DOCSLIB.ORG

The Danaine Butterfly, Idea Leuconoe

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Danaine Butterfly, Idea Leuconoe Agric. Biol. Chem., 55 (7), 1787-1792, 1991 1787 Ideamine A^Oxides: Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids Sequestered by the Danaine Butterfly, Idea leuconoe Ritsuo Nishida, Chul-Sa Kim, Hiroshi Fukami and Ryozo Irie* Pesticide Research Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan . * Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Shinshu University, Kamiina-gun, Nagano 399-45, Japan Received January 8, 1991 Twonew pyrrolizidine alkaloids, ideamines A and B, together with other analogs (lycopsamine and parsonsine) were isolated in the TV-oxide forms from adult bodies of the Apocynaceae-feeding danaine butterfly, Idea leuconoe. Ideamine A was characterized as a homolog of lycopsamine, in which the viridifloric acid moiety was replaced by a 2-ethyl-2,3-dihydroxybutanoic moiety. Likewise, ideamine Bwas identified as a nor-derivative of parsonsine, in whichthe trachelanthic acid moiety was replaced by a 2-ethyl-2,3-dihydroxybutanoic moiety diastereomeric to the necic acid from ideamine A. Idea leuconoe Erichson is a large danaine Four alkaloid components (1-4) were butterfly whose larvae feed exclusively on the isolated from an extract of laboratory-reared plant, Parsonsia laevigata Alston (Apocyna- /. leuconoe adults by reverse-phase liquid ceae), in the Ryukyu Islands of Japan. Wehave chromatography.1} The molecular weights of isolated four pyrrolizidine alkaloids, both from compounds 1^1 were determined to be 301, the insect (adult bodies and eggs) and from the 315, 441 and 455, respectively, from the host plant, demonstrating the acquisition of secondary ion mass spectra (SIMS). the alkaloids directly from the larval host in Compound2 was identified as lycopsamine this species.1} These alkaloids were found TV-oxide, since 2 yielded lycopsamine (2a, predominantly as TV-oxides in the insect tissues C15H25NO5, [a]D +4.2°; lit. [a]D +3.3°,2> as well as in the plants. We report here the [a]D +4.8o3)) when treated with zinc dust in identification of the alkaloid components, diluted sulfuric acid. The identity of 2a was which were isolated from the bodies of /. confirmed from its diagnostic 1H- and leuconoe, including two new analogs, ideamine 13C-NMRspectra,3) and by alkaline hydrolysis A and B JV-oxides. of 2a to (-)-viridifloric acid (5) and (+)- 1788 R. Nishida et al. retronecine (6). dihydroxybutanoic acid. The 1H-NMR spec- Compound4 was identified as parsonsine trum of la exhibited AB-type doublet signals TV-oxide, since the ^-NMR signals of its by C-9 methylene protons at £4.75 and 4.87 Zn-reduced product 4a (C22H33NO8, [a]D (.7= 13Hz), indicating the acyl moiety to be +15°) coincided with those reported for attached to the C-9 position.3) Thus, the parsonsine (lit. [a]D + 19.8°).4) Further confir- structure of ideamine ATV-oxide was given as mation was provided by alkaline hydrolysis that shown in formula 1. The 1H- and of the macrocyclic ester 4a to ( + )-retronecine 13C-NMRassignments of 1 are listed in Tables (6), trachelanthic acid (7) and a-isopropylmalic I and II in comparison with 2, which were given acid (8). with the help of two-dimensional NMR Compound 1 was reduced to free alkaloid analyses (H-H COSY and C-H COSY la ([a]D +4.0°), the molecular formula of spectra). which was determined to be C14H23NO5. Compound 3 yielded free