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COMPUTER APPRECIATION and APPLICATION to AGRICULTURE Course Developer:Dr. Joseph NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA CIT204: COMPUTER APPRECIATION AND APPLICATION TO AGRICULTURE Course Developer:Dr. Joseph Gusen ICT Lecturer, Department of Science and Technology Education Faculty of Education, University of Jos Course Editor: Dr. Greg Onwodi Programme Leader: Prof. N. E. Mundi (NOUN) Course Coordinator: Mr. Awolumate Samuel (NOUN) 1 CONTENTS Page Course Guide………………………………………………………….. 1 Introduction……………………………………………………………. 1 Course Introduction……………………………………………………. 1 What you need to learn………………………………………………… 2 The course……………………………………………………………... 2 Course aims…………………………………………………………… 2 Course Objectives……………………………………………………... 2 Working through the Course………………………………………….. 2 The Course Material…………………………………………………… 2 The course outline……………………………………………………... 3 Synopses of Module 1: Understanding the computer…………………. 3 Synopses of Module 2: The component of the computer……………… 3 Synopses of Module 3: Programming the 4 computer…………………… Synopses of Module 4: The areas of application of computer………… 4 Synopses of Module 5: Treats to the 4 computer………………………… Textbooks……………………………………………………………… 4 Assessment…………………………………………………………….. 5 Self-Assessment Exercise……………………………………………... 5 Tutor-Marked Assignment…………………………………………….. 5 End of course Examination……………………………………………. 5 Summary………………………………………………………………. 5 Module 1 Understanding the computer………………………………………….. 7 Unit 1 Basic concept of the computer………………………………………… 7 1.0 Introduction……………………………………………………………. 7 2.0 The objectives……………………...………………………………….. 7 3.0 The main content…………………..………………………………….. 7 3.1 The concept of the computer……………………………………. 7 3.2 Data and its types………..……………………………………… 8 3.3 Information………………..…………………………………….. 9 3.4 Comparison of Data and Information ...………………………… 9 3.5 Philosophy of Data Processing………………………………... 9 3.6 Objectives of Data Processing………………………………….. 9 3.7 Functions of Data Processing…………………………………… 10 3.8 Approach to Data Processing…………………………………… 11 3.9Methods of Data Processing……………………………………….. 11 3.10 Advantages of computers………………………………………. 12 3.11Disadvantages of computer…………………………………….. 12 3.12 Characteristics of a Computer………………………………….. 13 3.1The Computer System…………………………………………….. 13 4.0 Conclusion…………………………………………………………….. 16 5.0 Summary………………………………………………………………. 16 6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment…………………………………………….. 16 7.0 References/Further Readings………………………………………….. 16 Unit 2 The History of computer………………………………………………. 17 1.0 Introduction……………………………………………………………. 17 2 2.0 The objectives……………………...………………………………….. 17 3.0 The main content……………………………………………………… 17 3.1 History of computer from the calculating devices……………… 17 3.2 Evolution of the computer from mechanical period…………… 18 3.3 Development of computer from electromechanical period…….. 20 3.4 The computer period….………………………………………… 20 4.0 Conclusion…………………………………………………………….. 31 5.0 Summary………………………………………………………………. 31 6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment…………………………………………….. 31 7.0 References/Further Readings………………………………………….. 31 Unit 3 Generation of computer……………………………………………… 32 1.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………… 32 2.0 The objectives……………………...………………………………….. 33 3.0 The main content……………………………………………………… 33 3.1 The first generation of computer with its characteristics 33 3.2 The second generation computer with its characteristics..……… 34 3.3 The third generation computer with its characteristics.………… 36 3.4 The fourth generation computer with its characteristics.……….. 38 3.5 The fifth generation computer with its characteristics.…………. 40 3.6 The sixth generation computer with its characteristics………… 42 3.7 The Seventh Generation of computer with its characteristics….. 44 4.0 Conclusion…………………………………………………………….. 45 5.0 Summary………………………………………………………………. 45 6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment…………………………………………….. 46 7.0 References/Further Readings………………………………………….. 46 Unit 4 Classification of computers…………………………………………… 47 1.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………… 47 2.0 The objectives…………………………………………………………. 47 3.0 The main content………………………………………………………. 47 3.1 Classification of computers by types of datarepresentation…... 47 3.2 Classification of computers by purpose………………………… 51 3.3 Classification of computers by capacity……………………….. 53 4.0 Conclusion…………………………………………………………….. 60 5.0 Summary………………………………………………………………. 60 6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment…………………………………………….. 61 7.0 References/Further Readings………………………………………….. 61 Module 2 Computer Hardware…………………………………………………… 62 Unit 1 Hardware Components………………………………………………… 62 1.0 Introduction……………………………………………………………. 62 2.0 The objectives…………………………………………………………. 63 3.0 The main content………………………………………………………. 63 3.1 The input unit…………………………………………………… 63 3.2 The CPU unit…………………………………………………… 89 3.3 The Primary Unit……………………………………………….. 