and thirty-seven prizes tion. Both came to their job primed with level, it was left to the local agencies to awarded. The winning entries supported

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novelty and the jury report commented: “it is apparent that we are moving away from what is generally considered to be a house of orthodox appearance.”66 In their choice of winning schemes, the jury made it clear that the design of the small house in the post-war years was clearly the responsibility of the architect. The jury believed that, given this competi- tion, “it would be possible to draw in the practising architectural firms in greater numbers.”67 With regard to affordabil- ity and build-ability, the jury reassured the CMHC that “few of the best designs would require careful supervision and skilful craftsmanship for execution.”68

The CMHC published the results of the competition in early 1947, along with the jury report and thirty other house plans, FIG. 6. P ictured here is the first prize for the Maritimes region by architects G. Burniston and J. Storey, Toronto. The editors in 67 Homes for Canadians (fig. 4). The wrote: “Whether you plan to build soon or not, you as a homeowner will be interested in the results of Canada’s media was quick to report on the compe- first postwar architectural competition […] The plans make interesting study as they represent […] current thinking on better small house design.” The article also featured a number of prize-winning designs and reproduced verbatim tition. The January 1947 JRAIC published from the competition results. the results, including the jury report and “Canada’s Prize-Winning Houses,” CH&G, February 1947. images of all houses, nineteen pages of house descriptions, and drawings and ver- CMHC Pattern Books and Guides made working drawings available for batim texts of competition entries (fig. 5). to Housing Design purchase to builders and prospective In February 1947, the CH&G similarly fea- homebuyers. tured the housing competition. “Canada’s With the success of the first housing Prize-winning Houses” was the lead on a design competition, the CMHC turned To keep up with the demand for new six-page spread that featured one house to the production of pattern books, an house designs and to continue to expand from each region (fig. 6). established format for the rapid dis- the availability of house plans and styles, semination of architectural ideas, in order the CMHC invited architects to participate While the housing competition clearly to place house designs in the hands of in the project. From designs submitted by generated considerable response from builders and prospective home owners.69 architects, the Corporation selected those the design community and design press, As with earlier books of house designs, it considered most suitable and paid a fee the level of media reportage was, at best, the CMHC produced a series of booklets of one thousand dollars to the architect cut-and-paste. Nonetheless, the report illustrating houses for which working for a complete set of working drawings signalled the emerging synergy between drawings would be available, in a ser- developed from an accepted design. For the official agency for housing in Canada vice made “through the co-operation of that sum, the Corporation purchased and housing’s unofficial promoters, the Canadian architects.”70 Produced on a rights to the use of the drawing with the professional journals and glossy maga- regular basis in English and French, these architect’s name remaining on all pub- zines, that would continue well into the books were distributed free of charge lished forms of the drawings. Further, next decade. The national housing body through CMHC regional offices. The the architect retained ownership of the and popular press came to rely upon each range of house designs all conformed to copyright of each design sold publicly and other, working together to make the idea building standards for houses financed received a royalty of three dollars from of the affordable, straightforward modern under the National Housing Act 1944. To the Corporation for each set of working house a practical reality for Canadians. ensure quality control, the Corporation drawings sold (fig. 7).

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FIG. 7. O riginal working drawings, ink on vellum, house 294, designed by Affleck, Desbarats, FIG. 8. T his publication was the first of many regular pattern books produced by the CMHC Dimakopoulos, Lebensold, Michaud and Sise (Montreal), 1958, as sold to builders and from the late 1940s into the 1970s. homebuyers by CMHC. This is a typical example of the architectural plans prepared in CMHC, 1949, Small House Designs: Bungalows, Ottawa, Canada Mortgage English and French and sold to builders and prospective home owners for $10 per set. and Housing Corporation, cover Gitterman, S.A., 1986, “An Old Challenge” in Housing a Nation…, Ottawa, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation.

To assess designs submitted, the CMHC • 1952 Small House Designs: how to read house plans, and considera- established a selection committee, com- Bungalows, tions for prospective homeowners on prised of a representative of the RAIC as 1 ½ Storey, selecting the house design best suited to well as the CMHC chief architect, mem- 2 Storey; their needs (fig. 9). bers of the Advisory Group, and two • 1954 Small House Designs; other persons from the CMHC’s Hous- • 1954 DND [Department of It is estimated that from its inception ing Design and Information divisions. National Defence] Small House until the program was discontinued in Architects were required to present their Designs; the 1970s, the CMHC House Plan Division sketch designs on standard letter-size • 1957 Small House Designs; provided Canadian first-time homebuyers paper, including plans and elevations, • 1958 Small House Designs; with approximately five hundred differ- and, to ensure anonymity and permit a • 1965 Small House Designs; ent house designs to choose from, all of blind review, the name of the design firm • 1971 House Designs. which met national housing standards and was omitted from submissions, except for were therefore eligible for low-interest, cover documentation. The CMHC also produced a range of sup- low-cost financing. While new plans were portive material, aimed at the architect, continually being added, the majority of Each design presented in the housing planner, builder, developer, and client, as plans were based on designs produced in books usually showed plans, elevations, well as a series of technical papers they the initial decade of the program. and a perspective drawing. Other infor- had presented at conferences and forums mation included CMHC designation num- on housing in Canada. Technical papers The process of soliciting designs from ber, name and locale of architect, house included:73 architects was a major boon to the pro- type, and square footage. Booklets of • 1954 Principles of Small House fession, particularly for young architects, house plans were published regularly as Grouping; as the commissioning and royalty process follows (fig. 8):71 • 1964 Choosing a House Design provided both one-time and ongoing • 1947 67 Homes for Canadians; (updated in 1972). income, as well as the opportunity to • 1949 Small House Designs have commissioned work built and an – Bungalows; Other publications available offered exposure to a national audience. A review • 1949 West Coast Designs;72 information directed at the consumer on of names of those involved in the pro-

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FIG. 9. T he CMHC regularly issued publications offering assistance to the consumer on con­ FIG. 10. D esigns 49-20 and 49-40. House forms continued in a mix of traditional and contem­ siderations for selecting the house design best suited to their needs. porary. CMHC designs 1949-20 and 1949-40 demonstrate a marked contrast While CMHC, 1954, “How To Read Plan Sketches,” Choosing a House Design, both are one-storey two- bungalows, design 1949-20 shows a gable-roofed Ottawa, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, p. 8. massing, with traditional vertical openings and an octagonal the ves­ tibule. Design 1949-40, by contrast, is much bolder with flat , horizontal , and large overhanging eaves. CMHC, 1949, Small House Designs – Bungalows, Ottawa, Canada Mort­ gage and Housing Corporation. cess reveals a roster of architects whose The CMHC: Setting a ‘Modern’ Agenda and 1949-40 demonstrate a marked careers would flourish into the later dec- contrast (fig. 10). While both are one- ades of the twentieth century. According The CMHC’s praise of contemporary storey two-bedroom bungalows, design to Sam Gitterman, “architects were com- design, as voiced by the first design 1949-20 shows a gable-roofed massing, missioned to prepare plans, which sold jury, resulted in a shift from traditional with traditional vertical openings and for ten dollars each in those days, mainly to non-traditional designs for housing. In an octagonal window lighting the ves- to people who wanted to build their own keeping with David Smiley’s proposition tibule. Design 1949-40, by contrast, is small houses. Sales were so brisk some of of a ‘modified modern,’ house forms much bolder with flat roof, horizontal the architects made a substantial amount continued in a mix of traditional and windows, and large overhanging eaves. of money from their modest royalties.”74 contemporary. CMHC designs 1949-20 Traditional designs persisted, and were

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FIG. 12. CMHC, 1949, West Coast Designs, Ottawa, FIG. 13. B ird’s eye view. House BC-1, Fred Brodie, architect, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corpora­ Vancouver, 1178 square feet. tion, cover. CMHC, 1949, West Coast Designs, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Ottawa.

