International Conference on Biological, Civil and Environmental Engineering (BCEE-2015) Feb. 3-4, 2015 Bali (Indonesia)

The Extent Sunlight Penetration Performance in Neo-Minimalist Style Apartments in ,

Yasser Arab1, and Ahmad Sanusi Hassan2

 Recommendations on excellent terraced house facade Abstract—In this study the analysis is to measure the design as one of the important considerations. In a tropical performance of the extent sunlight penetration on front house facades region like Malaysia, excellent facade design to avoid intensity designed with Neo-Minimalist architectural style. The front facades of solar radiation is necessary [2]. House facade exposed to of two case studies in Penang, Malaysia were selected for the direct sunlight causes problem of solar radiation. The sun simulation; the case studies are located on the east cost of Penang energy will radiate the heat from outside wall transmitted into Island with latitude 5° 25' 0" N and longitude 100° 19' 0" E, this part of the island witnessed great developing progress during the last few the interior of the house [3] [4]. It generates extra heat gains years, Minimalist architectural style is very popular and preferable by inside the house which causes warm temperature to the indoor architects and people in this region. The selected case studies are area. As a result, this creates uncomfortable thermal condition Baystar condominium in and Bayswater Resort to the occupants. condominium, . SunTool software is used in the survey to calculate the extent of sunlight penetration at 14th of February which II. CASE STUDY considered the hottest day in Maaysia. The survey will be conducted at a position when the sun path is perpendicular to the house façade, Two neo-minimalist residential apartment building in the and then compare between the two designs and the used of south coast of , Malaysia were selected to be the architectural elements. The study finds that the recessed wall with case studies of this research, the two case studies are from the balcony and sunshade elements and are used in the minimalist style high cost apartment with different locations in the island. facade design are very effective to prevent the unnecessary sunlight BayStar eleven stories condominium is the first selected case that cause high temperature and that is the one of the reasons behind study sited nearby Queensbay mall on the sea side and facing the popularity of the minimalist architectural style. Jerejak Island in Bayan Lepas (Figure 1). Whereas the second case study is a 26 stories residential building placed in Gelugor Keywords— Architecture; Facade; Neo-Minimalist; Sunlight opposite of Tesco mall in Penang Island Figure 2. Extend Penetration.

I. INTRODUCTION HIS study is to discuss the extent of sunlight penetration T and the amount of shading area on house facades of selected from different house’s architecture styles. Terraced house types is selected for the case studies because it is the most popular house type representing more than 43% in Fig. 1 Baystar condominium (Left: Photo, Middle: Section, Right: 2000 in urban area in this country [1]. The results of this study Plan) is able to guide the architects on awareness to design the house façade with excellent sun shading design elements. Design faults and without consciousness to the importance of sustainability by the architects are the reasons for poor house façade design which is unable to block intensity of solar radiation. The benefit of this research is to generate empirical findings and contributions which lead to architectural design

Fig. 2 Waterbay condominium (Left: Photo, Middle: Section, Right: Yasser Arab1 is with school of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Plan) Sains Malaysia, Jalan , 11800 Georgetown, Pulau Penang, Malaysia (phone:+60142426181; e-mail: [email protected]). Ahmad Sanusi Hassanr2, is with school of Housing, Building and III. MATERIAL AND METHODS Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Sungai Dua, 11800 Georgetown, Pulau Penang, Malaysia (e-mail: [email protected]). The simulation will be done using SunTool software to

http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IICBE.C0215004 1 International Conference on Biological, Civil and Environmental Engineering (BCEE-2015) Feb. 3-4, 2015 Bali (Indonesia) calculate the extent of sunlight penetration and the sunlight shading. The study aims to get the results of sunlight shading and the extent of sunlight penetration when the building’s facade expose to the sunlight at the maximum level at day time; by doing the simulation when the sunlight are perpendicular to the house facade (east facade during morning hours and west facade during evening hours of simulation), then the survey will be able to discuss the efficiency of facade’s shading design [5]. In order to get the results at the maximum exposure level, the study will be limited to the changing of the sun path to get the perpendicular of the sunlight to the east (90°) and west (270°) Table 1 and Figure (3), and also the other limitation is that there are at certain times and dates that the sun path’s azimuth is not possible to have perfectly at 90° [6, 7]. In these cases, the closest azimuths nearest to 90° will be used when the simulation is made from 8:00 am to 6:00 pm, which are listed in Table 1. TABLE I TIME, DATE AND AZIMUTH OF THE SUN WHEN THE SUNLIGHT EXTENT PENETRATION OF FAÇADE WAS CALCULATED FOR CASES IN MALAYSIA Fig. 4 SunTool software (window section) Orientation Time Date Azimuth 7 am 23 March 90° IV. RESULTS ANALYSIS 8 am 25 March 90° 9 am 27 March 89.8° This study analysis compares the extent of sunlight East 90° 10am 28 March 90.1° penetrations performance of two neo-minimalist apartment’s 11 am 29 March 90° facade located in Penang, Malaysia, The comparison will be 12 pm 29 March 92.2° between section XX from the first case study and YY from the 1 pm 16 September 90.5° second case study, both sections are for living room doors. 2 pm 29 March 89.8° Table (2) and Figures 5 show the results of the extent of the 3 pm 18 September 89.8° West 270° 4 pm 26 March 89.9° sunlight penetration of sections XX and YY. 5 pm 24 March 89.9° 6 pm 22 March 89.9° TABLE II THE EXTENT OF SUNLIGHT PENETRATION OF CASE STUDIES 1 AND 2 Extent of Sunlight Penetration mm Baystar Waterbay Condominium Condominium 8:00 AM 24136 22886 9:00 AM 5781 5805 10:00 AM 2051 2351 11:00 AM 301 601 12:00 PM 0 0 Fig. 3 Sun path diagram shows the position of the sun 1:00 PM 0 0 perpendicular to the house facade from 7am to 12pm at orientation of 90° (left) and from 1pm to 6pm at orientation of 2:00 PM 0 0 270° (right). Source: SunTool Software. 3:00 PM 0 0 In order to get the correct position and orientation, all data 4:00 PM 155 455 about the location, time, date and orientation will be entered 5:00 PM 1798 2098 into the SunTool software to do the simulation and calculate the percentage of facade’s shading area and the extent of 6:00 PM 5240 5297 sunlight penetration (Figure 4). And then the facade’s 7:00 PM 17653 17722 dimensions such as depth of exterior shading device, height, wall’s width and sill height will be keyed in the SunTool software. After drawing the facade and entering all required data, the software will be able to do the simulation and provides the facade shading area and the extent of sunlight penetration inside the house for the analysis.