alkaloid 3a Compound la gave (+)-retronecine (6) and (C21H31NO8, [a]D +21°) by Zn reduction. esterifying acid 9 ([a]D -5.9°). The ^-NMR Upon alkaline hydrolysis, 3a gave (+)-6 and spectrum of9 exhibited a methyl triplet (3 0.86) two necic acids (8 and 10). Dioic acid 8 showed coupled to a methylene quartet at 51.79 a negative optical rotation ([a]D -17°), and (/=7.4Hz), and a methyl doublet ((51.15) thereby C-2" should possess an S-configura- coupled to a methine quartet at 53.93 tion.5) The XH- and 13C-NMR and mass (/=6.6Hz). Combined with 13C-NMR and spectra for 10 gave very similar patterns to mass spectrometric data (see the experimental those for 9. The ^-NMRspectrum of 10, section), 9 was identified as 2-ethyl-2,3- however, gave a methyl triplet (S O.S3) coupled Table I. ^-NMRSpectral Assignments of Compounds 1, 2, 3 and 4 (Chemical Shifts, Multiplicity and /-Values in Hz) Compound1 Compound2 Compound3 Compound4 2 5.86br.s 5.87br.s 5.96 br.s 6.03 br.s 3a 4.50d (16) 4.48d (16) 4.68d (16) 4.66d (16) 3b 4.40d (16) 4.39 (16) 4.45 (16) 4.45 (16) 5a 4.24dd (8.7, ll.5) 4.17dd (8.3, ll.5) 3.7-3.8m 3.7-3.8 m 5b 3.76dt (5.5, ll.5) 3.78dt (5.9, ll.5) 6a 2.61m 2.61m 3.19m 3.04m 6b 2.07m 2.06m 2.16dd (5.5, 13.6) 2.17dd (5.9, ll.5) 7 4.68 br.s 4.67br.s 5.98m 5.94br.t (3) 4.68 br.s 4.67 br.s 5.24m 5.01m 4.90d (13.5) 4.90d (14.5) 4.90d (14) 4.96d (13.5) 4.76d (13.5) 4.76d (14.5) 4.84d (14) 4.76d (13.5) 3' 3.83q (6.5) 3.96q (6.6) 5.23q (6.4) 5.43q (6.3) 4' 1.21d (6.5) 1.27d (6.6) 1.24d (6.4) 1.25d (6.3) 5'a 1.85dq (14.4, 7.2) 2.18 septet (6.7) 1.5-1.8m 1.89 septet (7) 5'b 1.72dq (14.4, 7.2) 6'a 0.91 1 (7.2) 0.94d (6.7) 0.891 (7.4) 1.01 d (7) 6'b 0.88d (6.7) 0.96d (7) 3"a 2.87d (16.5) 2.87d (16.5) 3"b 2.60d (16.5) 2.58d (16.5) 5" 1.69 septet (6.7) 1.71 septet (6.7) 6"a 0.97d (6.7) 0.97d (6.7) 6"b 0.83d (6.7) 0.83d (6.7) Compounds 1 and 2weremeasuredin CDC13+CD3OD(9 : 1), andcompounds 3 and4weremeasured in CDC13. Ideamine TV-Oxides from Danaine Butterfly 1789 Table II. 13C-NMRSpectral Assignments of Compounds 1, 2, 3 and 4 Compound1 Compound2 Compound3 Compound4 1 132.26 132.31 130.14 130.01 2 122.80 122.95 125.31 126.97 3 78.02 78.12 80.50 80.34 5 69.10 69.17 70.28 70.38 6 34.55 34.55 32.78 32.91 7 69.71 69.70 75.47 75.78 8 95.79 95.89 95.67 96.29 9 61.49 61.51 60.39 60.53 r 173.80 173.91 173.22 172.49 2' 81.81 84.20 79.90 82.12 3' 72.71 71.81 76.36 74.95 4' 17.45 17.06 13.22 12.98 5' 28.36 32.36 28.85 33.96 6'a 7.83 15.68 8.06 17.23 6'b 17.80 17.31 1" 174.63 175.07 2" 76.14 76.35 3" 43.08 42.79 4" 168.ll 167.57 5" 36.57 36.21 6"a 16.12 16.17 6"b 17.21 17.14 Compounds 1 and 2weremeasuredin CDC13+ CD3OD(9 : 1), andcompounds 3 and4weremeasuredin CDC13. to a methylene multiplet at around 51.6 as the pyrrolizidine alkaloid components (/-7.4Hz), and a methyl doublet (51.15) incorporated by /. leuconoe. Ideamine TV-oxides coupled to a methine quartet at 53.98 (1 and 3) were the homologs of 2 and 4, (/=6.5Hz). These data indicate that com- respectively, lacking one carbon unit from the pound 10 was a diastereoisomer of 9. The hydroxybutanoic moiety. It should be noted 2D-NMR analyses (H-H COSY and C-H that the necic acids (9 and 5) contained in COSY) of compound 3 exhibited parallel monoesters 1 and 2 were diastereomeric to the correlations to those found for compound4, corresponding necic acids (10 and 7) in- except for the C-2' alkyl portions, suggesting corporated in cyclic esters 3 and 4, respectively, the same14-memberedmacrocyclic structure although the absolute configuration at C-2' and for 3. Conclusive evidence for the arrangement C-3' of the ideamines remains to be clarified. of the ester linkages was obtained by the Several analogs of parsonsine have been COLOC (correlation spectroscopy via long- reported from two species of Parsonsia (P. range coupling) spectrum of 3, in which heterophylla and P. spiralis).