FIG. 11. D esign 54-316, Henry Fliess, architect, Toronto, 1345 square feet. CMHC, 1954, Small House Designs / Two-stor­ ey and 1½-storey houses, Ottawa, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, p. 34.

always popular in the marketplace, but contemporary designs continued to make inroads.

While the CMHC actively promoted mod- ernity, the homebuilding industry took a more conservative approach. Established FIG. 14. D esign 58-294, Affleck, Desbarats, Dimakopoulos, Lebensold, Michaud and Sise (Montreal), 870 square feet. in 1943, the National Home Builders Asso- CMHC, 1958, Small House Designs, Ottawa, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. ciation (NHBA), in questions of style and the appropriateness of the modern for responding to the new design model.76 By with Fred Lasserre, director of the School their anticipated post-war clientele, pro- 1954, in CMHC literature, the traditional of Architecture at the University of British fessed the belief that average Canadians house remained only in form. Design Columbia, the publication featured the wanted traditional materials and forms for 54-316, by architect Henry Fliess (Toronto), works of twelve Vancouver and Victoria their housing. Modernity, they believed, presents a one-and-a-half-storey three- architects, including Ralph Cole, Semmens was relegated to the equipment and bedroom house, with a modest free plan and Simpson, and Jocelyn Davidson. Plan technology of the home, which included of space flowing between living-dining BC-1, designed by architect Fred Brodie, labour-saving devices and new materi- room and kitchen (fig. 11). presents a one-level, one thousand one als.75 Although that attitude persisted, hundred and seventy-eight square foot, as the demand for housing continued to Also influential was the CMHC’s consider- three-bedroom bungalow, complete with grow, experimentation occurred. New ation of regionalism in housing design, . The accompanying perspective developments such as Wildwood in Win- with a particular emphasis on contempor- line illustration depicts the building in a nipeg, Applewood Acres west of Metro- ary, modern forms. In 1949 the CMHC pro- quintessential west coast setting, with politan Toronto, and Don Mills in Toronto, duced West Coast House Designs (fig. 12). forested slopes and mountain views in comprised a number of dwelling types, Prepared by Zoltan Kiss in consultation the distance (fig. 13).

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The roster of architects whose designs The Magazine design, feature articles on new house were purchased and promoted by the and Canadian Housing designs, and discussions about products CMHC underscores the extent of the Production after 1945 unique to housing. Typically one issue per close relationship between the CMHC year was devoted to the subject, with an and the profession. The 1958 publication In tone, editorial content, and presenta- emphasis initially on single-family hous- of Small House Designs contained fifty- tion, the JRAIC and CH&G were influential ing and then later in the 1950s on related two plans, arranged by type (bungalow, in promoting the modern house in the issues, such as community planning and split-level, two-storey), number of bed- decade following the Second World War. high-rise construction.78 rooms, and area. Plan 58-294, prepared While the professional journal served to by architects Affleck, Desbarats, Dima- disseminate ideas to current practitioners, In an editorial in the September 1946 kopoulos, Lebensold, Michaud and Sise the popular press was critical in making issue of the JRAIC, Charles David, RAIC (Montreal), is typical of the house plans this new form of housing acceptable and president, proclaimed that “housing developed for 1958: dimension twenty- even desirable. is Canada’s primary post-war building nine by thirty feet, with an attached problem […] It is the responsibility of carport, the gable-fronted house was The Journal of the Royal Architectural Canadian architects to demonstrate to raised off the ground providing space in Institute of Canada: Modern Hous- the public any solution of this prob- the future for a in the base- ing as a Social Necessity and Design lem that is practicable and possible.”79 ment. Three occupied the rear Imperative While the need for housing was clear, of the house, while the front was shared the form that the new housing would by entry, living-dining, and open kitchen. The linkage between the CMHC and take was not. Writing in the July 1945 Services of stair, , and heating the profession was particularly effected JRAIC, Joseph Hudnut, dean of Harvard’s occupied the centre of the plan (fig. 14). through a close relationship with the Graduate School of Design, made a case The plans demonstrate a subtle shift in RAIC. The RAIC participated actively that the modern house must acknow- space planning from the earlier CMHC in the selection of house designs and ledge precedence and, most importantly, house plans: more square footage, the architects, and Institute members prof- not impose the wills of technology and integration of car and house, and greater ited from the selection of their designs structure on the inhabitant or, in his separation between parent and children’s for inclusion in the CMHC plan booklets. words, “the wonder and drama of our bedrooms, and indicate an easing in tight This close partnership between the gov- inventions.”80 He trod carefully, neither space-to-cost restrictions and greater ernment bureaucracy involved with hous- opposing contemporary house design availability of consumer financing. ing production and professional architect nor advocating for it. Rather, he relied was mutually advantageous, although, upon the insistence that the contempor- By the late 1950s, the tentative rela- within the profession, the ways in which ary house embraced the possibilities of tionship between the profession and the challenges were to be addressed were interior and exterior space: “of all the the CMHC, initiated in 1946 particularly debated extensively. The variety of opin- inventions of modern architecture, the through the RAIC, had solidified. Not only ions and approaches initially advocated new space is, it seems to me, the most did the CMHC provide newly-established by post-war architects represented the likely to attain a deep eloquence.”81 architects with commissions and ongoing split in the profession, between avant- royalties, its promotion of modern designs, garde and more conservative elements. Joseph Hudnut’s equivocation is reflected innovation in construction, and use of new By the end of the 1950s, however, modern in the pages of the JRAIC where the materials ensured that the housing mar- forms and ideas prevailed, particularly as debate between the avant- and the rear- ket would be notable for progressive, for- a new generation of architects, trained guard played itself out in the first years ward-looking thought and action. What with modern sensibilities, entered the after the war. Initially, most houses fea- was the impetus of this ideology? How did profession in large numbers.77 tured in the JRAIC were traditional in the CMHC come to embrace this approach? form and plan. Typical is the house of Who championed this change, both within Between 1945 and 1960, the JRAIC A.R. Ferguson located in Gravenhurst the professions and the general public? devoted approximately ten percent of (Ontario) and designed by Page and The answer can be found in the profes- its editorial space to various aspects of Steele Architects, published in the July sional and popular press of the day. housing, including editorials on housing 1945 JRAIC (fig. 15). Overall the form is