http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IICBE.C0215004 2 International Conference on Biological, Civil and Environmental Engineering (BCEE-2015) Feb. 3-4, 2015 Bali (Indonesia)

[2] M. S. Bakhlah and A. S. Hassan, "The study of air temperature when the sun path direction to ka’abah: with a case study of Al- Malik Khalid Mosque, Malaysia," International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management & Applied Sciences & Technologies , pp. 185-202, 2012. [3] A. S. Hassan and M. Ramli, "Natural ventilation of indoor air temperature: A case study of the Traditional Malay House in Penang," American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, pp. 521-528, 2010. [4] H. Feriadi and N. H. Wong, "Thermal comfort for naturally ventilated houses in Indonesia," Energy and Buildings, pp. 614- 626, 2004. [5] M. Mazloomi, A. S. Hassan, P. N. Bagherpour and M. R. Ismail, "Influence of Geometry and Orientation on Flank Insolation of Streets in an Arid Climate City," American Journal of Fig. 5 The extent of sunlight penetration of Baystar and Waterbay Engineering and Applied Sciences, pp. Pages 540-544, 2010. condominium. [6] A. S. Hassan and Y. Arab, "The essence of design with light: Single pedentive dome mosque in Turkey and Bosnia V. DISCUSSION Herzegovina during winter solstice," in From Anatolia to Bosnia: Perspectives on Pedentive Dome Mosque Architecture, Penang,  This study finds that the early morning hours show Universiti Sains Malaysia Press, 2013. sunlight penetration over 20000 mm at both case studies. [7] Y. Arab and A. S. Hassan, "Daylighting analysis of pedentive  Both of the case studies façade show a very good dome’s mosque design during summer solstice with case studies shadowing performance from 11:00 am until 4:00 pm in Istanbul, Turkey," International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies,  The shading performance in the early morning and late pp. 167-183, 2012. evening hours are not very good due to the small angle of [8] M. Landry and P. Breton, "Daylight simulation in Autodesk 3ds the sunlight. Max Design 2009-advanced concepts," Autodesk Inc, 2009.  The results shows that Neo-Minimalist design’s façade have no sunlight extent penetration from 12:00 to 3:00 pm Yasser Arab is a research assistant and currently pursuing his Doctorate in both case studies of Philosophy (Ph.D) in sustainable architecture on Resident’s Satisfaction  The results show that the first case study has better and Sun Shading Model of Apartment Façade in Penang at school of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, performance at all of simulation hours except for 8:00 am Malaysia, he obtained his Master degree in Sustainable Architecture from in the early morning. USM, Penang, Malaysia. He got his bachelor of Architecture from Ittihad Private University, Aleppo, Syria. His research is related to natural lighting in Turkish Mosques. He is registered Architect in the Syrian Engineers Union. VI. CONCLUSION

The study finds that the maximum distance of the sunlight Dr. Ahmad Sanusi Hassan is an Associate Professor in Architecture extent penetration is at the early morning and late evening Programme at the School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia. He obtains a Bachelor and Master of hours of the simulations in both case studies, and that is Architecture degrees from University of Houston, Texas, USA, and Doctor of because of the low angle of the sun position in the sky during Philosophy (Ph.D) degree focusing on sustainable architecture and urban these times [8], the findings show that both case studies have planning development for from University of Nottingham, United Kingdom. At the university, he is lecturing in courses related to urban similar sunlight extent results in most of the simulation hours. design, studio architecture and history and theory of architecture. He is also However the simulations find that the Neo-Minimalist teaching architecture courses in Computer Aided Design (CAD) and architectural style have a very good shading performance computer animation that he is emphasized in heritage and architectural building’s study. during most of the simulation’s hours. The recessed wall with balcony, which was very effective preventing the extent of sunlight penetration from getting inside the house deeply except for the first and last hour of simulation because of the angle of sun position.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to express appreciation for the financial support under Research University Grant by Universiti Sains Malaysia.

REFERENCES

[1] General Report of the Housing Census, Putrajaya, Malaysia.: Department of Statistics Malaysia Press, 2003.

http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IICBE.C0215004 3