^ Although a correlation was observed between H-7 (5 5.98) number of macrocyclic pyrrolizidine esters are and C-l" (5 174.63), and between H-9ab (54.84 known from various plants in the family and 4.90) and C-l' (5173.22). Further, a Compositae and Leguminoseae, the 14-mem- significant NOE correlation was observed bered ring system seems to be characteristic of between the H-3' methine (55.23) and H-3" the genus Parsonsia.6) A monoester, parsonine methylene (52.60 and 2.87) in the NOESY (the 5,6-dihydro-7-oxopyrrolizine derivative of spectrum. Thus, the structure of ideamine B (-)-viridifloric ester), which is analogous to TV-oxide was given as that shown in formula 3. 2a, has been isolated from stems of P. Twomonoesters (1 and 2) and two cyclic laevigata. 1) triesters (3 and 4) have been characterized here Lycopsamine (2a) has been found in the 1790 R. Nishida et al. adult bodies of various danaine butterflies represent (broad) singlet, (double) doublet, triplet, quartet together with other types of pyrrolizidine and multiplet, respectively, and coupling constants are given in Hz.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Butterflies and Pollination Welcome!
    BUTTERFLIES AND POLLINATION Welcome! Welcome to Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden! We ask that you please read the following rules to your group before you begin your visit. • Stay with your group during your entire visit. • Respect our wildlife; do not touch, chase, or feed the animals. • Walk only on designated paths or grass. • Do not climb trees or pick flowers or fruits from plants. • Keep your voices low to respect other guests. • Self-guided groups are not allowed at the Garden Cafe, in the Gift Shop or on the Tram. In your backpack, you will find the materials needed for this program. Before leaving the Garden, we ask you to please ensure that all the materials are back in this backpack. At the end of your visit, return this backpack to the Visitor Center. If any materials are lost or damaged, the cost will be deducted from your deposit. ACTIVITY SUPPLIES: • 3 Butterfly Program booklets Butterfly Background Information Activities • Comparing Butterflies and Moths pictures - 10 • Butterfly vs. Moth Venn Diagramworksheets - 10 • Butterfly Life Cycle worksheets - 10 • Butterfly Antomy worksheets - 10 Lisa D. Anness Butterfly Garden • Lepidopterist For A Day worksheets - 10 • South Florida Butterfly Guides - 10 Wings of the Tropics: Butterfly Conservatory • Wings of the Tropics Butterfly Guide - 6 • Exotic Butterflies in the Wings of the Tropics Conservatory - 6 • Butterfly Behavior Guide - 6 Whitman Tropical Fruit Pavilion • Pollination Match cards - 3 sets of 12 cards • Optional: clipboards - 10 Get Started 1. Review the Introduction, Vocabulary List, activity descriptions, and butterfly field guides included in the backpack. If you are going to the butterfly conservatory please review the Wings of the Tropics: Butterfly Conservatory Guidelines with your students before entering the butterfly conservatory.