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FIG. 15. House of A.R. Ferguson, Gravenhurst, FIG. 16. Rich’s Progressive Architecture Competition: A Realistic House for a Family in Georgia. Watson Bal­ Ontario, Page and Steele Architects. | JRAIC, harrie, Ottawa, second prizewinner. | JRAIC, July 1946, p. 164-165. July 1945, p. 142.

neo-colonial, with trim eaves, a central room that extended along the back of Compared to CH&G and other popular dominating the composition, the house and opened directly into the magazines of the day, the JRAIC’s rep- but in a modern approach to the interior, garden at the rear, making indoor and ortage of the small house remained with a flow of space between living and outdoor living rooms into one continu- restrained and focused on issues of tec- dining areas. One year later, the JRAIC ous space. In June 1947, the entire issue tonics, design, and siting (fig. 20). As pre- featured an award-winning entry from a of the JRAIC, dedicated to “Domes- dicted by Francis R.S. Yorke, magazines competition in the USA for the design of tic Architecture in British Columbia” such as the JRAIC increasingly became a house for a man with three thousand (fig. 18), promoted contemporary design, the vehicle where young professionals, dollars annual income, co-sponsored by highlighting climatic conditions and site eager to make their names, sought pub- Progressive Architecture magazine and opportunities that made the new indoor- lication of their houses. The August 1956 the Rich Company, a Georgia department outdoor living spaces featured in these JRAIC featured two works by architects store. The design of Watson Balharrie, houses unique to their setting and locale. for their families: the Earnest J. Smith Ottawa, second prizewinner, featured a Fifteen houses were presented, many House (Winnipeg) and the Roy Jessiman two-volume flat-roofed structure, with a designed by young architects for their House (West Vancouver) (figs. 21-22). separation of living and sleeping areas families. The published “House of Mr. The November 1952 JRAIC featured as its and an outdoor room (fig. 16). and Mrs. R.A.D. Berwick, West Vancou- cover story a house designed by architect ver” is typical, where the young Berwick A.J. (Jim) Donohue for Mr. J.S. Kennedy But changes were coming quickly. By demonstrates his use of new materials, in Edmonton (figs. 23-25).82 Increas- 1947, Joseph Hudnut’s argument about engagement with the site, and overall ingly, in these articles, text was minimal the new space of the house found evi- promotion of modern tenets for the and the printed image prominent, with dence in the published “House in Rose- single-family house (fig. 19). Without black-and-white photographs depicting dale” by architect Gordon Adamson, a doubt, this issue of the JRAIC, which the interior of the houses, and drawing with landscape by the Howard and Lorrie featured the unique possibilities of west attention to the relationship of spaces, Dunnington-Grubb (fig. 17). With a low- coast design, played an important role in the use of materials, and the range of pitched hipped roof, this Toronto house encouraging the CMHC to issue its West modern furnishings appropriate to these was organized around a living-dining Coast Designs booklet two years later. modern houses. Photographs were in

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FIG. 17. “House in Rosedale,” Gordon Adamson, archi­ FIG. 18. “Domestic Architecture in British Columbia,” FIG. 19. “House of Mr. and Mrs R.A.D. Berwick, West tect, Howard and Lorrie Dunnington-Grubb, cover. | JRAIC, June 1947. Vancouver. R.A.D. Berwick, architect.” | JRAIC, Landscape Architect. | JRAIC, March 1947, p. 83. June 1947, p. 181. the architectural mode, rarely show- temporary houses. In most depictions, the ing people in spaces, to ensure that the house interiors took advantage of trad- reader’s eye remained focused on form, itional furniture displayed in updated set- space, and materiality. tings. In one instance only plan and image were coordinated, although no discussion The JRAIC made efforts to address the took place to demonstrate the means by questions of the architectural interior. which interior furnishings supported the The August 1947 Journal (fig. 26) invited architectural idea (fig. 27). H.D. Deacon, manager of the Simpson’s Department Store Interior Decorating The Canadian Homes and Gardens Department in Toronto, to contribute to Magazine: Modifying the Modern for the magazine. Deacon pinpointed the the Canadian Consumer issue of the While the CMHC was actively promoting perennial problem of architect-interior housing design across Canada, and the decorator relations […] A great many professional press reported on the design architects still look upon an interior activities of architects eager to present decorator as someone who will either their modern schemes to their peers, it FIG. 20. In the period between 1945 and 1960, the persuade their clients to buy a lot of was in the popular press that full expres- JRAIC devoted approximately 10% of its elaborate and unsuitable antique furniture sion of the possibility that the new and editorial space to some aspects of housing, including editorials on housing design, fea­ or else as a person who will embellish the modern, single-family house was explored ture articles on new house designs, and dis­ place to such an extent as to leave it looking and eventually made accessible and real. cussions about products unique to housing. Typically one issue per year was devoted 83 like the backdrop to an indecent ballet. The representation of new affordable to housing, with an emphasis initially on forms of housing in popular press showed single-family housing and then later in the 1950s on related issues, such as community What followed were a number of pages the relationship between mass media and planning and high-rise construction. | JRAIC, featuring installations of furniture in con- housing production, and the importance September, 1952, cover.

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FIG. 23. J.S. Kennedy House, Edmonton, A.J. Donohue, FIG. 22. House of Roy Jessiman, architect, West architect. | JRAIC, November 1952, cover. Vancouver. Ground floor plan and garden elevation. | JRAIC, August 1956, p. 300. FIG. 21. House of Earnest J. Smith, architect, Winnipeg. Exterior and interior views. | JRAIC, August 1956, p. 301.

FIG. 26. “Interior Features: Residential,” JRAIC, June 1947, cover. FIG. 24. J.S. Kennedy House, Edmonton, A.J. Donohue, FIG. 25. J.S. Kennedy House, Edmonton, A.J. Donohue, architect. Views of dressing room and mas­ architect. Views of living room and entry, ter bedroom, and . | JRAIC, November and off dining room. | JRAIC, November 1952, p. 336. 1952, p. 337.