96 3.4 The Secondary Unit……………………………………………... 104 3.5 The output Unit…………………………………………………. 109 4.0 Conclusion…………………………………………………………….. 112 5.0 Summary………………………………………………………………. 112 6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment…………………………………………….. 113 7.0 References/Further Readings………………………………………….. 113 3 Module 3 The computer software………………………………………………… 114 Unit 1 Component of the Computer 114 Software…………………………………. 1.0 Introduction……………………………………………………………. 114 2.0 The objectives…………………………………………………………. 115 3.0 The main content………………………………………………………. 115 3.1 Types of software………..……………………………………… 115 3.2 The operating system…………………………………………… 115 3.3 Operating system component…………………………………. 119 3.4 Language Translators…………………………………………… 124 3.5 The utility software……………………………………………... 125 3.6 Comparison of compiler and Interpreter………………………... 126 3.7 Comparison of Assembler, compiler and Interpreter…………... 127 3.8 Utility Software…………………………………………………. 127 4.0 Conclusion…………………………………………………………….. 130 5.0 Summary………………………………………………………………. 130 6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment…………………………………………….. 130 7.0 References/Further Readings………………………………………….. 130 Unit 2 Component of the computer software………………………………… 132 1.0 Introduction……………………………………………………………. 132 2.0 The objectives………………………………………………………… 132 3.0 The main content……………………………………………………… 132 3.1 The concept of application software……………………………. 132 3.2 Types of Application programs………………………………… 133 3.3 Mail Merge…………………………………………………….. 144 3.4 Difference between operating system software, utility software and application software………………………………………… 146 3.5 Difference between utility program and application 146 program……… 3.6 Difference between operating system and application 147 system……... 4.0 Conclusion…………………………………………………………….. 148 5.0 Summary………………………………………………………………. 148 6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment…………………………………………….. 148 7.0 References/Further Readings………………………………………….. 149 Module 3 Programming the Computer…………………………………………… 150 Unit 1 Computer Languages………………………………………………….. 150 1.0 Introduction……………………………………………………………. 150 2.0 The objectives…………………………………………………………. 150 3.0 The main content……………………………………………………… 150 3.1 Overview of Computer Programming Languages……………… 150 3.2 Definition of Programming Language………………………….. 151 3.3 Reasons for the study of programming languages……………… 152 3.4 Classification of computer programming languages……………. 153 3.4.1 Machine language……………………………………………… 153 3.4.2 Assembly language…………………………………………..... 154 3.4.3 High-level language………….………………………………… 154 3.4.4 Very High Level Language…………………………………….. 155 3.5 Generation of computer programming languages………………. 155 3.6 Why are many computer programming languages in the world….. 156 4 4.0 Conclusion…………………………………………………………….. 158 5.0 Summary………………………………………………………………. 158 6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment…………………………………………….. 158 7.0 References/Further Readings………………………………………….. 158 Unit 2 Basic Principles of Computer 160 Programming……………………………. 1.0 Introduction……………………………………………………………. 160 2.0 The objectives…………………………………………………………. 160 3.0 The main content………………………………………………………. 160 3.1 Programming tools……………………………………………… 160 3.2 Programming environment……………………………………… 161 3.3 Factors to consider when writing computer programs………….. 162 3.4 Problem solving with computer………………………………… 162 3.5 Twelve Steps to consider when creating Professional Web Design 164 3.6 Constrains of Teaching Programming to secondary schools …….. 170 4.0 Conclusion…………………………………………………………….. 170 5.0 Summary………………………………………………………………. 170 6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment…………………………………………….. 171 7.0 References/Further Readings………………………………………….. 171 Unit 3 Programming with Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code 172 (Basic), Pseudocode/Flowchart…………………………………………. 1.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………… 172 2.0 The objectives…………………………………………………………. 172 3.0 The main content………………………………………………………. 172 3.1 History of BASIC……………………………………………… 172 3.2 Advantages of BASIC………………………………………….. 172 3.3 Structure of a BASIC Program…………………………………. 173 3.4 The area of a circle……………………………………………… 174 3.5 Programming with Flowcharts and 174 pseudocode……………………... 3.6 Sequential 182 flowchart...........................………………………………... 4.0 Conclusion…………………………………………………………….. 191 5.0 Summary………………………………………………………………. 191 6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment…………………………………………….. 192 7.0 References/Further Readings………………………………………….. 192 Module 4 Areas of Application of Computers…………………………………… 193 Unit 1 Application of Computers in Education……………………………….. 193 1.0 Introduction……………………………………………………………. 194 2.0 The objectives…………………………………………………………. 194 3.0 The main content………………………………………………………. 194 3.1 Application of computers in Education..……………………….. 194 3.1.1 Advantages of using ICT in education…………………………. 194 3.2 Use of Web-based Training
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