    [Show full text]
  • Origin of the Mechanism of Phenotypic Plasticity in Satyrid Butterfly Eyespots
    SHORT REPORT Origin of the mechanism of phenotypic plasticity in satyrid butterfly eyespots Shivam Bhardwaj1†*, Lim Si-Hui Jolander2, Markus R Wenk1,2, Jeffrey C Oliver3, H Frederik Nijhout4, Antonia Monteiro1,5* 1Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; 2Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; 3Office of Digital Innovation & Stewardship, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States; 4Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, United States; 5Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore Abstract Plasticity is often regarded as a derived adaptation to help organisms survive in variable but predictable environments, however, we currently lack a rigorous, mechanistic examination of how plasticity evolves in a large comparative framework. Here, we show that phenotypic plasticity in eyespot size in response to environmental temperature observed in Bicyclus anynana satyrid butterflies is a complex derived adaptation of this lineage. By reconstructing the evolution of known physiological and molecular components of eyespot size plasticity in a comparative framework, we showed that 20E titer plasticity in response to temperature is a pre-adaptation shared by all butterfly species examined, whereas expression of EcR in eyespot centers, and eyespot sensitivity to 20E, are both derived traits found only in a *For correspondence: subset of species with eyespots. [email protected] (SB); [email protected] (AM) Introduction Present address: †Department
    [Show full text]
  • K & K Imported Butterflies
    K & K Imported Butterflies www.importedbutterflies.com Ken Werner Owners Kraig Anderson 4075 12 TH AVE NE 12160 Scandia Trail North Naples Fl. 34120 Scandia, MN. 55073 239-353-9492 office 612-961-0292 cell 239-404-0016 cell 651-269-6913 cell 239-353-9492 fax 651-433-2482 fax [email protected] [email protected] Other companies Gulf Coast Butterflies Spineless Wonders Supplier of Consulting and Construction North American Butterflies of unique Butterfly Houses, and special events Exotic Butterfly and Insect list North American Butterfly list This a is a complete list of K & K Imported Butterflies We are also in the process on adding new species, that have never been imported and exhibited in the United States You will need to apply for an interstate transport permit to get the exotic species from any domestic distributor. We will be happy to assist you in any way with filling out the your PPQ526 Thank You Kraig and Ken There is a distinction between import and interstate permits. The two functions/activities can not be on one permit. You are working with an import permit, thus all of the interstate functions are blocked. If you have only a permit to import you will need to apply for an interstate transport permit to get the very same species from a domestic distributor. If you have an import permit (or any other permit), you can go into your ePermits account and go to my applications, copy the application that was originally submitted, thus a Duplicate application is produced. Then go into the "Origination Point" screen, select the "Change Movement Type" button.
    [Show full text]
  • Featured Butterflies
    Featured Butterflies African Moon Moth (Argema mimosae) Family: Saturniidae Region: Sub-Saharan Africa Wingspan: 100-120 cm (3.9-4.7 in) Larval host plants: Corkwoord (Commiphora), Marula (Sclerocarya birrea), and Tamboti (Spirostachys Africana) Habitats: Sub-tropical woodlands Atlas Moth (Attacus atlas) Family: Saturniidae Region: Indomalaya Wingspan: 159–300 mm (6.25-12 in) Larval host plants: Willow (Salix), popular (Populus) and privet (Ligustrum) Habitats: Tropical forests and lowlands Banded Peacock (Papilio palinurus) Family: Papilionidae Region: Indomalaya Wingspan: 85 mm (3.38 in) Larval host plants: Rutaceae (Zanthoxylum rhetsa) Habitats: Rain Forests Chocolate Pansy (Junonia