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FIG. 27. “Live,” “Cook,” Suggestions on Interior Design, presented by H.D. Deacon, manager, Simpson’s Depart­ FIG. 28. T his article included two houses by James Murray ment Store Interior Decorating Department (Toronto). | JRAIC, August 1947, p. 267, 274. and one by Henry Fliess, which both appeared previ­ ously in CMHC house plan pattern books. “Good Architecture Comes to the Builder’s House,” CH&G, November 1954, p. 68. that post-war shelter magazines played Founded in 1924 by Senator Rupert into the post-war era. In 1951, the CH&G in selling the virtues of single-family, Davies, owner of the Kingston British absorbed another consumer magazine, suburban living to the average Canadian, Whig and father to author Robertson Your House and Garden, becoming the thereby establishing this mode as the Davies, the CH&G was originally designed pre-eminent beacon for the promotion Canadian norm and standard. to capture a range of women readers, to English-speaking readers in Canada reaching five thousand subscribers in of modern housing in the 1950s and This impact of the popular press is best its first year. In 1925, J.B. Maclean pur- early 1960s.88 illustrated by the CH&G, Canada’s pri- chased the CH&G. The publishers chose mary, national English-language popular not only to keep the magazine but to The war had not been kind to Can- shelter magazine published by Maclean expand their reach to women readers adian consumer magazines and in 1945, Hunter in Toronto. After Chatelaine, a by creating Mayfair magazine in 1927 with circulation flagging, Jean McKin- sister publication at Maclean Hunter, the and purchasing Chatelaine magazine in ley replaced the magazine’s long-time CH&G had the largest circulation of any 1928. Mayfair was “intended to inter- editor, J. Herbert Hodgins. Under this magazine of its type in English-speaking pret the life and interests of Canadians new lead, the CH&G was reconfigured to Canada. In 1951 the CH&G reached one in their most gracious moods.”86 The cash in on the post-war housing boom. hundred thousand households or approxi- CH&G spoke to women about their John Caulfield Smith was appointed mately two percent of Canada’s popula- everyday living environments, while architectural editor and attention tion.84 While such circulation numbers are Chatelaine addressed a wider range of focused on house planning, design, and not reliable indicators of a magazine’s women’s matters, including health and education, directed at new consumers readership (magazine circulation and family, as well as the home.87 It was and the post-war boom. From the end readership numbers are not necessarily this trio of “women’s magazines” that of the Second World War to its demise in linked), within English-speaking Canada directed and reflected the thoughts 1962, the CH&G stood out as the cham- the CH&G had a significant share of read- and desires of a generation of Canadian pion for single-family housing that was ers of shelter magazines.85 women through depression, war, and sensible, practical, and modern.

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In contrast to the JRAIC, the CH&G avoided discussing political and produc- tion issues of housing.89 It rather found its focus in three very distinct areas: helping the consumer gain confidence about mak- ing the right housing choices under the rubric of “planning and budget,” helping the consumer make decisions about house design (“design”), and guiding the con- sumer in the more traditional area of the magazine, the choice of interior furnish- ings and fittings that would be in keep- ing with planning, budget, and design (“the home”). In essence and using cur- rent terminology, the CH&G presented an approach to housing as “lifestyle.”

The Maclean Hunter machinery did not rely on the CMHC material for magazine editorial content. While many of the archi- tects who sold plans to the CMHC were also featured in the pages of the CH&G, only three instances correlate CMHC plans FIG. 29. T his article reproduced CMHC design 58-294, by Affleck, Desbarats, Dimakopoulos, Lebensold, Michaud and Sise, Archi­ tects (Montreal), which had appeared in the 1958 CMHC publication, Small House Design. and houses featured in the CH&G. First “Five Designs for the Forgotten Buyer,” CH&G, February 1959. was a report on the 1947 competition, which produced images from the compe- tition that were also reproduced identi- cally in the JRAIC. Second, the November 1954 report in the CH&G, “Good archi- tecture comes to the builder’s house,” included two houses by James Murray and one by Henry Fliess, which had both appeared previously in the CMHC annual house plans (fig. 28). Third, one house, which appeared in the 1958 CMHC publi- cation Small House Design as House 294, designed by Affleck, Desbarats, Dima- kopoulos, Lebensold, Michaud and Sise (Montreal), appeared in the February 1959 CH&G (fig. 29). The article focused on housing for “house hunters in the lower income range” and provided examples of housing for “forgotten buyers,” those families with an average annual income FIG. 31. T he editors write, “Economy is built into this low- of four thousand six hundred dollars.90 FIG. 30. “Planning the Small Home.” CH&G, May 1944, cost home, yet there’s ample small-family space cover. in its layout. And you’ve a choice of plan, with or without .” While few direct linkages are in evidence, “A Two-plan Family House,” CH&G, November 1952. it was by indirect means that the CH&G

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FIG. 32. T wo plan options were presented, which allowed for two or three bedrooms, with or without basement. “A Two-Plan Family House,” CH&G, November 1952. became a successful agent in providing the youngsters […] a house where we can the means for new consumers to see them- have more fun that we’ve ever had before.91 selves as actual owners and occupiers of the new form of housing being promoted The composite picture presented by the by government and the professions, and CH&G is low-density, suburban, owner- the concomitant lifestyle it offered. That occupied, modestly-priced (estimated at connection was accomplished through cor- four thousand five hundred dollars for the ollary advice on planning, budgeting, and Toronto area), built with technologically- home furnishing, advice whose content advanced materials and methods (such as and tone moderated as the consumer’s dry construction and fibre board), free of anxieties shifted from finding basic hous- decorative treatment, and designed to ing to creating a welcoming domestic be energy conscious. The interior is pre- environment in the new home. sented in what the magazine termed “the contemporary idiom.” “Amazing, isn’t it, Given the scarcity of resources at the how many attractive convenient group- end of the war and the consumer mind- ings can be fitted into the living-dining set from the Depression of the 1930s, area of this compact cottage,” the editors the CH&G initially advocated that read- proclaim.92 The interior has a complete ers take the time to plan their houses. colour scheme, is fully furnished, and mer- chandizes design features, such as “dishes Typical is the cover story from the May FIG. 33. B ird’s eye perspective and plan. A CH&G Select 1944 issue entitled “Planning the Small in Swedish design,” all presented through Home (no. 4) by Vancouver designer E.J. Watkins is sketches prepared by the Interior Decorat- featured. “The house provides 1380 square feet in Home,” which lays out the possibilities an efficient, compact layout, including a central util­ of housing in a post-war Canada (fig. 30). ing Bureau of Eaton’s College Street Store ity room, lit by clerestory windows.” Readers are drawn to consider the dreams in Toronto. “This House Gets Extra Space Without a Basement,” CH&G, June 1956. of Canadian servicemen, writing to their wives and sweethearts at home: The theme of planning for efficient built-in storage spaces (figs. 31-32).93 In design continued for the next ten years. “This House Gets Extra Space without a What I want when I get back is a little home Articles such as “A Two Plan Family Basement,” a CH&G Select Home (no. 4) somewhere outside the city where we can House” offered two floor plans, a half- featured work by Vancouver designer raise our own fruit and vegetables […] We dozen economy features, and a number E.J. Watkins. The revolutionary idea of don’t want anything big […] let’s keep it small of space-saving ideas, including the pos- a house with no basement allowed for and simple enough to enable you to look after sibility of a basement for storage and one thousand three hundred and eighty

