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Vysoké Učení Technické V Brně Brno University of Technology View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital library of Brno University of Technology VYSOKÉ UČENÍ TECHNICKÉ V BRNĚ BRNO UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY FAKULTA INFORMAČNÍCH TECHNOLOGIÍ ÚSTAV INFORMAČNÍCH SYSTÉMŮ FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS KRYPTOVIROLOGIE A BUDOUCNOST MALWARE BAKALÁŘSKÁ PRÁCE BACHELOR´S THESIS AUTOR PRÁCE JOSEF PRCHAL AUTHOR BRNO 2007 VYSOKÉ UČENÍ TECHNICKÉ V BRNĚ BRNO UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY FAKULTA INFORMAČNÍCH TECHNOLOGIÍ ÚSTAV INFORMAČNÍCH SYSTÉMŮ FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS KRYPTOVIROLOGIE A BUDOUCNOST MALWARE CRYPTOVIROLOGY AND FUTURE OF MALWARE BAKALÁŘSKÁ PRÁCE BACHELOR´S THESIS AUTOR PRÁCE JOSEF PRCHAL AUTHOR VEDOUCÍ PRÁCE DANIEL CVRČEK SUPERVISOR BRNO 2007 Abstrakt Malware je spojený s informační technikou. Oboje se ovlivňuje navzájem. Cílem této práce je přiblížit různé typy těchto programů, stručně popsat historii a vývoj. Nastínit hlavní trendy v této oblasti a pokusit se předpovědět, kam bude vývoj směřovat. Klíčová slova A pack with the Devil, bezpečnost, bot, botnet, červ, distribuovaný výpočet, hoax, Hybris, integrace kódu, IRC, kryptovirologie, malware, metamorfismus, Morrisův červ, neuronové sítě, OneHalf, openssl, P2P, peer-to-peer, polymorfismus, Slapper, sociální inženýrství, válka červů, Vecna, vir, virus, Zmist, Zombie Abstract Malware is connected to information technology. They influence each other. The aim of this thesis is to describe various types of this software and give a brief account of its history and development. It also discusses main trends of this area and tries to foretell the future development. Keywords A pack with the Devil, bot, botnet, code integration, cryptovirology, distributed computing, hoax, Hybris, IRC, malware, metamorphic, Morrisův červ, neural network, OneHalf, openssl, P2P, peer-to-peer, polymorphic, security, Slapper, social engineering, Vecna, virus, war of the worms, worm, Zmist, Zombie Citace Josef Prchal: Kryptovirologie a budoucnost malware, bakalářská práce, Brno, FIT VUT v Brně, 2007 Kryptovirologie a budoucnost malware Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto bakalářskou práci vypracoval samostatně a že jsem uvedl všechny literární prameny a publikace, ze kterých jsem čerpal. …………………… Jméno Příjmení Datum Poděkování Děkuji vedoucímu své práce, panu Danielu Cvrčkovi, za cenné rady, připomínky a materiály, které mi při psaní práce poskytl. Další dík patří mé rodině za podporu. © Josef Prchal, 2007. Tato práce vznikla jako školní dílo na Vysokém učení technickém v Brně, Fakultě informačních technologií. Práce je chráněna autorským zákonem a její užití bez udělení oprávnění autorem je nezákonné, s výjimkou zákonem definovaných případů. Obsah Obsah................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 Úvod................................................................................................................................................... 2 2 Základní definice a rozdělení malware............................................................................................... 3 3 Stručný přehled vývoje malware........................................................................................................ 9 3.1 Časová osa.................................................................................................................................. 9 3.2 Přizpůsobení malware prostředí................................................................................................ 11 4 Zajímavý malware............................................................................................................................ 13 4.1 OneHalf..................................................................................................................................... 13 4.2 W95/Hybris (září 2000)............................................................................................................ 13 4.3 Linux/Slapper (2002)................................................................................................................ 15 4.4 W95/Zmist (2000)..................................................................................................................... 16 5 Sociální inženýrství.......................................................................................................................... 18 6 Hlavní směry vývoje malware.......................................................................................................... 21 6.1 Botnet........................................................................................................................................ 