iphita) Family: Nymphalidae Region: Indomalaya Wingspan: 50.8-60.96 mm (2-2.4 in) Larval host plants: Acanthaceae (Hygrophila costata) Habitats: Tropical rainforest Common Morpho (Morsho peleides) Family: Nymphalidae Region: Neotropical Wingspan: 95-120 mm (3.75-4.75 in) Larval host plants: Fabaceae Habitats: Forests Giant Charaxes (Charaxes castor) Family: Nymphalidae Region: Sub-Saharan Africa Wingspan: 110 mm (4.38 in) Larval host plants: Phyllanthaceae (Bridelia micrantha), Fabaceae (Afzelia quanzensis) Habitats: Woodlands and associated brush Great Mormon (Papilio memnon) Family: Papilionidae Region: Indomalaya, Paleartic Wingspan: 120-150 mm (4.7-5.9 in) Larval host plants: Rutaceae (citrus) Habitats: Rainforest Leopard Lacewing (Cethosia cyane) Family: Nymphalidae Region: Indomalaya Wingspan: 100 mm (4 in) Larval host plants: Passifloraceae (Passiflora)
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Status of Fauna in Peninsular Malaysia
    24-28 NOVEMBER 2008 THE SECOND ASIAN LEPIDOPTERA CON SERVATI ON S YMPOS IUM 2008 PROTECTION OF FAUNA IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA by DR. SIVANANTHAN ELAGUPILLAY [email protected] Director, Law & Enforcement Division Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP) Peninsular Malaysia Mini st ry of N at ural R esources and E nvi ronment (NRE) Ma lays ia www.wildlife.gov.my CONTENTS INTRODUCTION BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION HABITAT PROTECTION CONCLUSION CONTENTS INTRODUCTION BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION HABITAT PROTECTION CONCLUSION Federal List: – Internat io na l t reat i es BIODIVERSITY • CITES, CBD UNDER State List: THE MALAYSIAN –Land CONSTITUTION – Forestry Concurrent List: – Wildlife • PiPeninsu lar – FdFedera lGl Gov t. • Sarawak & Sabah - States – & National/State Parks • Peninsular – Federal & States • Sarawak & Sabah - States MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE & PARKS IN MALAYSIA WILDLIFE AND PARKS MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA SABAH SARAWAK PENINSULAR MALAYSIA MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES & STATE ENVIRONMENT GOVERNMENTS WILDLIFE SARAWAK (FEDERAL) DEPARTMENT FORESTRY DEPARTMENT SABAH PARKS DWNP, PENINSULAR RESPECTIVE SARAWAK MALAYSIA STATE YAYASAN SABAH FORESTRY AGENCIES CORPORATION STATE DWNPs STATE PARK AGENCIES PERLIS KEDAH PERLIS PULAU PINANG PERAK PERAK SELANGOR SELANGOR JOHOR WILAYAH PERSEKUTUAN PAHANG NEGERI SEMBILAN MELAKA JOHOR PAHANG TERENGGANU KELANTAN WILDLIFE AND PARKS MANAGEMENT IN PENINSULAR MAYSIA MALAYSIA • 1903: Chior WR, Perak: First PA • 1939: Taman Negara National Parks • 1972: Protection of Wildlife Act • Rajah Brooke’ s Birdwing • Federalization of DWNP • 1978: Malaysia ratifies CITES • 1988: 40 species of Lepidoptera protected • 1994: Malaysia ratifies CBD & RAMSAR • 1998: National Policy on BioD (NPBD) • 2003: Penang National Park • 2008: International Trade in Endangered Species Act (CITES Act) MALAYSIA: MEGA-BIODIVERSITY NATION Diversity of Species – Mammals: 286 – Birds:736 – Rep tiles:268 – Amphibians: 158 – Invertebrates (inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Butterflies Behaviors and Their Natural Enemies and Predators in Manila, Philippines
    Asian Journal of Conservation Biology, December 2020. Vol. 9 No. 2, pp. 240-245 AJCB: FP0140 ISSN 2278-7666 ©TCRP Foundation 2020 Butterflies behaviors and their Natural Enemies and Predators in Manila, Philippines Alma E Nacua*1, Ken Joseph Clemente2, Ernest P. Macalalad3, Maria Cecilia Galvez4, Lawrence P. Belo5, Aileen H. Orbecido5 , Custer C. Deocaris6,7 1Biodiversity Laboratory, Universidad de Manila. One Mehan Garden Ermita Manila 1000, 2Senior High School, University of Santo Tomas, Espana, Manila, Philippines 3Physics Department, Mapua Institute of Technology 658 Muralla St, Intramuros, Manila, 1002 Metro Manila, Manila 4Environment and Remote Sensing Research (EARTH) Laboratory, Physics