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FIG. 34. T he article proclaims: “With its good-sized rooms, FIG. 35. D esigned by William Lyon Somerville, the house de­ FIG. 36. “This is the House That You Built,” CH&G, its built ins and its feelings of warmth, this home is sign was based—according to the editors—on the February 1945, p. 17. a good example of contemporary Canadian design elements of a home “our readers have asked about tailored to fit family needs.” and suggested most frequently.” “Good Use of Space Here,” CH&G, December The “Help-less House for a Family of Four,” • this fell in with the wishes of a family 1951, p. 34. CH&G, February 1945, cover. near Montreal who wanted the same construction for bedroom-into-guest square feet in an efficient, compact lay- The magazine’s formula for directing rooms, out, including a central , lit by their reader to the contemporary, and • a returned soldier caused us to decide how clerestory windows (fig. 33).94 thereby directing tastes and preferences, to make the living room turn its back on was created by means of clever engage- the north wind and provide large double- As houses using modern plans were built, ment with the client at the level of plan- glazed windows to give the always-outdoor the CH&G was able to present completed ning and design. In February 1945, as the feeling, schemes that had only been envisioned in outcome of the Second World War was 1944. In “Good Use of Space Here,” R.D. becoming certain, the magazine looked • and so it went, Steers’s house near Ottawa (Victor Bel- brightly into the future. The “Help-less • the house was a cross section of what are court, architect) explicitly connected the House for a Family of Four,” designed by readers are asking for.97 application of modern design principles architect William Lyon Somerville, was to the realization of the ideal lifestyle based, according to the editors, on the ele- The editors ingeniously presented the (fig. 34): ments of a home “our readers have asked plans as a kit of parts, with cut-outs for about and suggested most frequently”96 readers to assemble. “In presenting this With a young son of seven, Mr. Steers’ love (figs. 35-36). The scheme was presented as home,” they asserted, “it occurred to of gardening and Mrs Steers’ fondness for a montage, which included the following us that you would have fun putting it the outdoors, a move to the country was wish list from magazine readers: together”98 (figs. 37A-E). The project con- only natural […] Three miles from downtown • it satisfies the desires of a couple in tinued to be featured in the magazine into Ottawa […] they found a beautiful two-acre Vancouver for an “open plan for the living- the spring of 1945. A ready-made land- lot with a view of the Rideau River. A glance dining area,” scape plan, designed by Frances Steinhoff at the plans and photographs […] shows from the Canadian Society of Landscape • for a family of four in Ontario we designed how [the architect] used the sloping site and Architects (CSLA), was added to the kit for their two children a bedroom that could view to establish an open type of planning so of parts, along with two alternative sug- easily be divided in two, appropriate to family life today.95 gestions for interior decorating by the

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T. Eaton Company and Robert Simpson Company (figs. 38-39).

The CH&G kept pace with the shifts in the consumer’s mindset following the end of the Second World War. Anxieties around finding housing gave way to detailed attention on the design of the domestic realm. By 1948 Canadian housing produc- tion had begun in earnest. According to Clayton Research Associates,

the production of single-family homes expanded rapidly in the early post-war years and reached nearly 83,000 units in 1948, more than double the number three years earlier. More than three out of four homes built in the late 1940s were single- FIG. 37. Instructions and four pages of cut-outs. family units (almost all were single-detached “How to Assemble the ‘Help-less’ House,” CH&G, February 1945, p. 20, 22-24. homes). The number of single family starts declined in 1951 to 59,000 units, but then reflected the rush to build. One of the a pragmatic focus on budget, construc- recorded solid year-over-year gains reaching most telling articles produced by the tion, and implementation (fig. 40).100 In 86,000 units by 1954.99 CH&G during the initial years after the collaboration with architect E.C.S. Cox war was “How the Morrisons Manage: and the Housing Research Section of Aimed at the women of the house and to budget, build and furnish,” an April the Manufacturer’s Life Insurance Com- detailing how a family could realize its 1948 cover story in the same helpful pany, the editors of the CH&G discussed housing dreams, the pages of the CH&G tone as the “Help-less house,” but with costs, construction, materials, space

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FIG. 38. “Garden for the ‘Help-less’ House,” CH&G, March 1945. FIG. 41. “How the Morrisons Manage... To Budget, Build and Furnish,” CH&G, April 1948, p. 31.

tic skill in a fully-equipped up-to-date kitchen; she listens to her husband’s relay of the affairs of commerce in an end-of- day living room chat; she undertakes the rituals or the boudoir and prepares for bed (figs. 42A-C). This article was pub- lished just as the first batch of plans of newly-designed homes was being made available across Canada by the CMHC through its regional and branch offices in 1948.

A second and equally important aspect of the CH&G editorial philosophy was the sensitization of the consumer toward the new architectural form, modernism, as it was being developed in schemes promul- gated by the CMHC and explored in the FIG. 39. “Interiors for the ‘Help-less’ House,” CH&G, FIG. 40. “How the Morrisons Manage… To Budget, May 1945. Build and Furnish,” CH&G, April 1948, cover. professional journals. In the pages of the CH&G, the modification of modernism, as planning, interiors, and by means of a had a complete breakdown of costs for suggested by David Smiley and Joy Parr, clever correlation between oblique plan furniture, appliances, and finishes, and is clear. “How New is Modern?” proposes and photograph, translated layout into even suggested the ways in which the to “set the picture straight” by advocating reality (fig. 41). The focus was liveabil- fictitious Mrs. Morrison would realize the that “modern is a state of mind.” Modern ity, with particular attention paid to the dreams of a modern housewife in her is transmuted into “the desire to get the woman of the house. Each room also own home: she demonstrates her domes- maximum value and satisfaction in house

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FIG. 42. B y correlating oblique plan and photograph, the editors translate layout into reality. The focus is liveability, with particular attention paid to the woman of the house. Each room also has a complete breakdown of costs for furniture, appliances, and finishes, and even suggests the ways in which the fictitious Mrs. Morrison would realize the dreams of a modern housewife in her own home. “How the Morrisons Manage... To Budget, Build and Furnish,” CH&G, April 1948, p. 24, 26, 27. building by using the best materials and our contentions that modern design can fit were clearly in tune with the spirit of the methods available regardless of period”101 into a traditional setting without offend- times. Joy Parr’s assertion that the domes- (fig. 43). Plans and elevations showing ing either the eye or the neighbours.”103 tic ideal of the designer differed signifi- what would soon become the suburban cantly from the reality of the homemaker norm of a two- or three-bedroom house From Magazine Reader to and homeowner drove the CH&G’s editor- with attached support this form- Post-war Homeowner ial stance that modernism complements follows-function argument: “The house is contemporary family living. a splendid example of modern design. The Within five years of the first house plans predominant impression is one of horizon- being made available through CMHC Let us consider again the J.S. Kennedy tality, and the low-pitched roof with its offices, Canadians were well entrenched House (Edmonton) designed by A.J. Dono- overhanging eaves plays an important part in their new homes. Based on census data, hue architect and featured in the Nov- in creating this effect.”102 four hundred and fifty-eight thousand ember 1952 JRAIC. In the professional single-family units were added to the journal the house is depicted uncluttered, However, just as the architectural profes- stock of Canadian housing in the period un-peopled, almost un-inhabited. Four sion struggled to fully embrace the mod- 1941-1951, and an additional seven hun- months later in May 1953, the CH&G fea- ern as witnessed in the pages of the JRAIC, dred and twenty-four thousand units tures the same house, full of life, occupied the CH&G continued the debate between were added in the period 1951-1961.104 the Kennedys, a typical post-war family traditional and modern maintaining the Self-confident acceptance quickly over- (figs. 46A-B). Readers are told that “the issue’s currency. In May 1950, two houses took the tentative presentations of the Kennedys of Edmonton love their long, are compared: “The Brooks-Hills Wanted late 1940s and first years of the 1950s. low one-level home which proves you can Traditional,” designed by architect be cosy with contemporary design […] W.G. Armstrong, is contrasted with “The How is one to understand the role that the [Their] children take their friends through Yolles Proved a Point,” designed by archi- CH&G, as a representation of the popular [the house], proudly.”105 The starkness of tect Samuel Devor (figs. 44-45). Typically, press, played in the transformation of the modernity is transmuted by these asser- the CH&G takes a moderating stance, Canadian housing landscape? The CH&G tions and the vision of liveability and the claiming that “[the juxtaposition] proves led readers to make logical choices, which practical logic they portray. To the editors