21 6.2 Válka červů............................................................................................................................... 22 6.3 Distribuované výpočty.............................................................................................................. 24 6.4 Kryptovirologie......................................................................................................................... 24 6.5 Budoucnost malware................................................................................................................. 25 7 Závěr................................................................................................................................................ 28 Literatura............................................................................................................................................ 30 Seznam příloh..................................................................................................................................... 31 1 1 Úvod Jak z názvu vyplývá, tato práce se bude týkat především malware. V dnešní době se informační technologie (IT) a s ní související obory rozvíjí velmi rychlým tempem. Počítače jsou všude kolem nás a stávají se nedílnou součástí našeho života. Bez internetu by si už většina lidí nedokázala život ani představit. Nejen, že ho potřebují pro zábavu, k vyhledávání informací, ke komunikaci s okolím a v zaměstnání, ale zároveň na něm závisí i většina společností. A pokud na něm nezávisí přímo, tak dozajista potřebují ke své existenci jinou společnost, jež se bez internetu neobejde. Současně se rozvíjí i nový druh kriminality. Stejně jako mince má i tato oblast rub a líc. Temnou stranou IT jsou škodlivé programy. Proto jsem si vybral za téma své bakalářské práce kryptovirologii a budoucnost malware. Rád bych popsal a zhodnotil odkud a kam malware kráčí. Na začátku mé práce naznačím jedno z mnoha možných rozdělení malware. Já použiji klasifikaci dle způsobu šíření. Je ale zřejmé, že mnoho malware lze zařadit do více různých kategorií. V další kapitole představím časovou osu, na které uvedu známější škodlivé programy s roky, kdy se poprvé objevily. Popíši také některé metody, které malware používá ke své ochraně proti detekci antiviry. Poté bych rád představil čtyři malware, které mě při psaní práce nejvíce zaujaly. Jsou to: viry OneHalf a Zmist, červi Hybris a Slapper. Jejich jedinečné vlastnosti popíši v této práci podrobněji. Následující kapitolu věnuji sociálnímu inženýrství. Uvedu zde lidské rysy, které malware pomocí sociálního inženýrství využívá. Na příkladě „ďábelského“ malware, jenž využívá špatné vlastnosti lidí a dokonce nabízí spolupráci, názorně ukáži, jak mu takovýto pakt s uživatelem umožňuje alternativní cesty šíření a zaručuje mu vyšší bezpečnost před odstraněním. V poslední kapitole pak pomocí současných trendů naznačím směr, kterým by se mohl malware ubírat. Přes boty vytvářející vlastní P2P sítě, po boj o cíle útoků a využívání chyb v samotných škodlivých programech. Malou část věnuji i distribuovaným výpočtům, použitelných při útocích na samotné šifry. Nesmím zapomenout i na kryptovirologii. Kapitolu pak ukončím výčtem rysů nutných k přežití malware v dnešní době. 2 2 Základní definice a rozdělení malware Malware je škodlivý počítačový program, obvykle určený ke vniknutí nebo poškození počítačového systému. Výraz malware vznikl složením anglických slov „malicious“ (zákeřný) a „software“ (programové vybavení) a popisuje spíše záměr autora takového programu než jeho specifické vlastnosti. Je zřejmé, že každá klasifikace malware narazí na problémy, protože se jeho různé třídy překrývají a často představují příbuznou podtřídu nějaké jiné. Níže uvedené dělení malware je jedno z mnoha možných [1]: 1. Viry (Viruses) „Počítačový virus je program, který rekurzivně a explicitně kopíruje potenciálně se vyvíjející verzi sebe sama.“ [1] Virus (virus = latinsky jed) je struktura nacházející se na hranici mezi živým a neživým. Ty nejprimitivnější viry obsahují pouze svoji genetickou informaci ve formě DNA nebo RNA, které jsou uloženy v kapsidě, a několik málo proteinů tvořících virový obal. Ty složitější mohou navíc obsahovat 1-2 obalové membrány pocházející z napadené buňky a enzymy, které jim mají usnadnit invazi do buňky a expresi své DNA či RNA. Viry nejsou schopny samostatné existence bez hostitelské buňky, tedy přesněji, nejsou schopny se bez hostitelské buňky reprodukovat. [2] Z této definice biologického viru je zřejmé, proč byl tento termín použit pro pojmenování počítačových virů. Počítačový virus je sled instrukcí/funkcí, díky kterým se replikuje, bez hostitele to však není možné. Mezi hostitele patří například spustitelný soubor, systémová oblast disku nebo soubory, které se přímo nevykonávají,
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