Department, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Malate, Manila, Philippines 5Chemical Engineering Department, Gokongwei college of Engineering De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila 1004, Philippines 6Technological Institute of the Philippines, 938 Aurora Boulevard, Cubao, Quezon City 7Biomedical Research Section, 3Atomic Research Division, Philippine Nuclear Research Institution, Department of Science & Technology, Diliman Quezon City, Philippines (Received: June 16, 2020; Revised: September 08 & October 20 , 2020; Accepted: November 05, 2020) ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to identify the butterfly’s behavior and presences of natural enemies such as parasitic, predator, competitor and pathogen that interfere with the butterflies in captivity. Method used Qualitative and Quantitative sampling: was used to quantify the number the natural enemies and behavior toward the butterflies, present in the garden that affected the ecological conservation of the butterflies. The study commenced for a period of one year. from March 2017 up to February 2018. Materials used are DSLR camera for documentation and Microscopes.
    [Show full text]
  • London Pup Ae Supplies
    2009 Online Version Specialist Breeders and Suppliers of Tropical Butterfly and Moth Pupae Worldwide The Granary, Manor Farm, Horspath Oxford OX33 1SD Tel.: +44 (0)1865 873255 Fax: +44 (0)1865 873055 e-Mail: [email protected] SUPPLIES LONDON PUPAE WWW.OXFLY.CO.UK CONTENTS UK HOLIDAYS AFFECTING TRADE PAGE ii RECOMMENDED EXHIBITION BUTTERFLIES PAGE I PUPAE ID CHART PAGE II QUALITY CONTROL PAGE III TROPICAL BUTTERFLY PUPAE PAGE 1 - 8 BRASSOLIDAE PAGE 1 MORPHIDAE PAGE 1 DANAIDAE PAGE 1-2 HELICONIDAE PAGE 2 ITHOMIIDAE PAGE 2 NYMPHALIDAE PAGE 3-5 PAPILIONIDAE PAGE 5-7 LYCAENIDAE PAGE 7 PIERIDAE PAGE 7 AMATHUSIDAE PAGE 8 SATYRIDAE PAGE 8 MOTHS PAGE 8 SATURNIIDAE PAGE 8 SPHINGIDAE PAGE 8 URANIIDAE PAGE 8 Explanation of abbreviations PAGE 8 MIXED SELECTIONS OF TROPICAL PUPAE PAGE 9 TERMS OF TRADE PAGE 10 P. Rumanzovia laying eggs H. Charitonia gather to feed P. Sylvia mating D. Chrysippus caterpillars Note: All prices quoted in € Euros, and are subject to change in the event of fluctuating exchange rates We have included simple photographs of some of our recommendations as to the best species of exhibition butterflies on pages I & II. This is provided only as a basic help to identification for those of our customers who are new to the butterfly exhibition business and not familiar with some of the species we offer. They are not reproduced to scale. We have only been able to include a limited number of recommended species. i UK HOLIDAYS AFFECTING TRADE There are a number of Bank Holidays in the UK, ordinarily falling on a Monday.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on Methods of Collecting Indo-Australian Lepidoptera
    74 Vo1.9: 00s.2-3 NOTES ON METHODS OF COLLECTING INDO-AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA by RAYMOND STRAATMAN During my stay in Atchin, Sumatra's most northern province, I was often surprized to receive many specimens of the so-called "fast-flyers" in such fresh and perfect condition that I could hardly believe they had been taken by net. After having asked my native collectors how they managed to get such wonderful results, they showed me one day when I accompanied them. Species moving so fast that you can hardly follow them with the eye are taken by ... the forceps! They chose a bright, sandy, and very sunny spot on the river bank, just where the small stream left the forest, and we all urinated on the spot. After about one hour, at 11 A.M., we returned to find the whole place covered with thirsty Lepidoptera of all kinds, mostly Graphium doson, G. sarpedon, G. agamemnon, Appias nero, Lamproptera curius and meges, a few Euplcea, Papilio paradoxa, Papilio delessertii, some Charaxes, and many other species. Quietly and slowly we moved on until we reached some big stones and sat there, our forceps in hand, and to my great surprize not one butterfly moved away. Moving our forceps from behind we were able to take more than sixty of the most perfect ones in only about fifteen minutes! During a fortnight holiday I accompanied my native collectors every day and had many surprizes. W t: visited places where the night before they had put out a lot of rotten fruit, mostly paw-paw, bananas, and mangoes.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 £ Sterling Butterfly Pupae Catalogue