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FIG. 43. T his articles proposes to “set the picture straight” FIG. 44. D esigned by architect W.G. Armstrong, the Brooks- FIG.45. T he Yolles House, designed by architect Samuel by advocating that “modern is a state of mind. It’s Hill house is contrasted with the Yolles house, Devor, is juxtaposed with the Brooks-Hill house. the desire to get the maximum value and satisfac­ designed by architect Samuel Devor. Typically, CH&G presented a moderate view, claiming tion in house building by using the best materials “The Brooks-Hills Wanted Traditional,” that “[the juxtaposition] proves our contentions that and methods available regardless of period.” CH&G, May 1950, p. 42. modern design can fit into a traditional setting with­ “How New is Modern?” CH&G, January out offending either the eye or the neighbours.” 1948, p. 36. “The Yolles Proved a Point,” CH&G, May 1950, p. 43.

of the CH&G, modernity is no longer sim- day use, and affirmations of its desirabil- gage financing, the CMHC guided con- ply an issue of design, but one of comfort ity, ordinary Canadians are encouraged sumers in making the right choices and and good sense. not merely to accept, but to embrace presented confident direction to new modern design. homebuyers. The CH&G cover story of May 1962 relates how this new ethos is now integral to the Conclusions As an official voice of the profession, the life of Art and Patti Phillips: JRAIC promoted innovation, disseminated Printed material found in pattern books, new ideas, and showcased the talent of Art Phillips, a young Vancouver investment professional journals, and shelter maga- young architects across the country. By banker, has worn out three swim suits in the zines of the day demonstrates how distinct advocating for the architect’s role in two summers since the pool was installed agents interacted in concert to create a solving the country’s housing needs and in their West Vancouver home […] Often in flow of forces directed at realizing the then demonstrating how home-grown summer [the family] barbeques their meals suburban, single-family ideal for post-war talent could successfully step up to the on the patio adjoining the pool. Sunday Canadian consumers. challenge, the JRAIC succeeded in con- dinner is sometimes a carefree expedition firming the value of modernity in archi- to a drive-in for hamburgers and chips […] As the state proponent of the Canadian tecture and architectural training in the With both his house and family outdoor- post-war housing industry, the CMHC building of post-war Canada. Further, oriented, [the] Phillips’ western version of acted on behalf of lenders, builders, by advocating that the small, affordable The Poolside Life is very pleasant and very government financiers, designers, and house was an appropriate venue for the In living indeed.106 consumers to present affordable housing. architect’s attention, the JRAIC raised the With literature geared to the consumer, design standard for the new housing and By means of these and other attractive easy to comprehend, free of charge, and reinforced the value of good architectural real-life portraits of modernity in every- guaranteed to provide subsidized mort- design in the domestic sphere.

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It is possible that modern, single-family housing could have been effectively real- ized without the popular press standing at the ready to mediate between the housing industry and design profession, and providing subtle direction to the con- sumer. The fact remains that the CH&G successfully promoted innovation in design and empowered female readers in making housing decisions. The magazine promoted consumer education, advo- cated for the equal voice of all members of the family, including the mother and child, as consumers. Further, it reinforced other values such as the centrality of the home in Canadian life, home ownership, pride of domicile, and material consump- tion as positive and necessary components of post-war life. The breezy and helpful FIG. 46. This article features the J.S. Kennedy House, Edmonton, A.J. Donohue, architect. Readers are told: “the Kennedys […] love manner in which content was presented their long, low one-level home which proves you can be cosy with contemporary design […] [Their] children take their friends made this material accessible, and always through [the house], proudly.” The starkness of modernity is now downplayed in favour of its liveability and sensibility. with a mind to the main reader, the CH&G, May 1953, p. 46-47. female mother-housewife, whose role in the domestic sphere was deemed domin- an understanding of the complexities of Notes ant, and in the designed sphere certainly this environment and the particularities equal to that of the male father-bread- of the Canadian experience of the post- 1. This research was originally presented as a winner, and whose participation was key war community, particularly the suburb. paper at the Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of Architecture in Lethbridge, to the successful construction of post-war Literature in design, housing construc- Alberta, in June 2005. The author wishes domestic life. tion, and economic development, how- to express his appreciation to the follow- ever, has largely ignored the centrality ing: Stalin Boctor, dean, Ryerson University The magazine reflected changing atti- of women in decision-making and their Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Science, who provided funds for research tudes to the place of contemporary role, albeit indirect, in shaping the hous- support and travel to the SSAC Conference; design in everyday life. The architect- ing market. Robert Dirstein, director, Office of Research designed, affordable, single-family home Services, Ryerson University, whose office brought the exemplary to the quotid- Reading within the pages of specific provided research assistance funding; John Fraser, master, Massey College, who ian. The accoutrements of design, such media of the day, and across the types provided the author, as senior fellow-in- as furnishings and décor, and lifestyle, of publications available, allows for a residence, space to research and write dur- including appliances, outdoor spaces greater understanding of the forces at ing post-administrative leave in 2007-2008; and automobiles, were an extension of work in the shaping of Canada’s post- research assistants Janice Quieta and Kelvin Lee, students in the Department of Archi- the well-designed household. All these war suburbs. The terrain remains largely tectural Science, Ryerson University; Zita attitudes, implied by CMHC’s pattern unexplored. Considering that so much Murphy, Ryerson University Library, staff books and filtered through the profes- of Canada’s modern heritage continues of the CMHC Information Centre, Ottawa, sional journal, saw their clearest and on the near-periphery of Canada’s urban and Metro Reference Library, Toronto, and Shore + Moffat Library, Daniels Faculty of most accessible exploration in the pages areas, and that this environment shaped Architecture, Landscape, and Design, Uni- of the CH&G. a large majority of Canadians born after versity of Toronto, for providing generous the Second World War, this is a subject access to their collections; and the follow- Recent feminist analyses of the domestic that merits further exploration and ing individuals: Ivor Shapiro, Ryerson School of Journalism, Rhodri Windsor Liscombe, and suburban experience have informed understanding.

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Department of Art History, Visual Art and Man, Toronto, University of Toronto Press; ise of Women’s History, Don Mills, Oxford Theory, University of British Columbia, Jill and Cavell, Richard, 2002, McLuhan in Space: University Press. Wade, Open Learning Agency, Thompson a Cultural Geography, Toronto, University 23. Larry Bourne identifies three phases of Rivers University, Shelagh Wilkinson, pro- of Toronto Press. urban settlement under the aegis of the fessor emerita, School of Women’s Studies, 12. Williams, Raymond, 1981, Culture, Cam- CMHC. The first, a period from 1945-1964, York University, Pamela Kapelos Fitzgerald bridge, Fontana Paperback, p. 10. saw a rapid growth in population and the and Wanda Nowakowska, who each pro- creation of new suburban communities vided the author in their own unique ways 13. Ibid. across Canada. In 1941 only 24% of Can- with thoughtful comments, editorial assist- 14. Ibid. adians lived in suburbs. By 1961 that num- ance, and considerable encouragement in ber had increased to 45%. (Bourne, Larry, the preparation of this manuscript. Thank 15. Id., p. 13. 1993, “The Changing Settlement Environ- you. 16. For an extensive exploration of the role that ment of Housing,” In John R. Miron (ed.), 2. “The Poolside Life,” CH&G, May 1962, the magazine has played in the influence House, Home, and Community: Progress in cover. of culture, see Matthew Schneirov, 1994, Housing Canadians, 1945-1986, Montreal, The Dream of a New Social Order: Popular McGill-Queen’s University Press, p. 272.) 3. Wade, Jill, 1986, “‘A Palace for the Public’: Magazines in America 1893-1914, New York, Housing Reform and the 1946 Occupation 24. Bauer, Catherine, 1934, Modern Housing, Columbia University Press. of the Old Hotel Vancouver,” BC Studies, Cambridge, Riverside Press, p. xv. nos. 69-70, spring-summer, p. 288-310. 17. Korinek, Valerie J., 2000, Roughing it in the 25. Id., p. 146. Suburbs: Reading Chatelaine Magazine in 4. The last issue of the CH&G appeared in July the Fifties and Sixties, Toronto, University 26. Id., p. 212. 1962; in its latter years the magazine had of Toronto Press. been renamed Canadian Homes. 27. Id., p. 106. 18. Williams, as discussed in Korinek, p. 382. 5. For a full description of the activities of the 28. See Yorke, Francis Reginald Stevens and CMHC with regard to housing policy, see 19. Korinek, p. 16. Penelope Whiting, 1953, The New Small House, London, The Architectural Press. Anderson, George, 1992, Housing Policy 20. It is difficult to establish exact figures for in Canada, Vancouver, Centre for Human periodical readership during the time period 29. Yorke, Francis Reginald Stevens, 1937 Settlements, University of British Colum- of this investigation. Other researchers have [3rd ed.], The Modern House, London, Archi- bia. reviewed the impact of magazines, par- tectural Press, p. 5. ticularly those from the USA, on American 6. In the period 1954-1960, the CMHC adminis- 30. Melvin, Jeremy, 2003. FRS Yorke and the markets. Such magazines did permeate the tered approximately 340,000 National Hous- Evolution of English Modernism, Chichester, Canadian marketplace; however, the CH&G ing Act (NHA) Insured Loans and 620,000 Wiley, p. 13. conventional loans. appears to be the single and consequently most influential periodical of its kind in 31. Yorke, Preface. 7. Two recent publications highlight an aware- English-speaking Canada. ness of the retention of this housing stock: 32. Melvin, p. 18. 21. There are several other threads that are to CMHC, 2002, Renovating Distinctive Homes: 33. Ford, Katherine Morrow and Thomas H. be pursued in future studies. The first is the 1 ½ Storey Post-War Homes and Renovating Creighton, 1951, The American House Today, rise of other media, namely television, and Distinctive Homes: One-Storey Houses of the New York, Reinhold, p. 2. ’60s and ’70s, Ottawa, Canada Mortgage the ways in which early television advanced and Housing Corporation. ideas of modern living, particularly as they 34. Ford, p. 2. related to the single-family house pro- 8. For a description of the context for the 35. Aynsley, Jeremy and Francesca Berry, 2005, moted by the CMHC. Another thread to development of post-war housing in Can- “Introduction: Publishing the Modern be explored is the ways in which consumer ada, see Denhez, Marc, 1994, The Canadian House: Magazines and the Domestic Inter- culture attached itself to the suburban Home. From Cave to Electronic Cocoon, ior 1870-1965,” Journal of Design History, house and extended this domain into the Toronto, Dundern Press, p. 79-126. vol. 18, no. 1, p. 1; and Schnierov, Matthew, everyday object. Home decorating services, 1994, The Dream of a New Social Order: 9. Although the radio was widely accessible through national department stores, such Popular Magazines in America 1893-1914, to Canadian homes, it is outside the scope as the T. Eaton Company and the Robert New York, Columbia University Press. of this investigation. Television did not Simpson Company, played a significant role appear in Canadian households until the in the furnishing and decorating of houses 36. Aynsley, p. 1. mid-1950s. depicted in the magazine, underscoring the 37. Id., p. 3. interplay between house design, lifestyle, 10. Tippett, Maria, 1990, Making Culture: and the cultural appurtenances necessary 38. Ibid. English-Canadian Institutions and the Arts for that lifestyle. 39. Id., p. 5. Before the Massey Commission, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, p. 36. Tippett’s 22. Strong-Boag, Veronica, 2002 [4th ed.], “Home 40. CMHC, 1958, Housing in Canada: A brief investigation focuses on the creative and Dreams: Women and the Suburban Experi- from Central Mortgage and Housing Cor- performing arts in Canada. ment in Canada, 1945-1960,” In Veronica poration to the United Nations, Ottawa, Strong-Boag, Mona Gleason, and Adele Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation, 11. See McLuhan, Marshall, 1962, The Guten- Perry (eds.), Rethinking Canada: The Prom- p. III-1, IV-1. berg Galaxy: the Making of Typographic