    2018 £ Sterling Butterfly Pupae Catalogue To the Butterfly Keeper January 2018 2018 Butterfly Pupae Supplies Thank you for downloading our 2018 Sterling pupae price list and order forms. This year the British Pound has stabilized against the American Dollar which has allowed us to keep most of our prices at the same level as 2017. Our close working relationship with Streetwise Couriers has enabled us to keep our carriage costs via APC to remain the same with only a 5% increase in UPS costs to Europe. After many years we are discontinuing our Standard World Mix as we feel that the range of species offered is not broad enough to justify its inclusion in our catalogue. We are replacing it with an Old-World Mix where we will include species from; The Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Tanzania and Kenya. As ever there are several ways to order. You can simply fill out the enclosed forms and post, fax or email them back to us. If you prefer to order from our weekly availability list, then we can email it to you if you provide us with your email address. Or you can find it at www.tropicalbutterflypupae.com We post the new list around 2pm UK time every Friday afternoon. Please be aware our pupae sell out very quickly so if you leave your order until the following week we cannot guarantee that we will be able to fulfil your specific order. A new feature of the list this year will be occasional sales of various species. These will appear when our suppliers have had a particularly good result with any one species and we intend to share the bounty with our customers.
    [Show full text]
  • Plants Evolve Away from Obsolete Defenses When Attacked by Immune Herbivores, Study Shows 26 February 2018
    Plants evolve away from obsolete defenses when attacked by immune herbivores, study shows 26 February 2018 The study, published in New Phytologist and led by Tatyana Livshultz, PhD, assistant curator of Botany at the Academy and an assistant professor in the College of Arts and Sciences, found genetic evidence that multiple lineages of plants, whose ancestors produced a chemical that may deter herbivores, evolved to stop producing it, potentially as a response to a prime foe's immunity. Livshultz and her team traced the evolution of a gene that is involved in the production of a class of chemicals that are highly toxic to humans and other mammals, called pyrrolizidine alkaloids, in Apocynaceae, a flowering plant family commonly known as the dogbanes and milkweeds. By tracing the gene back, they were able to find out when production of the chemicals first evolved and how many times it was discontinued. After identifying a single origin of the gene (and, by inference, the chemicals) in the most recent common ancestor of more than 75 percent of This is Idea leuconoe (Danainae) adult and larva on current Apocynaceae species, the researchers Parsonsia alboflavescens (Apocynaceae), a dogbane found evidence that the gene became species that DOES produce pyrrolizidine alkaloids. nonfunctional (and the chemicals "lost" to evolution) Credit: Drexel University at least four different times among that plant's descendants. Looking for a correlation between the gene's Do you know what caused soldiers to stop wearing distribution in the plants and interactions with chainmail and steel plate armor? Evolution. animals unfazed by the defense alkaloids, Livshultz and her team found a significant connection with Really, guns made armies drop steel gauntlets and Danainae (milkweed and clearwing) butterflies.