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41. Liscombe, Rhodri Windsor, 2002, “The Fe- Industry: Forty Years of Partnership. Occa- Centre, Ottawa. In most instances, these Male Spaces of Modernism: A Western Can- sional Paper 18, Winnipeg: Institute for publications were also produced in French. adian Perspective,” Prospects: An Annual of Urban Studies, University of Winnipeg. 72. The date of publication is an approximation American Cultural Studies, vol. 26, p. 669. 58. McKellar, James, 1993, “Building Technology as the publication is undated. 42. Id., p. 679. and the Production Process,” In Miron (ed.), 73. This list is by no means comprehensive. The House, Home, and Community, op. cit. 43. Strong-Boag, p. 318. materials produced by the CMHC in both 59. See Liscombe, Rhodri Windsor, 1997, The English and French are extensive and merit 44. Parr, Joy, 1999, Domestic Goods: The New Spirit: Modern Architecture in Vancou- a separate investigation. Material, the Moral, and the Economic ver: 1938-1963, Montreal, Canadian Centre in Post-war Years, Toronto, University of 74. Gitterman, p. 81. for Architecture, p. 114. Toronto Press, p. 61. 75. Denhez, p. 79. 60. Central Mortgage and Housing Corpora- 45. For a sampling of issues brought to English tion, 1947, 67 Homes for Canadians, Ottawa, 76. Holdsworth, Deryck W. and Joan Simon, Canadian magazine readers in the 1950s, Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation, 1993, “Housing Form and Use of Domestic see Benedict, Michael (ed.), 1999, Canada in p. 1. Space,” In Miron (ed.), House, Home, and the Fifties: From the Archives of Maclean’s, Community, op, cit., p. 192. Toronto, Viking Penguin Group. 61. Gitterman, S.A., 1986, “An Old Challenge” in Housing a Nation: 40 Years of Achieve- 77. The role of Canadian Schools of Architecture 46. This analysis does not take into account the ment / Un toit pour tous : Quarante années in this period has been discussed extensively very considerable role that local newspapers de realisations, Ottawa, Canada Mortgage in analyses of the take up of modern- played in the dissemination of values and and Housing Corporation, p. 81. ism across the country. (See Liscombe, culture, directed at the home and home- The New Spirit…, op. cit.; and Keshavjee, maker. 62. CMHC Annual Reports, Ottawa, Canada Serena (ed.), 2006 Winnipeg Modern: Archi- Mortgage and Housing Corporation, 1947, 47. Korinek, p. 366. tecture 1945-1975, Winnipeg, University of 1965. Manitoba Press, particularly the chapter by 48. Liscombe, “The Fe-Male Spaces of Modern- 63. CMHC Annual Report, Ottawa, Canada Kelly Crossman, “The Meaning of White,” ism…,” p. 676. Mortgage and Housing Corporation, 1946, p. 131-152.) 49. Parr, p. 163. p. 23. 78. Author’s assessment. 50. Smiley, David, 2001, “Making the Modified 64. For an extensive discussion on the WHL and 79. RAIC Journal, September 1946, p. 206. Modern,” Perspecta, 32, p. 40-54. projects in Vancouver and Montreal, see 80. Hudnut, Joseph, 1945, “The Post-Modern 51. Id., p. 45. Wade, Jill, 1994, Houses for All: The Strug- gle for Social Housing in Vancouver, 1919- House,” RAIC Journal, July, p. 139. 52. Id., p. 53. 1950, Vancouver, The UBC Press; and Adams, 81. Ibid. 53. The state had been directly involved with Annmarie and Pieter Sijpkes, 1995, “War- 82. For an extensive discussion of the architect housing production nationally since 1941 time Housing and Architectural Change, A.J. (Jim) Donohue, see Crossman, p. 138- through the agency of Wartime Housing 1942-1992,” Canadian Folklore Canadien, 139. Limited (WHL). The CMHC assumed respon- vol. 17, no. 2, p. 13-29. sibility for housing with the 1944 National 65. CMHC, 67 Homes for Canadians, p. 77. 83. “Feature: Residential Interiors,” RAIC Jour- Housing Act and, with its establishment on nal, August, p. 293-294. January 1, 1946, took over the operations 66. CMHC, 67 Homes for Canadians, p. 76. 84. Based on an estimated Canadian population of WHL at that time. 67. Ibid. of 13.6 million. 54. Canadian Welfare Council, 1947, A National 68. Ibid. 85. Chatelaine, by contrast, reached almost 7% Housing Policy for Canada, Ottawa, CWC, 69. The pattern book has been a vehicle for of Canadian households at a circulation of p. 1. disseminating house plans and information 375,000. 55. The full intent of the Act is clear from its on housing design since the late eighteenth 86. Sutherland, Fraser, 1989, The Monthly Epic: subtitle, “An Act to Promote the Construc- century. For a discussion of the role of pat- A History of Canadian Magazines, 1789- tion of New Houses, the Repair and Modern- tern books, with particular emphasis on 1989, Toronto, Fitzhenry and Whiteside, ization of Existing Houses, the Improvement housing in Canada, see Ennals, Peter and p. 157. of Housing and Living Conditions, and the Deryck W. Holdsworth, 1998, Homeplace: expansion of Employment in the Post-war The Making of the Canadian Dwelling, 87. Valerie J. Korinek categorizes the CH&G as Period.” Toronto, University of Toronto Press, p. 109- “upscale” and Mayfair as “society” publi- cations; however, no further explanation 56. Carver, Humphrey, 1948, Houses for Can- 120, 192-212. of these categorizations is given (Korinek, adians, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 70. CMHC, 1965, Small House Designs, Ottawa, p. 33). p. 6. Canada Mortgage and Housing Corpora- 88. The CH&G continued to be published until 57. For an extensive description, see Clayton, tion, Introduction. July 1962 and Mayfair until 1961. Chatelaine Frank A., 1989, “The Single-family Home- 71. This list was assembled based on informa- is still published. building Industry in Canada 1946-2001,” In tion on record in the CMHC Information Tom Carter (ed.), CMHC and the Building

JSSAC | JSÉAC 34 > No 1 > 2009 59 Ge o r g e Th o m a s Ka p e l o s > ANALYSis | ANALYSe

89. In the period 1946-1950, the CH&G pre- sented only one article addressing housing production, as compared with the JRAIC that featured nine articles (many of which were editorials) during the same period.

90. CH&G, “Five Designs for the Forgotten Buyer,” February 1959.

91. CH&G, “Planning the Small Home,” Novem- ber 1945, p. 36.

92. Ibid.

93. CH&G, “A Two Plan Family House,” Novem- ber 1952, p. 28-29.

94. CH&G, “This House Gets Extra Space without a Basement,” June 1956, p. 111.

95. CH&G “Good Use of Space Here,” December 1951, p. 31-35.

96. CH&G, “This is the House that You Built,” February 1945, p. 17-20.

97. Ibid.

98. Id., p. 21.

99. Clayton Research Associates and Scanada Consultants, 1989, “Working Paper Two” The Evolution of the Housing Industry in Canada, 1946-86: The Housing Industry, Per- spective and Prospective, Ottawa, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, p. 6.

100. CH&G, “How the Morrisons Manage to Budget, Build and Furnish,” April 1948, p. 21-28.

101. CH&G, “How New is Modern?,” January 1948, p. 16.

102. Id., p. 18.

103. CH&G “The Brooks-Hills Wanted Traditional; The Yolles Proved a Point,” May 1950, p. 42-43.

104. Skarburskis, A., 1993, “Net Changes in Can- ada’s Post-war Housing Stock,” In Miron (ed.), House, Home, and Community, op. cit, Table 9.1, p. 157.

105. CH&G, “…the children take their friends through proudly,” May 1953, p. 16-18.

106. CH&G, “The Poolside Life,” May 1962, p. 16-20.

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