    [Show full text]
  • Annotated Checklist
    Butterflies of India – Annotated Checklist By Paul Van Gasse (Kruibeke, Belgium; Email: [email protected]), Aug. 2013. Family Hesperiidae Subfamily Coeliadinae 1. Burara oedipodea (Branded Orange Awlet) B.o.ataphus: Sri Lanka. NR – Ceylon 17 B.o.belesis: Kangra to Arunachal, NE India, and Burma to Dawnas (= aegina, athena) – NW Himalayas (Kangra-Kumaon) 11, Sikkim 30, Bhutan 2, Assam 28, Burma (to Dawnas) 9 B.o.oedipodea: Probably S Burma. [Given as Ismene oedipodea in Evans, 1932, and as Bibasis oedipodea in Evans, 1949] 2. Burara tuckeri (Tucker’s Awlet) Burma in Tavoy. VR – Tavoy 1 [Given as Ismene tuckeri in Evans, 1932, and as Bibasis tuckeri in Evans, 1949] 3. Burara jaina (Orange Awlet) B.j.fergusonii: SW India to N Maharashtra. NR – S India 33 B.j.jaina: HP (Solan) and Garhwal to Arunachal, NE India, and Burma to Karens. NR (= vasundhara) – NW Himalayas (Dun-Kumaon) 3, Sikkim 18, Assam 37, Burma (Karens) 1 B.j.margana: Burma in Dawnas. R – Burma (Dawnas) 8 B.j.astigmata: S Andamans. VR – Andamans 3 [Given as Ismene jaina in Evans, 1932, and vasundhara was there given as the subspecies ranging from Assam to Karens, with jaina then confined to Mussoorie to Sikkim; given as Bibasis jaina in Evans, 1949] 4. Burara anadi (Plain Orange Awlet) Garhwal to NE India and Burma to Karens. R (= purpurea) – Mussoorie 1, Sikkim 13, Assam 1, Burma (Karens) 5 [Given as Ismene anadi in Evans, 1932, and as Bibasis anadi in Evans, 1949] 5. Burara etelka (Great Orange Awlet) NE India (Kabaw Valley in Manipur).
    [Show full text]
  • BUTTERFLY IDENTIFICATION GUIDE the Tropical Butterfly House Features Butterflies from Around the World
    BUTTERFLY IDENTIFICATION GUIDE The Tropical Butterfly House features butterflies from around the world. As many as 100 species sometimes live here. Use this guide to identify some of our favorite residents. Please look with your eyes and do not touch. Even a gentle touch can harm a butterfly. FAMILY: PAPILIONIDAE — SWALLOWTAILS These butterflies have a distinctive flight. Though their front wings flap quickly, their hind wings barely move. (female) (male) Papilio polytes Graphium agamemnon Papilio cresphontes Battus polydamus Common Swallowtail Tailed Jay Giant Swallowtail Polydamus Swallowtail Southeast Asia Southeast Asia. Southern Canada to Colombia Southern United States through Look for these fast-flying butterflies These butterflies like sunny areas The caterpillars of this species eat Central America drinking nectar in sunny spots. where they sip nectar while hovering citrus leaves and can be a crop with wings in constant motion. pest in some areas. Parides erostratus Dusky Swallowtail Mexico and south to Belize Exhibits both sexual dimorphism and mimicry. Male Papilio erostratus (both sexes-underside) (male-top) (female-top) mimic the unpalatable Battus philenor. Females resemble the Papilio rumanzovia poisonous Parides photinus. Scarlet Swallowtail Southeast Asia. FAMILY: BRASSOLIDAE — These butterflies often roost together in the ficus trees in the OWL BUTTERFLIES southeast corner of the Tropical Butterfly House. Pachliopta kotzebuea Pink Rose Southeast Asia Can be distinguished from similar species in the Tropical Butterfly Parides iphidamas House by its red abdomen. Look for Pink Heart its reddish brown, fungus-shaped Central America chrysalis in the emerging window. (underside) FAMILY: MORPHIDAE — MORPHOS Caligo memnon FAMILY: PIERIDAE — Owl Butterfly WHITES & SULFURS Central America Like all insects, the owl butterfly has six legs.
    [Show full text]